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LABORATORY REPORT 2: Differential Amplifier Objectives:: Theory

1. The document describes an experiment to analyze the operation of a differential amplifier by measuring its common mode gain (Acm), differential mode gain (Ad), and common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). 2. Components used included BJTs, resistors, DC power supplies, a multimeter, oscilloscope, and breadboard. 3. Experimental results found Ad = 68, Acm = 4.1, and CMRR = 16.55. Theoretical calculations found larger values of Ad, Acm, and CMRR, with discrepancies possibly due to assumptions and component aging. 4. In conclusion, the differential amplifier amplified input differences more than commonalities as intended, though experimental

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1K views5 pages

LABORATORY REPORT 2: Differential Amplifier Objectives:: Theory

1. The document describes an experiment to analyze the operation of a differential amplifier by measuring its common mode gain (Acm), differential mode gain (Ad), and common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). 2. Components used included BJTs, resistors, DC power supplies, a multimeter, oscilloscope, and breadboard. 3. Experimental results found Ad = 68, Acm = 4.1, and CMRR = 16.55. Theoretical calculations found larger values of Ad, Acm, and CMRR, with discrepancies possibly due to assumptions and component aging. 4. In conclusion, the differential amplifier amplified input differences more than commonalities as intended, though experimental

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Kidist kefelegn
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LABORATORY REPORT 2: Differential amplifier

Objectives:
1. To understand the operation of differential amplifier.

2. To obtain common mood gain (Acm) and differential mood gain (Ad).And to observe

the difference of this moods of operation.

3. To calculate the CMRR from the experiment and to compare it with the theoretical

result.

Materials used

No Item name Specification


1 BJTs IN 4007
2 Resistor 3*10KΩ, 2*1KΩ
3 DC power supply Adjustable(15V &-15V)
4 Digital Multimeter Adjustable for DC and AC
5 Bread Board and Connecting Wires Standard
6 Digital oscilloscope

Theory:

A differential amplifier is an amplifier that produces outputs that are a function of the

difference between two input voltages. The differential amplifier has two basic modes of

operation: differential (in which the two inputs are different) and common mode (in which the

two inputs are the same).

Vod Vocm Ad
Ad= , Acm= , CMRR= whare Ad is differential gain, Acm is common mood
Vind Vincm Acm

gain, CMRR is common mood rejection ratio.


Procedure:

1. The circuit in the circuit shcematics part was constructed using the above materials.

2. After that the output voltage was measured with single ended output and double ended

output using double ended input voltage. And the data obtained was registered. (Which is

shown in the experimental data part.)

3. The input values (i.e the values of the resistors, input voltages, Vcc, Vee …) was used to

calculate Acm, Ad and CMRR.

4. Similarly the above 3 quantities was calculated for the experimental data from the data

obtained.

Circuit Schematics:

Diagram 1 differential amplifier


Experimental data

Observations

The out puts displayed on the oscilloscope shown bellow.

 Double ended input with double ended output

 Double ended input with single ended output

(1 v +0.9 v)
Vod=6.8v , Vocm=3.9v, Vind=(1v-0.9v)=0.1v Vincm = =0.95v
2

Vod 6.8 v
Ad= = =68
Vind 0.1 v

Vocm 3.9 v
Acm= = =4.1
Vincm 0.95 v

Ad 68
CMRR= = =16.55
Acm 4.1
Theoretical data
Assuming base currents are very small compared to emitter current.(I E>>IB)

IE RE1+2IE RE2 =15v ………………assuming the same transistors and other parameters (I E1=IE2)

kΩIE + 20kΩ IE=15v IE=0.714 A =714mA

hfe=25mv/ IE =0.035Ω

Ad=Rc/hfe =10kΩ/0.035Ω =285700

Acm=Rc/(hfe+2RE) =10kΩ/(0.035Ω +20KΩ) =0.5

Ad
CMRR= =285700/0.5= 571400
Acm

Conclusion

From the data obtained and discussions made so far, it can be deduced that:

 The common mode gain is much smaller than that of differential gain which is

one of the use full properties of differential amplifiers. This means differential

amplifiers amplify the difference of two input signals and rejects common mode

input signals.

 The large difference between the theoretical and the experimental data is due to

the taken assumptions and rounding off in calculations. Also it may be due to the

age of the used materials which mines the materials can’t fit our initial

assumptions.

 Finally the differential mode output is not pure sinusoidal due to the difficulty of

applying the same frequency in the to inputs.

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