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Introduction To Computers

This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of computers from ancient calculating devices to modern machines. It discusses how computers started as tools for fast calculation and have now become indispensable parts of our lives. The document then outlines several key developments in computer technology, including the abacus, Napier's bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, Babbage's difference engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, and the first generations of computers based on vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and future developments. It describes how computers have become smaller, faster, more powerful and intelligent with each generation.

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163 views53 pages

Introduction To Computers

This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of computers from ancient calculating devices to modern machines. It discusses how computers started as tools for fast calculation and have now become indispensable parts of our lives. The document then outlines several key developments in computer technology, including the abacus, Napier's bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, Babbage's difference engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, and the first generations of computers based on vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and future developments. It describes how computers have become smaller, faster, more powerful and intelligent with each generation.

Uploaded by

Kavitha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction

to Computers
Fundamentals of Computers
Impact of Computers –All over the world

● Computers are seen everywhere around us, in all

spheres of life, in the field of education, research,

travel and tourism, weather forecasting, social

networking, e-commerce etc.


Computers have now become an
indispensable part of our lives.
Why Computers?

● The growth of computer industry started with the need for

performing fast calculations

● The manual method of computing was slow and prone to

errors.

● So, Attempts were made to develop fast calculating devices,


Computer’s Journey
2500 BC – The Abacus

● The journey started from the first

known calculating device

(Abacus) which has led us today

to an extremely high speed

calculating devices.
1614 AD – Napier’s Bones

John Napier
1633 AD – The Slide Rule

William Oughtred
1642 AD – The Rotating Wheel Calculator

Blaise Pascal
1822 AD – The Difference Engine

Charles Babbage
1890 AD - Hollerith Tabulating Machine

Herman Hollerith
Facts about Computers
● Computers have evolved over the years from a simple

calculating device to high speed portable computers.

● Computers have revolutionized our lives with their accuracy

and speed of performing a job, it is truly remarkable.

● Today, no organization can function without a computer.

● In fact, various organizations have become paperless.


Generations of Computers

● Growth in the computer industry is determined by the

development in technology.

● Based on various stages of development, computers can be

categorized into different generations.


First Generation
(1942- 1955)
Vacuum Tubes
About ENIAC
● The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and
began construction in 1943 and was not completed
until 1946.
About ENIAC
● ENIAC weighed about 27 tons Size 8 feet × 100 feet
× 3 feet and Consumed around 150 watts of power
● It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about
18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons.
● ENIAC was the first digital computer because it was
fully functional.
Merits/Demerits
● Big in size
● Consumed more power
● Malfunction due to overheat
● Machine Language was used
Second
Generation
(1955- 1964)
TRANSISTORS
Merits/Demerits
● Smaller compared to First Generation
● Generated Less Heat ● Punched cards were used
● Consumed less power compared to first generation
● First operating system was developed
● Batch Processing and Multiprogramming
● Operating System Machine language as well as Assembly
language was used.
Third Generation
(1964 -1975)
Merits/Demerits
● Computers were smaller,
faster and more reliable
● Consumed less power
● High Level Languages
were used

IBM 360
Fourth Generation
(1975 -1980)
Merits/Demerits
● Smaller and Faster
● Microcomputer series such as
IBM and APPLE were
developed
● Portable Computers were
introduced.
Fifth Generation
(1980 – Till date)
Ultra Large Scale
Integration (ULSI)
Merits/Demerits
● Parallel Processing ● Super conductors

● Computers size was drastically reduced.


● Can recognize Images and Graphics
● Introduction of Artificial Intelligence and Expert
Systems
● Able to solve high complex problems including
decision making and logical reasoning
Sixth Generation
(In Future)
Merits/Demerits
● Parallel and Distributed computing
● Computers have become smarter, faster and
smaller
● Development of robotics
● Natural Language Processing
● Development of Voice Recognition Software
Thank You

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