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Basic Water Chemistry

This document provides an overview of basic water chemistry concepts for cooling water systems. It discusses key properties of water including pH, hardness, alkalinity, and common dissolved constituents. Key points covered include the role of pH in acidity/alkalinity, how different dissolved ions like calcium, copper, aluminum, and phosphate can impact scaling and corrosion. The water cycle and factors influencing water quality like dissolved gases, suspended solids, and microbial growth are also summarized.

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ZAHID HUSSAIN
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63 views4 pages

Basic Water Chemistry

This document provides an overview of basic water chemistry concepts for cooling water systems. It discusses key properties of water including pH, hardness, alkalinity, and common dissolved constituents. Key points covered include the role of pH in acidity/alkalinity, how different dissolved ions like calcium, copper, aluminum, and phosphate can impact scaling and corrosion. The water cycle and factors influencing water quality like dissolved gases, suspended solids, and microbial growth are also summarized.

Uploaded by

ZAHID HUSSAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/21/2019

Basic Water Chemistry


FFBL and FPCL Training
27th & 28th Feb, 2019

Why water

• High latent heat


• High specific heat
• Abundantly available
• Inert
• Cheap

Water cycle

Condensation

Evaporation

Run off

Underground water
Sea
Land

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2/21/2019

Water

• Water contains H2O

• Dissolved CALCIUM CARBONATE


MAGNESIUM BI-CARBONATE
• Salts & Gases
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
• Suspended IRON CHLORIDE
• Organics/Inorganic ……. SULPHATE
• Microbes ……
• Bacteria
SILICA
• Algae
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
• Fungi MICROBES
CARBON DI-OXIDE
OXYGEN
……

Basic Chemistry

• pH
– Indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
– Range 0 -14, with neutral 7.
– Add substance having more H+ to reduce pH. For example acid.
– Add substance having more OH- to increase pH. Example NaOH.
• Hardness
– Sum of Ca and Mg salt in water
– Temporary Hardness -(CO3, HCO3)
– Permanent Hardness -(SO4,Cl, NO3 etc.)
– Hardness may precipitate as CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2, CaSO4 and form scale
– Reduce corrosion.

Basic Chemistry

• IRON:
– Deposits such as Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3,Fe -Phosphate.
• COPPER
– Can cause galvanic corrosion.
• ALUMINUM
– Interferes with Phosphate inhibitors.
– Can precipitate due to coagulation.
– Dissolve in high ph.

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Basic Chemistry

• ZINC:
– Used as corrosion inhibitor.
– Forms deposits of Zn(OH)2, Zn3(PO4)2
• SILICA ( SiO2):
– Causes fouling in the system

Basic Chemistry

• Alkalinity
– Acid binding capacity of water
• P-ALKALINITY
• Above pH 8.3,phenolphthalein indicator changes color into pink.
• P-alkalinity contains OH and CO3 ion.
– M-ALKALINITY
• Above pH 4.3 methyl orange indicator changes color.
• It contains OH, CO3 and HCO3
• Alkalinity buffers the cooling water
• Reduce corrosion in combination with Calcium Hardness.
• May react with Calcium.

Basic Chemistry

• PHOSPHATE:
– Corrosion inhibitor in CWT, Scale inhibitor in LP boiler
– React with Ca, Fe, Al, Zn and form deposits.
– Have positive effect on microbiological growth
• CHLORIDE (Cl):
– Increases corrosion.
• SULFATE(SO4):
– If calcium and sulfate ions are very high can precipitate.
– Increases the solubility of calcium ion
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):
– Increase corrosion and scaling

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2/21/2019

Basic Chemistry

• CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)


– Reduces pH of water
• HYDROGEN SULFIDE ( H2S):
– Reduces pH.
– Forms deposits such as ZnS, FeS
– Corrosive
• SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2):
– Lowers pH
– Forms sulfate.

Basic Chemistry

• OXYGEN (O2):
– The basic driving force in corrosion
• Suspended Solids
– INORGANIC
• Undissolved minerals, silt, sand and dirt
– ORGANIC
• Vegetation, oil, microorganism
• Cause fouling and corrosion
• Increase microbiological fouling
• Interfere with inhibitor and biocides
• Oil is food source of microorganism and increases the chlorine demand.

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