29-th All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad 2003

Final Round – Gorod Oryol, April 14–20

Grade 9

First Day – April 15

√ that, for any distinct a, b ∈ M, the

1. Suppose that M√is a set of 2003 numbers such
number a2 + b 2 is rational. Prove that a 2 is rational for all a(N.
∈ M.
Agakhanov)

2. Two circles S1 and S2 with centers O1 and O2 respectively intersect at A and

B. The tangents at A to S1 and S2 meet segments BO2 and BO1 at K and L
respectively. Show that KL k O1 O2 . (S. Berlov)

3. On a line are given 2k − 1 white segments and 2k − 1 black ones. Assume that
each white segment intersects at least k black segments, and each black segment
intersects at least k white ones. Prove that there are a black segment intersecting
all the white ones, and a white segment intersecting all the black ones.
(V. Dolnikov)

4. A sequence (an ) is defined as follows: a1 = p is a prime number with exactly 300

nonzero digits, and for each n ≥ 1, an+1 is the decimal period of 1/an multiplies
by 2. Determine a2003 . (I. Bogdanov, A. Hrabrov)

Second Day – April 16

5. There are N cities in a country. Any two of them are connected either by a road
or by an airway. A tourist wants to visit every city exactly once and return to
the city at which he started the trip. Prove that he can choose a starting city and
make a path, changing means of transportation at most once. (O. Podlipskiy)

6. Let a, b, c be positive numbers with the sum 1. Prove the inequality

1 1 1 2 2 2
+ + ≥ + + . (S. Berlov)
1−a 1−b 1−c 1+a 1+b 1+c

7. Is it possible to write a natural number in every cell of an infinite chessboard in

such a manner that for all integers m, n > 100, the sum of numbers in every m × n
rectangle is divisible by m + n? (S. Berlov)

8. Let B and C be arbitrary points on sides AP and PD respectively of an acute

triangle APD. The diagonals of the quadrilateral ABCD meet at Q, and H1 , H2
are the orthocenters of triangles APD and BPC, respectively. Prove that if the
line H1 H2 passes through the intersection point X (X 6= Q) of the circumcircles
of triangles ABQ and CDQ, then it also passes

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
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 through the intersection point Y (Y 6= Q) of the circumcircles of triangles BCQ
and ADQ. (S. Berlov, L. Emelyanov)

Grade 10

First Day

1. Suppose that M is a set of 2003 numbers such that, for any distinct a, b, c ∈ M,
2
√ number a + bc is rational. Prove that there is a natural number n such that
the
a n is rational for all a ∈ M. (N. Agakhanov)

2. The diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD meet at O. Let S1 , S2 be the

circumcircles of triangles ABO and CDO respectively, and O, K their intersection
points. The lines through O parallel to AB and CD meet S1 and S2 again at L
and M, respectively. Points P and Q on segments OL and OM respectively are
taken such that OP : PL = MQ : QO. Prove that O, K, P, Q lie on a circle.
(S. Berlov)

3. Let be given a tree (i.e. a connected graph with no cycles) with n vertices. Its
vertices are assigned numbers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , and each edge is assigned the prod-
uct of the numbers at its endpoints. Let S denote the sum of the numbers at the
edges. Prove that √
2S ≤ n − 1(x21 + x22 + · · · + x2n ). (V. Dolnikov)

4. A finite set of points X and an equilateral triangle T are given on a plane. Sup-
pose that every subset X ′ of X with no more than 9 elements can be covered by
two images of T under translations. Prove that the whole set X can be covered
by two images of T under translations.
(V. Dolnikov, P. Karasev)

Second Day

5. Problem 5 for Grade 9.

6. Let a0 be a natural number. The
h√ sequence
i (an ) is defined by an+1 = an /5 is an
is divisible by 5, and an+1 = 5an otherwise. Show that the sequence an is
increasing starting from some term. (A. Hrabrov)

7. In a triangle ABC, O is the circumcenter and I the incenter. The excircle ωa

touches rays AB, AC and side BC at K, M, N, respectively. Prove that if the mid-
point P of KM lies on the circumcircle of △ABC, then points O, N, I lie on a line.
(P. Kozhevnikov)

8. Find the greatest natural number N such that, for any arrangement of the numbers
1, 2, . . . , 400 in a chessboard 20 × 20, there exist two numbers in the same row or
column, which differ by at least N. (D. Hramtsov)

The IMO Compendium Group,

D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
www.imomath.com
 Grade 11

First Day

1. Let α , β , γ , δ be positive numbers such that for all x,

sin α x + sin β x = sin γ x + sin δ x.

Prove that α = γ or α = δ . (N. Agakhanov, A. Golovanov, V. Senderov)

2. Problem 2 for Grade 10.

3. Let f (x) and g(x) be polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients, and let
m be the largest coefficient of f . Suppose that there exist naturalk numbers a < b
such that f (a) = g(a) and f (b) = g(b). Show that if b > m, then f (A.= g.Hrabrov)

4. Ana and Bora are each given a sufficiently long paper strip, one with letter A
written, and the other with letter B. Every minute, one of them (not necessarily
one after another) writes either on the left or on the right to the word on his/her
strip the word written on the other strip. Prove that the day after, one will be
able to cut the word on Ana’s strip into two words and exchange their places,
obtaining a palindromic word.
(E. Cherepanov)

Second Day

5. The side lengths of a triangle are the roots of a cubic polynomial with rational
coefficients. Prove that the altitudes of this triangle are roots of a polynomial of
sixth degree with rational coefficients. (N. Agakhanov)

6. Is it possible to write a natural number in every cell of an infinite chessboard in

such a manner that for all positive integers m, n, the sum of numbers in every
m × n rectangle is divisible by m + n? (S. Berlov)

7. There are 100 cities in a country, some of them being joined by roads. Any four
cities are connected to each other by at least two roads. Assume that there is no
path passing through every city exactly once. Prove that there are two cities such
that every other city is connected to at least one of them. (I. Ivanov)

8. The inscribed sphere of a tetrahedron ABCD touches ABC, ABD, ACD and BCD
at D1 ,C1 , B1 and A1 respectively. Consider the plane equidistant from A and
plane B1C1 D1 (parallel to B1C1 D1 ) and the three planes defined analogously for
the vertices B,C, D. Prove that the circumcenter of the tetrahedron formed by
these four planes coincides with the circumcenter of tetrahedron ABCD.
(F. Bakharev)

The
c IMO Compendium Group – www.imomath.com
The IMO Compendium Group,
D. Djukić, V. Janković, I. Matić, N. Petrović
www.imomath.com