SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES
THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF
COMPLEX
VARIABLES
SI (metric) edition
with an introduction to CONFORMAL MAPPING and its applications
METRIC EDITIONS
$chaurn's Outline
fl
-
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF
THEORY AND PROBLEMS.
OF
COMPLEX
VARIABLES
with an introduction to
CONFORMAL MAPPING
and Its application
SI (METRIC) EDITION
BY
MURRAY R SPIEGEL, Ph.D.
Professor of Mathematics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES
McGraw- Ill/I &)ok Company
Singapore
Schaum's outline of theory and problems of
COMPLEX VARIABLES SI (METRIC) EDITION 1981
Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore
for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported
from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill.
89 KKP 9432
Copyright © 1964, 1974 by McGraw-Hill, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-099010-7
Printed in Singapore
CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS ........................................
The real number system. Graphical representation of real numbers. The com-
plex number system. Fundamental operations with complex numbers. Absolute
value. Axiomatic foundations of the complex number system. Graphical repre-
sentation of complex numbers. Polar form of complex numbers. De Moivre's
theorem. Roots of complex numbers. Euler's formula. Polynomial equations.
The nth roots of unity. Vector interpretation of complex numbers. Spherical
representation of complex numbers. Stereographic projection. Dot and cross
product. Complex conjugate coordinates. Point sets.
Chapter 2 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY ...................33
Variables and functions. Single-and multiple-valued functions, Inverse func-
na. Transformations. Ciiii1inear coordinates. The elementary functions.
Branch points and branch lines. Riemann surfaces. Limits. Theorems on
limits. Infinity. Continu ity . Continuity in a region. Theorems on continuity.
Uniform continuityTlequences.tiW'of a sequence. theorems on limits of
sequences. niti1i series.
Chapter 3 COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION AND
THEç-RIEMANN EQUATIONS ......................63
Derivaves.
ti Analytic functions. Cauchy-Riemantions. Harmonic func-
tions. Geometric interpretation of the derivative. Differentials. Rules for
differentiation. Derivatives of elementary functions. II igher oi'1er, derivatives.
L1fospitiPule. Singular points. Orthogonal families. Curves. Applications
to geometry and mechanics. Complex differential operators. Gradient, diver-
gence, curl and Laplacian. Some identities involving gradient, divergence
and curl.
4 COMPLEX INTEGRATION AND CAUCHY'S THEOREM 92
Complex line integrals. Real line integrals. Connection between real and com-
plex line integrals. Properties of integrals. Change of variables. Simply-and
multiply-connected regions. Jordan curve theorem. Convention regarding
traversal of a closed path. Green's theorem in the plane. Complex form of
Green's theorem. C's _theorem. The Cauchy-Goursat theorem, Morera's
theorem. Indefinite integrals. Integrals of special functions. Some conse-
tjuencds 6f Cauchy's theorem.
Chapter 5 CAUCHY'S INTEGRAL FORMULAE AND
RELATED THEOREMS .......................................118
Cauchy's integral formulae. Some important theorems. orera's theorem.
Cauchy's inequality. Liouville'_theorem. Fundamental theorem o gbra.
Gauss' mean value thiiii Maximum mod&iiiorem. Minimum modulus
t64orem. The argument theorem. Rouché's theorem. P oisson's integral for-
mulae for a circle. Poisson's integral formulae for a half plane.
CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 6 INFINITE SERIES. TAYLOR'S AND LAURENT SERIES.... 139
Sequences of functions. Series of functions. Absolute convergence. Uniform
convergence of sequences, and series. Power series. Some important theorems.
General theorems. Theorems on absolute convergence. Special tests for con-
vergence. Theorems on uniform convergence. Theorems on power series.
Taylor's theorem. Some special series. Laurent's theorem. Classification of
sTiiilii1tiesntire functions. Meromorphic functions. Lagrange's expan-
sion. Analytic continuation.
Chapter 7 THE RESIDUE THEOREM.
EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS AND SERIES ............... 172
Residues. Calculation of residues. The residue theorem. Evaluation of
definite integrals. Special theorems used in evaluating integrals. The Cauchy
principal value of integrals. Differentiation under the integral sign. Leibnitz's
rule. Summation of series. Mitts g-Leffler's expansion theorem. Some special
expansions.
Chapter 8 CONFORMAL MAPPING .....................................200
Transformations or mappings. Jacobian of a transformation. Com2lex in
functions. Conformal mapping. Riemann's mapping theorem. Fixed or
-
invariant points of a transformation. Some general transformations. Trans-
lation. Rotation. Stretching. Inversion. Successive transformations. The
linear transformation. The bilinear or fractional transformation. Mapping
of a half plane on to a circle. The Schwa rz-Christoffel transformation, Trans-
formations of boundaries in parametric form. Some special mappings.
Chapter 9 PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONFORMAL MAPPING.... 232
Boundary-value problems. Harmonic'and conjugate functions. Dirichlet and
Neumann problems. The Dirichlet problem for for the unit circle. Poisson's for-
mula. The Dirichlet problem for the half plane. Solutions to Dirichlet and
Neumann problems by conformal mapping. Applications to fluid flow. Basic
assumptions. The complex potential. Equipotential lines and streamlines.
Sources and sinks. Some special flows. Flow around obstacles. Bernoulli's
theorem. Theorems of Blasius. Applications to electrostatics. Coulomb's law.
Electric field intensity. Electrostatic potential. Gauss' theorem. The complex
electrostatic potential. Line charges. Conductors. Capacitance. Applications
to heat flow. Heat flux. The complex temperature.
Chapter 10 SPECIAL TOPICS .............................................265
Analytic continuation. Schwarz's reflection principle. Infinite products. Abso-
lute, conditional and uniform convergence of infinite products. Some important
theorems on infinite products. Weierstrasa' theorem for infinite products.
Some special infinite products. The gamma function. Properties of the gamma
function. The beta function. Differential equations. Solution of differential
equations by contour integrals. Bessel functions. Legendre functions. The
hypergeometric function. The zeta function. Asymptotic series. The method
of steepest descents. Special asymptotic expansions. Elliptic functions.
INDEX.......................................................307
Preface
The theory of functions of a complex variable, also called for brevity complex variables
or complex analysis, is one of the most beautiful as well as useful branches of mathematics.
Although originating in an atmosphere of mystery, suspicion and distrust, as evidenced by
the terms "imaginary" and "complex" present in the literature, it was finally placed on a
sound foundation in the 19th century through the efforts of Cauchy, Riemann, Weierstrass,
Gauss and other great mathematicians.
Today the subject is recognized as an essential part of the mathematical background
of engineers, physicists, mathematicians and other scientists. From the theoretical view-
point this is because many mathematical concepts become clarified and unified when
examined in the light of complex variable theory. From the applied viewpoint the theory
is of tremendous value in the solution of problems of heat flow, potential theory, fluid
mechanics, electromagnetic theory, aerodynamics, elasticity and many other fields of
science and engineering.
This book is designed for use as a supplement to all current standard texts or as a
textbook for a formal course in complex variable theory and applications. It should also be
of considerable value to those taking courses in mathematics, physics, aerodynamics, elas-
ticity or any of the numerous other fields in which complex variable methods are employed.
Each chapter begins with a clear statement of pertinent definitions, principles and
theorems together with illustrative and other descriptive material. This is followed by
graded sets of solved and supplementary problems. The solved problems serve to illustrate
and amplify the theory, bring into sharp focus those fine points without which the student
continually feels himself on unsafe ground, and provide the repetition of basic principles so
vital to effective learning. Numerous proofs of theorems and derivations of formulae are
included among the solved problems. The large number of supplementary problems with
answers serve as a complete review of the material in each chapter.
Topics covered include the algebra and geometry of complex numbers, complex differ-
ential and integral calculus, infinite series including Taylor and Laurent series, the theory
of residues with applications to the evaluation of integrals and series, and conformal
mapping with applications drawn from various fields. An added feature is the chapter
on special topics which should prove useful as an introduction to some more advanced topics.
Considerably more material has been included here than can be covered in most first
courses. This has been done to make the book more flexible, to provide a more useful book
of reference and to stimulate further interest in the topics.
I wish to take this opportunity to thank the staff of the Schaum Publishing Company
for their splendid cooperation.
M. R. SPIEGEL
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
July, 1964
