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Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation

Transcription involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) using RNA polymerase. The mRNA then migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is used as a template for protein synthesis during translation. During translation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA start codon and proceeds along the mRNA, adding amino acids specified by each codon to form a protein chain. Translation terminates when a release factor binds to the stop codon, releasing the completed protein from the ribosome.

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33 views2 pages

Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation

Transcription involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) using RNA polymerase. The mRNA then migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is used as a template for protein synthesis during translation. During translation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA start codon and proceeds along the mRNA, adding amino acids specified by each codon to form a protein chain. Translation terminates when a release factor binds to the stop codon, releasing the completed protein from the ribosome.

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Shivani Sriram
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Protein synthesis

- Described as "DNA makes RNA makes Protein" - central dogma of molecular biology.
- Transcription and Translation.

Transcription

- Transcription is the first step in gene expression.


- It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
- Before the synthesis of a protein begins, the corresponding RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
molecule is produced by RNA transcription.
- One strand of the DNA double helix is used as a template by the RNA polymerase to
synthesize a messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA migrates from the nucleus, through
the nuclear pores, to the cytoplasm.
- During this step, mRNA goes through different types of maturation including one
called splicing (Links to an external site.) where the non-coding sequences are
eliminated.
- The coding mRNA sequence can be described as a unit of three nucleotides called
a codon.

Translation
During translation the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that
contains a specific series of amino acids. 
In the cytoplasm the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only
by the initiator transfer RNA (tRNA).
The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
During this stage, complexes, composed of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the
appropriate codon in mRNA by forming complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon.
The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA.
Amino acids are added one by one, translated into polypeptidic sequences dictated by DNA and
represented by mRNA.
At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the
complete polypeptide from the ribosome.

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