CODES AND STANDARDS
What is a Code
When a standard has been adopted by governmental bodies and has the force of law, it
becomes a code. A standard also becomes a code when it has been incorporated into a
business contract. A code is a set of rules that experts in the field recommend people to
follow; it is a model. Although it is not a law, it can be adopted into law. A code tells you
what needs to be done, but it doesn’t explain how it should be done. Some examples of Codes
include International Building Code, ASME Boiler and Vessel Code, and AWS D1.1.
What is a Standard
A standard is a set of technical definitions, specifications, and guidelines. They function as
instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment. If you are building
something, a standard tells you about the materials, process, designs, structure, etc. In brief,
standards tell you how to do something.
Standards are usually created by individual companies, organizations or countries. They are
not legalized. A standard develops into a code when it is adopted by a set of government bodies
and gets legalized. Some examples of standards include ASTM International standards, and
ISO standard.
SOME STANDARDS
• American Petroleum Institute (API).
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
• American Water Works Association (AWWA).
• American Welding Society (AWS).
• Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS).
• National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
API STANDARDS
API 2610: Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of
Terminal and Tank Facilities
API 653: Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction
API Standard 2350: Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petro-leum Facilities,
Fourth Edition
API RP 1604: Closure of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks
CODES AND STANDARDS
API RP 575: Inspection Practices for Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks
API RP 652: Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms
API 521: Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems.
API 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API SPEC 12B, Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
API SPEC 12F, Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids
API 2350, Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities
API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction
API 594, Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer, and Butt-welding
API 598, Valve Inspection and Testing
API 599, Metal Plug Valves-Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends
API 600, Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
API 602, Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 (NPS 4) and Smaller
for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API 609, Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
API RP 1615: Installation of Underground Hazardous Substances or Petroleum
Storage Systems
API RP 1621: Bulk Liquid Stock Control at Retail Outlets
API SPEC 5L: Line PipeAPI SPEC 6D: Pipeline And Piping Valves
API RP 5L1: Railroad Transportation of Line PipeAPI RP 5LW: Transportation of
Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels
API RP 2201 : Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical
Industries
API 521: Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring System
CODES AND STANDARDS
API 526: Flanged Steel Pressure-relief Valves
API 570: Piping Inspection Code
API 1104: Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilitie
API 1104: Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
API RP 5L1: Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe
API RP 5LW: Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels
Some codes
1. B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and
marine applications. This code prescribes minimum
requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test,
and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for
electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central
and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and
high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or
vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per
square inch (PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimetres, and high
temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160
pounds per square inch (PSIG) or 12.5 Kg per square
centimetres and / or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. (120
degrees C.)
2. B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping : This has been withdrawn as a
National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but
B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for
the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the
appliance).
3. B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping : Design of chemical and
petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and
hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for
piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic
plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and
CODES AND STANDARDS
components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection,
examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code
applies to piping for all fluids including:
o Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals
o Petroleum products
o Gas, steam, air and water
o Fluidized solids
o Refrigerants
o Cryogenic fluids
Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages
within a packaged equipment assembly.
The principal design codes used for piping design are the
ANSI/ASME B31.1(Code for Power Piping)
ANSI/ASME B31.3 (Code for Process Piping). Complementing
these codes are
ASME VIII (Code for Pressure Vessel) and British Standard
BS5500 for unfired fusion welded pressure vessel.
The basic consideration of B31.1 Code is safety. Code includes:
a. Material and component standards
b. Designation of dimensional standards for elements of piping
system
c. Requirements for design of components, including supports
d. Requirements for evaluation and limitation of stresses,
reactions and movements associated with pressure, temperatures
and external forces
e. Requirements for fabrication, assembly and erection
f. Requirements for testing and inspection before and after
assembly.
Pipes: For pipes, the materials used in geothermal application
are normally A53-B, A106-B and API 5L-B pipe , with mill
tolerance. Commercially available pipes normally have a mill
CODES AND STANDARDS
tolerance of 12.5% and pipe schedule numbers based in B36.10.
Fittings: For elbows, tees, and reducers, the material used in
geothermal application is normally A234 WPB. All dimensions
are in accordance with B16.9. Flanges and valves rating Flanges
are rated to ANSI B16.5 standard, For those up to 24” diameter,
they are rated to ANSI 150, ANSI 300, ANSI 600 and ANSI
900. For flanges of 26” and bigger , ANSI B16.47 applies. The
flanges are usually classified series A and series B. The material
used for these flanges are A181 grade I and A105 grade I. Valve
rating is similar to the flange rating selected for the pipe.
4. B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids : This Code prescribes
requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,
inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as
crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids,
liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid
anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between
producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing
plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine,
rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief
devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping
components. Code also includes hangers and supports, and other
equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure
containing parts. Code does not include support structures such
as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.
5. B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer
Components : This Code prescribes requirements for the
materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and
inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and
secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F
(-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory
assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following
paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide
CODES AND STANDARDS
requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective
jurisdictions. This Code shall not apply to:
1. any self- contained or unit systems subject to the
requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other
nationally recognized testing laboratory.
2. water piping
3. piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not
exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size
6. B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Systems: This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation,
inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the
transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the
operation and maintenance of those facilities.
7. B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas
Pipelines: This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems
constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through
which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances
attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator
stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes embodied in integrity management
are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is
specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in
section 13) with the information necessary to develop and
implement an effective integrity management program utilizing
proven industry practices and processes. The processes and
approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire
pipeline system.
8. B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping: This Code Section has
rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and
public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not
require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered
CODES AND STANDARDS
in B31.1. This Code prescribes requirements for the design,
materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and
testing of piping systems for building services. Code includes
piping systems in the building or within the property limits.
9) B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems: Design,
construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping
systems. Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of
no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids
between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
