Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Exercise 1.1

Use inductive or deductive reasoning to answer the given questions.

1. Predict the next number in each given set of numbers.

a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,?
= 18

b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,?
= 21

2. What type of reasoning did you apply in 1a and 1b

a. Deductive
b. Inductive

3. Tell whether the mathematical statement is TRUE or FALSE. If false, provide a

counterexample. Assume x  is any real number.

a. If x 0 the 
= True

b. The multiplicative inverse always exists.

= True

c.  Is always positive

= true

4. In a neighborhood of engineers, it is known that there is a chemical engineer, civil

engineer, mechanical engineer, and an electrical engineer among Tito, Vic, Joey, and
Willy. Identify the correct profession of each engineer given the following clues;

i. Vic gets home from work after the civil engineer but before the electrical engineer.
ii. Joey, who is the last to get home from work, is not the electrical engineer.
iii. The electrical engineer and Joey leave for work at the same time.
iv. The civil engineer lives next door to willy. 

Tito is the Civil Engineer

Vic is the Mechanical Engineer
Joey is the chemical engineer
Willy is the electrical engineer
5. A new boy band composed of four young boys Josh, Jude, Benedict, and Francis
was formed by a recording agency. With one acting as the lead vocalist, each of the
three other boys takes care of the drum, the keyboard, identify the role of each member
in the band.

i. Francis is younger than the vocalist.

ii. Josh and the guitarist are twins and they are the youngest members of the band.
iii. Benedict and the guitarist are schoolmates.

Josh is the keyboard

Francis is the drummer
Benedict is the Vocalist
Francis is the drummer

Exercise 1.2

Group Work. Follow the instructions below.

1. Form groups of 4-5 members. Assign a leader.

2. Solve the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. Put into writing all your observations and
generalizations.
3. The assigned leaders will discuss the group solution to the entire class. 

 In order to solve the hanoi tower you need to move numbers for instance Move 0
= 00000000. The largest disk is 0, so it is on the left (initial) peg. ...Move 2 8 − 1 =
11111111. ...
 Move 21610 = 11011000. In this situation you are just mixing a number and
making your own pattern as I have observed you are just repeating the numbers
but you are trying to make a difference within it like you are just playing with a
brix. The tower of hanoi execute a part of analysis and critical thinking where you
are able to realize each pattern to get the  solution.

Assignment

Watch the video clip and complete the statements that follow.

 The Monty Hall Problem

https://www.youtube.com/v=mhlc7peGlGg

1. Three things that I significantly learned from the video clip.

 First, I learned about the probability that will show how something will happen.
Second is that statistics are being used in identifying the doors and analyzing the
numbers or probability rather. Lastly is that smaller scales are a lot better in ⅓
and ⅔ because it is closer when identifying probability than a hundred.
2. Three things that are still unclear to me.
 The first thing that is unclear to me is the hundred of doors and the second one is
how does the probability ⅓ and ⅔ compromise. Last thing that is still unclear to
me is that “what if a person has different choices?.”

3. I used to think that

 That I could just choose any doors and don’t mind about the possible outcome or
probability.

4. Three questions that I want to ask about the video

 First is how can a person be sure in his/her choices?. Second is how did those
probability occur?. Last one is that I’m still confused by how would that happen?.

Section 2 - Problem-Solving Strategies

Exercise 2.1

Solve each problem using Polya’s four-step problem-solving strategy.

1. The elimination stage of the UAAP women’s volleyball competition is played in two
rounds where each competing team plays against each of the other teams once in
every round. How many games are played in the elimination round if there are eight
teams in a given season?

1. Understanding the Problem

 If there are 8 teams then look for the total games that will be played

2. Devise a Plan
 To solve the problem I’ll be using is the combination to find the total
agreement of those 8 teams. Since there is a 2 round in one game after
looking for the combination it will be the total games that are played.
Let
n= teams
r= team competing with another team

3. Carry out the plan

 8(8-2)
 8(7)
 56 
Means the total games are 56

4. Look back

Team Team Team Team 4 Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 Team 8

 1 2 3

Team Game Game Game 3 Game 4 Game 5 Game 6 Game 7

1 1 2

Team Game Game 9 Game Game Game Game

2 8 10 11 12 13

Team Game Game Game Game Game

3 14 15 16 17 18

Team Game Game Game Game

4 19 20 21 22

Team Game Game Game

5 23 24 25

Team Game Game

6 26 27

Team Game
7 28

Team
8

Each games in the tables consists of 2 rounds and it is not repetitive

2. Find the digit that is 50 - places to the right of the decimal point in the decimal
representation of the rational number

1. Understand the Problem

 Look for the digit that is 50 - places to the right of the decimal point in the
decimal form of the rational number. By using a sample rational, 2/27
2. Devise a Plan
 The rational number should be in decimal form. The way in the decimal
sequence is repeated after every 3 digits.

3. Carry out the Plan

 50 digit to the right of the decimal is 3 because it’s like decreasing by 3
digit and it is divisible by 3, meaning the number after the 3rd digit is the
same as the 50th digit.

4. Look back
 In the form of rational numbers according to my research both a and b are
integers and b is not equal to 0
3. A coffee shop is giving away a signature annual planner. In the mechanics, each
customer can share stickers. At the end of the promo period, Tito had the most number
of stickers, more than enough to get the planner. Unfortunately, Vic and Joey did not
have enough. This is what they did: First, Tito gave Vic and Joey as many stickers as
each had; after this, Vic gave Tito and Joey as many stickers as they had. At the end,
each of the three friends had exactly enough stickers to get a planner. How many
stickers did each person have at the start?

1. Understand the Problem

 The problem here is the to look for the stickers that they have a first

2. Devise a Plan
 Tito gave Vic and Joey as many stickers as each had and Vic gave Tito
and Joey as many stickers as they had; and Joey gave Tito and Vic as
many stickers as they had. Let’s consider x, y, and z be the number of
stickers. Since, they all have the same amount of stickers meaning all of
them have 24 stickers at the end.
 
 
3. Carry out the Plan
 At first the three of them had 24 stickers such; Tito-x, vic-y, and joey-z.
The second thing is that tito gave vic and joey. Meaning tito had x-y-z
because he gave it, then vic had y+y=2y and joey at the end z+z= Zz. Last
one is that vic gave tito and joey so tito stickers became (x-y-z) (y+y=2y)
and joey (zz+zz=4z)

4. Look back
 At the very beginning tito had stickers but vic and joey doesn’t have. Then
tito distributed some of his to vic and joey.  Furthermore, since the stickers
are finished already the three of them would have the same amount of
stickers at the end and at the start. At the end 24+24+24+= 72 stickers.
Meaning, at the start they also have 72 stickers.

4. Iza can earn 7,800 for doing 3 hours of office work and 2 hours of field work.
However, she gets 8,200 if she works two hours in the office and 3 hours in the field.
What is the rate per hour of Iza for doing office work and for doing field work?

1. Understand the Problem 

 The problem is that the amount per hour she gets when doing work at
office and at field.  When she works at office for 3 hours and 2 hours at
field the amount if 7,800 pesos and when she works at office for 2 hours
and 3 hours from the field she earns 8,200 pesos.
2. Device a Plan
 Let x be the amount of the office work hours and y the field work hours
X = office hours
 Y = work hours

The equation will be

3x + 2y = 7,800
2x + 3y = 8,200

3. Carry out the Plan

3y + 2x = 8200
-2y - 3x = 7800
y= 400 + x

3 (400+x) + 2x = 8200
1200 + 3x + 2x = 8200
5x = 7000
x= 1400

2y + 3x = 7800
2y + 3 (1400) = 7800
2y + 4200 = 7800
2Y=3600
Y= 1800

It shows that Iza got paid 1,400 pesos every office work hour and at field she got to paid
1800

4. Look back

Substituting these values into equations 1 and 2,

1: 3(1400) + 2(1800) = 7800
2: 2(1400) + 3(1800) = 8200
 
Both are correct equations

5. Ed’s purse contains some 10-peso, 5-peso, 1peso, and 25-centavo coins. How many
of each type does he have if the purse has a total of 20.50?

1. Understand the problem

 To make a list of the number of type of coins Ed’s purse contains that
amount to ₱ 20.50.

Exercise 2.2

Group Work. Follow the instructions below.

 1. Form groups of 4-5 members. Assign a leader.
2. Each group will be provided with a Galton board.
3. The group should work together to obtain the needed information as detailed
below.
4. The assigned leaders will summarize the results of the group’s experiment and
present it to the entire class.

Guide Questions

1.How many routes can a ball take as it travels from A to B, from A to C, from A to
D, from A to E, and from A to F?

Answer:

 A-B : 1

A-C: 2

A-D: 3

A-E: 4

A-F: 5

2. How many routes can a ball take as it travels from A to G, from A to H, from A
to E, from A to J, and from A to K?

 Answer:

A-G : 6

A-H : 7

A-I : 8

A-J : 9

A-K : 10

3.Explain how you know that the number of routes from A to J is the same as the
number of routes from A to L.

  Because the balls roll into the same routes, and they travel in the same pattern.

 
4. Explain why the greatest number of balls tend to fall into the center bin.

 Hexagon is a round with a circle so the ball will just pass by it’s corner and back
to the center which can force it to move forward.

5. The probability demonstration shown to the left has nine rows of hexagons.
Determine how many routes a ball can take as it travels from A to P, from A to Q,
from A, to R, from A to S, from A to T and from A to U.

 A-P:15

A-Q:16

A-R:17

A-S:18

A-T:19

A-U:20

Assignment

Watch the video clip and complete the statements that follow. 

 Die Hard: With a Vengeance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDnvXAkMnx8

Guide: In the movie Die Hard; With a Vengeance, Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson
are given a 5-gallon jug and a 3-gallon jug. They must put exactly 4 gallons of water on
a scale to keep a bomb from exploding. Figure out how they could accomplish this feat. 

1. Three things that I significantly learned from the video clip

 Everything should be equal. Next one is that balancing and equality is important.
Lastly, is that we have freedom of choices.

2. Three things that are still unclear to me

 To be honest everything is unclear to me. First at foremost why is that movie
being used?. Second, is where’s the gallon part?. Third is why did they choose
those movies and the gallon part does not transpire in there?. 

3. I used to think that

 That the movie would give some knowledge/knowing to me but none. 

4. Three questions that I want to ask about the video clip

  First is why those movies are being used in this assignment?. Second one is
what's the connection of the movie to the questions and to the guide for
answering these questions?. Third is how did they do the scaling thing of 4
gallons of water and more. Basically, I don’t understand the whole thing.

Section 3 - Pattern Recognition as a Problem-Solving Strategy

Exercise 3.1

Solve the following problems using Polya’s four-step problem-solving strategy 

1. In the complex number system, i1=i; i2= -1; i3=-i; i4=1; i5=i, ... Find i173.

i. Understand the Problem

 Find i173 from the given examples

ii. Devise a Plan

 1=i
2 = -1
3 = -i
4=1
5=i

 Observing it, it is obvious that there is a pattern that are repeated.

Meaning by trial and error, 172 is 1 because it is repeated and therefore
i173 is I which is the value after 1

iii. Carry out the Plan

 173/4 = 43 remainder 1. Therefore, 1 is 172 and 173 is i

iv. Look back

 173 is 1 = 1 to 4

2. Find the last digit of the sum: 32018 + 42018

i. Understanding the Problem

 Look for the last digit of the 2 additional numbers

ii. Devise a plan

n Last digit of 3n Last digit of 4n

1 3 4

2 9 6
3 7 4

4 1 6

5 3 4

32018+42018

iii. Carry out plan

 The sum of it is 15

iv. Look Back

 9+6= 15
2018 by 4 is equal to 2 and 2018 by 2 is equal to 0. So the answer is 2=2
meaning it is correct.

3. Yan was born exactly 78 days days before Dong was born. If Dong was born on a
Monday, what day was Yan born?

i. Understand the Problem 

 Find the day Yan was born.

ii. Device a Plan

 On the calendar we have 7 days of weeks. If dong was born on monday
meaning exactly in 7 days because we have 7 days of week. Now 78
multiply it by 7 or compute it.

iii. Carry out the plan

Days of the week on calendar Days of Dongs birthday

1 Monday 77

2 Sunday 78

3 Saturday 79

4 Friday 80

5  Thursday 81

6 Wednesday 82

7 Tuesday 83
 Based on the table 78 is Sunday. Meaning, yan was born at the day of
sunday and dong on monday.

iv. Look back

 Everything would always be sunday.

4. The set (0,1) forms the binary system. There are exactly two 1-digit binary numbers,
namely 0 and 1: there are four 2-digit binary numbers, namely 00,01,10, and 11; and
there are right 3-digit binary numbers, namely 000, 001, 010, 100, 011, 101, 011, and
111.

a. List all 4-digit binary numbers.

 Number 4 binary numbers are 0100, 5 binary numbers are 0101, 6 is
0110, 7 is 0111 and so forth.

b. How many 4-digit binary numbers are there

 0100

c. How many 5-digit binary numbers are possible

 32

d. How many n-digit binary numbers can be formed?

 If even it is 0 and if it is odd then 1

i. Understand the Problem

 Find the binary numbers of all

ii. Devise a plan

 Four digit binary numbers
0- 0000 
1- 0001
2- 0010
3- 0011
4- 0100
5- 0101
6- 0110
7- 0111
8- 1000
9- 1001
10- 1010
11- 1011
12- 1100
13- 1101
14- 1110
15- 1111
5. Consider a rectangle with length l and width w. Now fold it into two, draw a line on the
fold, and unfold the rectangle. Observe that there are now three rectangles, two small
rectangles, and the original rectangle.

a. Fold the rectangle into three, draw lines on the folds, then unfold. How many
rectangles do you see?
 3

b. Fold the rectangle into four, draw lines on the folds, the unfold. How many
rectangles do you see?
 4

c. From you observations in (a) and (b), how many rectangles are formed if the
original rectangle is folded into n pieces?

i. Understand the Problem

 Find the possible pattern of rectangle when it is folded

ii. Devise a Plan

 an= x = 3 (3 + 1) / 2 = 6, the pattern that will be used

iii. Carry out the Plan

 a3= x = 3 ( 3 + 1)/2 = 6
 a4= x = 4 ( 4 + 1)/2 = 10
 an= x = n ( n + 1)/2

iv. Look back

 The number of rectangles are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and n. The total combined of
rectangle is 1, 3, 6, 10, and for n is equal to n(n+1)/2

6. Finding the odd. In a grocery store, Perla was challenged by a promo girl to identify
which pack in a box of 25 packs of a liquid detergent is heavier than the rest. According
to the promo girl, all the packs in the box weigh the same except for one which is
heavier. Using only a balance scale, Perla was challenged to identify the single heavier
pack for a maximum of three (3) weighing attempts only. If she succeeds, she gets the
box for free. How should perlas weigh the 25 packs to successfully identify the heavier
pack?

i. Understanding the problem

 Look for the weight of the heavier pack

ii. Devise a Plan

 To identify the weight and look for it, one pack should be scaled and
identify the rest of the weight.
 iii. Carry out the Plan
 25 divided by 3 is equal to 12.5

iv. Look back

 The final answer is 29

7. Can perla succeed in the challenge (refer to number 6) if there are 30 packs in the
bow with 29 having the same weight and (1) one that is heavier? Explain your answer

i. Understanding the problem

 Identify if perla find the heavier among the 30 packs

ii. Devise a Plan

 To identify it. It will be 3 with the power of n since it has a maximum of
three packs. N will be the number of the trials given.

iii. Carry out the Plan

 3n= 27 meaning the total of amount of packs

iv. Look back

 3 cubes is 27 meaning 30 > 27. Specifically perla cannot 100% succeed in
the challenge 

8. John bought ten (10) bottles of vitamin C tablets (same brand) from a certain
pharmacy. After getting home, the saleslady in the pharmacy called and informed him
that one of the bottles is a complete counterfeit (meaning, 9 bottles contain all real
medicines while one bottle contains all counterfeit items). He was told that the real
medicines weigh 10 mg each tablet while counterfeits are heavier at 11 mg each tablet.
Using a digital weighing machine in just one (1) weighing attempt?

i. Understanding the problem

 Can john identify which among the bottle of vitamin C

ii. Devise a Plan

 A person could identify which among the things are heavier when they
carry the things out

iii. Carry out the Plan

 A person should carry it and try to put it on a weighing machine

iv. Look back

 John had 100 percent chance that he could find it by just 1 attempt of
weighing it

9. While waiting for their parents to arrive, Sansa and Arya decided to play a game.
They collected 25 stones and placed it in an urn. They are to take turns taking away 1,
2, and 3 stones from the urn. The person who will take the last stone loses. Sansa took
the first move. What are her chances of winning the game?

i. Understanding the problem

 What are the chances of sansa winning the game 

ii. Devise a Plan

 25 stones
 2 players can get 1, 2, or 3 stones

Exercise 3.2
 
Group Work. Follow the instructions below.

1. Form groups of 4-5 members. Assign a leader

2. Each group will be provided with a Galton board
3. The group should work together to obtain the needed information as detailed
below.
4. The assigned leaders will summarize the results of the group’s experiment and
present it to the entire class.

Instructions: Place 13 sticks on a flat surface. Two players take either 1, 2, or 3 sticks.
The last person to take the last piece or pieces loses the game.

1. If you are the first player, how would you strategize your moves to ensure
that you will win the game?

 If there were 13 sticks and I was the first player, my plan to win the game would
be to find a way to leave player two with 1 more than four sticks to choose from.
I'd try to set up a stack and let the second player select either 5,9,13,14 sticks or
numbers that n+4 = n where n is then the previous number 4 that was added
starting from I, so any time the player selects either 1,2, or 3 sticks, I can select
any number that leaves my sticks for the player to pick up

2. If you are the first player, how would you strategize your moves to ensure
that you will win the game?

 If there are 13 sticks and I am the second player, my plan to win the game will
have to be beneficial because the first player gave the advantage of the game
where the sticks that are more than the number 4 were added before starting
from n(n+4) and because 1=4-5,5 + 4=9 + 4 is 13, I to make sure that I leave the
player on the 5 sticks to choose from to guarantee victory.

 
 3. Who has the better chance of winning , the first or second player?
 In this case the second player has the better chances of winning the game
because the advantage of the game is given to him the starting of the
game was offered to him by the first player.

4. How will the result change if there are 9 sticks instead of 13? What if there
are 25 sticks?
 First Player
llll(l)lll(l) n+4=n
ll(l)(l)lllllll
lllll

    -    Second Player
(l)ll(l)(l)lll(l)lll(l)
n(n+4)
(1+4)=5
(5)+4=(9)=(3)
There should be 9 stickers to be used because 13 is the previous number of 4 and the
second player selected 1,4,5, and 9 so if you combine it all there are 13 and the second
player has a better chance of winning the game.
1+4=5
5+4=9+4=13
13+4+7+8=25
25 stickers is a previous number of 13 that are given by the player.
lll(l)lll(l)ll
ll/(l)lll(l)lll
llll(l)

Assignment

Watch the video clip and complete the statements that follow

Using the scientific method in Everyday Life

1. Three things that I significantly learned from the video clip

 One main point here is that math is everywhere. First thing I learn is the
scientifical step in our daily life. Such 1st is question or observation, 2nd is
research, 3rd is hypothesis, test, last one is that draw a conclusion. Second thing
that I learned is that everything in life has a solution. Third one is that scientific
method could be applied in our everyday life.

2. Three things that are still clear to me

 Everything is clear to me.

3. I used to think that

  That “I” just a human living in this world just doing a simple living not knowing I’m
already doing things in my daily life scientifically

4. Three questions that I want to ask about the video clip

 I have no questions since everything is clear to me