ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Purpose and Description

The purpose of this exercise is to model the generator as per inputs provided in vendor
datasheet.

Procedure:
1. Create a new project with name ‘Gen Modelling’.
2. Drag and drop the generator, bus, lump load, circuit breaker, transformer on the OLV.
Connect these elements and enter the data as shown below.

3. Details of Annexures:
Annex-1 :Details of Generator model testing in ETAP
Annex-2 :Summary of data used in modelling of Generator
Annex-3 :Actual Vendor Datasheet
Sheet 3.1: Generator Vendor Datasheet
Sheet 3.2: Generator Vendor Datasheet
Sheet 3.3: Variation of Generator Output with Coolant Temp. Curve
Sheet 3.4: Generator Capability Diagram
Sheet 3.5: Variation of Generator Efficiency with Load
Sheet 3.6: Generator Open Circuit & Short Circuit Characteristics
Sheet 3.7: Permissible Duration of Generator Armature Current
Sheet 3.8: Permissible Duration of Negative Sequence Current
Sheet 3.9: Inertia Data of Generator & Turbine
Sheet 3.10: Exciter Vendor Datasheet
Sheet 3.11: Exciter Vendor Datasheet
Sheet 3.12: Evaluation Sheet for Capability Curve points
Sheet 3.13: Evaluation Sheet for Sbreak, S100 & S120 Calculation
Sheet 3.14: Evaluation Sheet for Generator Efficiency calculation

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling
4. Enter inputs for generator referring to ‘Annex2- Summary Of Data’ which has data
extracted from ‘Annex3- Actual Vendor Datasheet’ as shown below:

Note: Refer to sheet 3.14 for efficiency consideration and sheet 3.12 for capability
curve points (Qa, Qb, Qc, Qd)
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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Note: Refer to sheet 3.13 for calculation of Sbreak, S100 and S120.
Rdc is required in the case of SC study using GOST standard.
5. Make grounding as ‘Xfmr-Resistor’.
Grounding transformer details: 50kVA, 15/0.22kV, Prim Amp=10 A

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Refer to Sheet 3.9

6. Select ST4B inbuilt exciter model and update all parameters as per ‘Annex2- Summary
Of Data’.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling
7. Choose ST-2 type inbuilt governor model with typical data.

Note: *Change Pmin from 0 to -9.99MW

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

ANNEX-1

GENERATOR MODEL TESTING

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Case 1: Load Application on generator

1. To study load application on single generator, initially open CB1& CB2 connected to
loads.
2. Go to the Transient Stability Study; and create a new study case as ‘LA’.
3. Go to the events page and add two events to close CB1 at 1.0 sec and close CB2 at 3.0
sec as shown below.

4. Go to plot page, Select Gen1 in Syn. Generator & Bus1 in Buses.

5. Run Transient stability, with output report name ‘Load Application’.
6. Go to transient stability plots, and check results for bus voltage and bus frequency.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Bus Frequency

Bus Voltage

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Case 2: 70% Load Rejection on generator

7.To study load Throw on single generator, initially close CB1& CB2 connected to loads.
8.Create a new study case as ‘LR’.
9.Go to Events page and add an event to reduce both lumped load by 70% as shown below.

10. Go to plot page, Select Gen1 in Syn. Generator & Bus1 in Buses.
11. Run Transient stability, with output report name ‘Load Rejection’.
12. Plot Generator electrical power and mechanical power, Generator Exciter Voltage
(Efd), Bus voltage, Bus frequency as shown.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Gen Electrical power

Gen Mechanical power

Gen Exciter Voltage

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Bus Frequency

Bus Voltage

Case 3: 0.5 sec fault on generator bus

13. Create a New study case as ‘Fault_Case’.
14. Go to Events page and create an event for a 3-phase fault on Bus1 at 1 sec.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

15. Create one more event to clear the fault on Bus1 at 1.5 sec.

16. Go to plot page and plot Gen1 and Bus1.

17. Run transient stability with output report name as ‘Fault_Case’.
18. Check the plots as shown below.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Gen Electrical power

Bus Voltage

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

ANNEX-2
SUMMAY OF DATA

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

Generator Inputs:

Parameter Description Rating Unit

MVA Generator MVA 171.11 MVA
MW Engine MW Rating 136.88 MW
kV Generator kV 15 kV
pf Generator power factor 0.8 pu
Hz Frequency 50 Hz
Pole No. Of Poles 2 No.
Efficiency* Generator Efficiency 98.5* %
Rotor type
Round Rotor (Because of 2 poles)
(Salient or round)
MW-SEC/
H Total Engine & Generator Inertia Constant 2.72
MVA
D Damping 5 % MW/Hz
Xd ” d-axis sub-transient reactance 16.3±15% %
Xd ’ d-axis transient reactance 23.3±15% %
Xd,sat d-axis synchronous reactance 213 %
Xq ” q-axis sub-transient reactance 20 %
Xq ’ q-axis transient reactance 28 %
Xq,sat q-axis synchronous reactance 200 %
X2 Negative sequence reactance 19.7 %
X0 Zero sequence reactance 9.8 %
XL Leakage reactance 15 %
Xdu Unsaturated d-axis synchronous reactance 228 %
Xqu Unsaturated q-axis synchronous reactance 214 %
Ta D.C Armature time Constant 0.6 Sec.
X/ R (calc) X/R ratio 188.5 ratio
T do ” d-axis open ckt. sub-transient time constant 0.05 Sec.
T do ’ d-axis open ckt. transient time constant 15 Sec.
T qo ” q-axis open ckt. sub-transient time constant 0.05 Sec.
T qo ' q-axis open ckt. transient time constant 4.7 Sec.
p.u of terminal voltage at which saturation
Sbreak* 0.88* pu
curve screws the air gap line
S100* Saturation factor at 100 % voltage 1.077* If100/If
S120* Saturation factor at 120 % voltage 1.388* If120/ 1.2If
Note:
 Ta = L/R= 0.6 sec
X/R= 2*pi*f*(L/R) = 2*pi*50*0.6 =188.5
 Xdu & Xqu are not mentioned in vendor datasheet. However, they can be calculate by
using formulae’s: Xd,sat = Ksd * (Xd,unsat - XL) + XL
Xq,sat = Ksq * (Xq,unsat - XL) + XL
Where, Ksd=Ksq= ( 1/S100)
 * Calculation of these value is shown in Sheet No 3.13 & 3.14.
Remaining values are as per ‘Annex-3: Actual Vendor Datasheet’.
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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling
Exciter Inputs: IEEE ST4B exciter model

Parameter Description Value Unit

VRmax Maximum AVR output 3.2 p.u.
VRmin Minimum AVR output -2.56 p.u.
VMmax Maximum inner loop output 1 p.u.
VMmin Minimum inner loop output -0.8 p.u.
VBmax Maximum Source Voltage 8.24 p.u.
VOEL* Over excitation limit input 2* p.u.
VUEL* Under excitation limit input 0* p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor 0.065 p.u.
KG Field voltage feedback gain 0 p.u.
KI Current source constant (on system base – 0 p.u.
100MVA)
KPM Inner loop proportional gain 0.3125 p.u.
KIM Inner loop integral gain 0 p.u.
KPR AVR proportional gain 18 p.u.
KIR AVR integral gain 2.25 p.u.
KPreal Real part of potential source constant 8.24 p.u.
KPimg* Imaginary part of potential source constant 0* p.u.
TA AVR time constant 0.005 sec.
TR* AC sensor time constant 0* sec.
XL Source leakage reactance 0 p.u.
Rc* Resistive component of load compensation 0* p.u.
Xc* Reactive component of load compensation 0* p.u.

Note: * values are the typical etap default values for exciter model.
Remaining values are as per Sheet 3.10 & 3.11 i.e. Exciter Datasheet.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling
Governor Inputs: ST-2 inbuilt governor model

Parameter Description Value Unit

Mode Droop or Isoch Droop
Droop Steady-state speed droop 5 %
Pmax Maximum shaft power 138.09 MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power -9.99* MW
Fhp ( Shaft capacity ahead of reheater )/( Total
0.3 p.u.
shaft capacity )
Fip Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction 0.4 p.u.
Flp Low pressure turbine power fraction 0.3 p.u
Tsr Speed relay time constant 0.1 sec.
Tc Control Amplifier (servomotor) time
0.1 sec.
constant
Tch Steam chest time constant 0.15 sec.
Trh Reheater time constant 4 sec.
Tco Crossover time constant 0.3 sec.

Note: All Values are etap default one.

*Change Pmin from 0 to -9.99MW.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Generator Modelling

ANNEX-3

ACTUAL VENDOR DATASHEET

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 Sheet 3.1
VENDOR

ELECTRICAL DATA SHEET

,

1. RATING DETAILS

1.1 Frame size

1.2 Terminal voltage 15.00 kV

1.3 Frequency 50 Hz

1.4 Speed 3000 rev/min

1.5 Power factor 0.800

1.6 Applicable national standard IEC 60034-3

1.7 Rated coolant inlet temperature 35.0 °C

1.8 Rated output 136.888MW, 171.110 MVA

1.9 Rated current 6586 amps

2.0 Ambient air temperature < or = 50 °C

2.1 Installation Indoor

2. PERFORMANCE CURVES

2.1 Output vs coolant inlet temperature 

2.2 Generator capability diagram 

2.3 Efficiency vs output 

2.4 Open and short circuit curves 

2.5 V-curves 

2.6 Permitted duration of negative sequence current 

3. REACTANCES

3.1 Direct axis synchronous reactance, Xd(i) 213 %

3.2 Direct axis saturated transient reactance, X'd(v) 23.3 % ± 15 %
3.3 Direct axis saturated sub transient reactance, X"d(v) 16.3 % ± 15 %
3.4 Unsaturated negative sequence reactance, X2(i) 19.7 %
3.5 Unsaturated zero sequence reactance, X0(i) 9.8 %
3.6 Quadrature axis synchronous reactance Xq(i) 200 %
3.7 Quadrature axis saturated transient reactance X'q(v) 28 %
3.8 Quadrature axis saturated sub transient reactance X''q(v) 20 %
3.9 Damping 5% MW/Hz
3. hort circuit ratio  0.50
3.11 Leakage Reactance 15%
 Sheet
Sheet3.2
No: 2

VENDOR

ELECTRICAL DATA SHEET - CONTINUATION

136.888 MW 0.800 pf, 15.00 kV, 50 Hz

4. RESISTANCES AT 20°C

4.1 Rotor resistance 0.092 ohms

4.2 Stator resistance per phase 0.0011 ohms

5. TIME CONSTANTS AT 20°C

5.1 ransient time constant, T'do 15.0 seconds

5.2 ransient time constant, T'   seconds

5.3 ub transient time constant T" do 0.05 seconds

5.4 ub transient time constant, T"  0.0 seconds

5.5 D.C. Armature Time Constant, Ta 0.6 seconds

6. INERTIA
2 2
6.1 Moment of inertia, WR (See note 2) 3915 Kg.m

6.2 Inertia constant, H 1.13 kW.secs/kVA

7. CAPACITANCE

7.1 Capacitance per phase of stator winding to earth 0.56 microfarad

8. EXCITATION

8.1 Excitation current at no load, rated voltage 562 amps

8.2 Excitation voltage at no load, rated voltage 52 volts

8.3 Excitation current at rated load and P.F. 1634 amps

8.4 Excitation voltage at rated load and P.F. 203 volts

8.5 Inherent voltage regulation, F.L. to N.L. 36 %


 Sheet
Sheet3.3
No: 3

Ref. No. 1
 Sheet
Sheet3.4
No: 4

Ref. No. 2
 Sheet
Sheet3.5
No: 5

Ref. No. 3
 Sheet
Sheet3.6
No: 6

Ref. No. 4
 Sheet 3.7
This drawing is the property of Brush Electrical Machines Ltd . It is Manufacturing
supplied on loan in confidence and must be returned immediately on References
request. No part of the drawing maybe copied or reproduced in any BSD 927 Lx2
PO Box 18 Loughborough BSD 942 Ld5
way, nor may the information or design depicted be disclosed First Angle
Leicestershire LE11 1HJ BSD 986 Ls2
without prior written consent of the owner. All rights reserved. Projection

ISS DIGITAL OUTPUT BO2 WAS SYSTEM TRIP. DRN ISS DRN
B 50BF NO LONGER PICKS UP B02 RST
DRN RST ISS
CHK RST
PROTECTION RELAY SETTINGS E 964019000 B
APP KPP ISS B DATE 15/4/10 CHK RST APP KPP DRAWING RANGE
DATE 26/5/09 FIRST PROJECT 16848 Any hard copy is an uncontrolled version. SHEET: 30 OF 31
 Sheet
Sheet 3.8
No: 8

Ref. No. 6
 Sheet 3.9

Ref. No. 7

 DATA FOR GENERATOR & TURBINE

PARAMETERS UNITS DESCRIPTION  VALUES

MW MW Steam Turbine MW Rating 136.88

GEN_RPM RPM Generator RPM 3
TURB_RPM RPM TURBINE RPM 7116
Stored KE GEN MJ or MW-s Generator Stored Kinetic Energy (IP-GEN) 458,2
Stored KE TURB MJ or MW-s Steam Turbine Stored Kinetic Energy (HP) 6,7
2 kg-m2 Inertia J of Generator At Generator RPM 3842
ωr Gen
2 kg-m2 Inertia J of Turbine At Turbine RPM 11
ωr TURB
Inertia J of Turbine At Generator RPM As 5430
Base
2
Where J = ω r and r is radius of gyration

Calculation of Inertia Constant H:

H= (K.E. stored in Gen & Turb )/ MVA rating of Generator
=(458.2+6.7)/171.11
=2.72 MW-Sec/MVA
 Sheet 3.10

VENDOR IEEE ST4B Model Setting

TI No.:

Rev

Technical Information Date

1. Introduction

This technical information gives brief instructions for calculation of IEEE ST4B model parameters
It shows the general approach and formulas.


2. Additional parameters needed for the standard ST4B model parameters computation

AVR setting (real AVR constants): C061 [-] AVR proportional gain – typical value 18
C062 [ms] AVR Integral Time Constant – typical value 8000
C038 = RFT [0.01 Ohm] Field winding resistance (hot) – not mandatory

Excitation transformer: Snt [VA] Excitation transformer apparent nominal power

Ek [%] Excitation transformer short circuit voltage
Utsec [V AC] Secondary voltage of excitation transformer
Xnt [Ohm] Xnt=Utsec*Utsec / Snt Excitation transformer nominal reactance

Excitation values: Ufn [V DC] Generator nominal field voltage

Ifn [A DC] Generator nominal field current
Rf [Ohm] Generator field winding resistance (hot) - choose the biggest value
from following options: Rf = 100*C038 or Rf = Ufn / Ifn or the “hottest” value
Uff [V DC] Excitation ceiling voltage (short time, according to contract/project)

Generator: Ifn0 [A DC] Get the generator no-load saturation characteristic, construct a
tangent line from the beginning of the saturation characteristic ( = air-gap line) and
read the value of field current corresponding to the generator nominal voltage on
the air-gap line – name this value Ifn0 it is 1 p.u. of generator field current.
Ufn0 [V DC] Ufn0 = Ifn0 * Rf It is 1 p.u. of generator field voltage.

Assumed parameters:
C061=18 [-] – typical value
C062=8000 [ms] – typical value
C038= N/A – not mandatory
Snt=1250000 [VA]
Ek=6 [%]
Utsec=420 [V AC]
Xnt=0,141 [Ohm] Xnt=Utsec*Utsec / Snt
Ufn=201 [V DC] from generator datasheet
Ifn=1620,2 [A DC] from generator datasheet
Rf=0,124 [Ohm] Rf = Ufn / Ifn
Uff=504 [V DC]
Ifn0=493 [A DC] 1 p.u. of generator field current. No-load characteristic was
unavailable, value estimated (0,9 * no load field current)
Ufn0=61,16 [V DC] Ufn0 = Ifn0 * Rf It is 1 p.u. of generator field voltage.

Approved by: Authorised by: P.HLAVÁý

 Sheet 3.11

VENDOR IEEE ST4B Model Setting

TI No.

Rev

Technical Information Date

KG
VS
VUEL
VRmax VMmax
+ +
-
KIR VR KIM
1 +
VC -
Σ KPR +
s 1 + sT A Σ KPM +
s VM
π Efd
- +
VRmin VMmin
VREF
VLIM

VBmax
VT VB
VE
IT
VE = | K P VT + j(K I + K P XL ) I T| π

IN FEX
IFD
IN = K c FEX = f(I N)
IFD VE

Type ST4B - Potential or Compound-Source Controlled Rectifier Exciter

3. IEEE ST4B model parameters

KPR = C061 Voltage regulator proportional gain 18 [-]

KIR = 1000*C061/C062 Voltage regulator integral gain (Active only with closed gen. breaker!). 2,25 [Sec]
Note: KIR=0 When the generator breaker is open only proportional regulation is used at no load run of the generator!

KPM = 1/3.2 = 0.3125 Voltage regulator proportional gain (normalises the output to +/- 1) 0,3125*
KIM = 0 Voltage regulator integral gain (not in A50 structure) 0*
KG =0 Feedback gain constant of the inner loop field regulator 0*
(not in A50 structure)
TA =0.005 Voltage regulator time constant (delay of thyristor control) 0,005 Sec*
VRmax=3.2 Maximum voltage regulator output (corresponds to integer range) 3,2 p.u*
VRmin=0.8*-3.2 =-2.56 Minimum voltage regulator output (corresponds to integer range) -2,56 p.u*
(corresponds to integer range and fire-through prevention)
VMmax=1 Maximum voltage regulator output (fixed value) 1 p.u*
VMmin=-0,8 Minimum voltage regulator output -0,8 p.u*
(corresponds to fire-through prevention)
VBmax= Uff / Ufn0 Available exciter voltage (ceiling voltage in p.u.) 8,24 p.u

KI=0 Potential circuit gain coefficient (not in A50 structure or omitted) 0*

XL=0 Reactance associated with potential source (not in A50 structure or omitted) 0*
KP= VBmax Potential circuit gain coefficient (set identically as VBmax) 8,24 p.u.
π) * (Ek / 100) * (Xnt / Rf) Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance
KC = (3/π 0,065 [-]
(found in the literature)
* - Values with this (*) sign are fixed – project independent

Note: Parameters KPM, KIM, KG, TA, VRmax, VRmin, VMmax, VMmin, KI, XL are supposed to be always the same (fixed).
They are not variable and they are independent of the particular project / contract. Their values correspond to the
current design of A50 firmware and hardware or they are set such a way to fit the model structure given that the
model does not fully correspond to the physical A50 structure. Limits or factors equal to number +/- 3.2 correspond
to limitation of the numerical 16 bit integer range if assumed that number 10 000 represents 1 p.u. inside the
regulator (+/- 32768 / 10 000 = +/- 3.2768 but the particular functions inside the regulator use only range +/- 32000
i.e. +/- 3.2 p.u.).
 Sheet 3.12

EVALUATION SHEET: 1

Qc= -72.5

Qd= -67.5

Qb= 102.5

Qa= 142.5
 Sheet 3.13

EVALUATION SHEET: 2

Airgap line

If120= 860A
120%vtg
=18kV

100%
vtg=15kV If100= 560A

If= 520A
13.2kV =
88% Vtg

Calculation:
S100=( If100/ If) = 560/520 = 1.077
S120=( If120/1.2* If)= 860/1.2*520 = 1.388
Sbreak= 0.88
 Sheet 3.14

EVALUATION SHEET: 3

Eff =98.5 %
at 80%pf &
100MW
load