Chapter 4

Molecular View of Reactions in

Aqueous Solutions

Chemistry, 7th Edition

International Student Version
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop

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 Chapter in Context
▪ Describe solutions qualitatively and quantitatively
▪ Distinguish electrolytes from non-electrolytes
▪ Write balanced molecular, ionic, and net ionic
equations
▪ Identify acids and bases and learn names and
formulas
▪ Use metathesis reactions to plan chemical
syntheses
▪ Define and use molarity in calculations
▪ Understand titrations and chemical analysis
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 Importance of Water
▪ One of the most common compounds on earth
▪ Dissolves many different substances
▪ Responsible, in part, for evolution of life
▪ 60% of the human body is water

Distinct Properties
▪ Dissolves ionic compounds
▪ Acid-base reactions occur in water

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 Reactions in Solution
▪ For a reaction to occur
▪ Reactants needs to come into physical contact
▪ Happens best in gas or liquid phase
▪ Movement occurs
Solution
▪ Homogeneous mixture
▪ Two or more components mix freely
▪ Molecules or ions completely intermingled
▪ Contains at least two substances
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 Definitions
Solvent
▪ Medium that dissolves solutes
▪ Component present in largest amount
▪ Can be gas, liquid, or solid
▪ Aqueous solution—water is solvent
Solute
▪ Substance dissolved in solvent
▪ Solution is named by solute
▪ Can be gas—CO2 in soda
▪ Liquid—ethylene glycol in antifreeze
▪ Solid—sugar in syrup

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 Iodine Molecules in Ethanol

Crystal of solute Solute molecules dispersed

placed in solvent throughout solvent
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 Your Turn
In a cup of coffee that has milk and sugar in it,
which are the solutes and which are/is the
solvent(s)?
A. Solutes: caffeine, sugar, and milk proteins
Solvent: water
C. Solute: water
Solvents: caffeine, sugar and milk proteins
B. Solutes: sugar and milk proteins
Solvents: water and caffeine
D. Solute: milk protein only
Solvent: water and milk
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 Solutions
▪ May be characterized using
Concentration
▪ Solute-to-solvent ratio

g solute g solute
or
g solvent g solution

▪ Percent concentration
g solute
percentage concentration =
100 g solution
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 Your Turn
What is the percent concentration by mass of
NaCl in a 556 g of solution that contains 23
grams of NaCl?
A. 24.2%
B. 0.242%
C. 0.0414%
D. 0.414 %
E. 4.14%

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 Your Turn
A typical blood glucose level is 90.0 mg/dL. What is
the percent concentration by mass of glucose in
blood assuming a density for blood of 1.06 g/mL?
A. 95.4%
0.0900g glucose 1 L blood
B. 0.0954% 0.1000 L blood  1000 mL blood
C. 8.49% 1 mL blood g glucose
  8.49  10 4  100%
D. 0.0849% 1.06 g blood g blood
E. 1.18%

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 Relative Concentration
Dilute solution
▪ Small solute to solvent ratio
e.g., Eye drops
Concentrated
solution
▪ Large solute to solvent
ratio
e.g., Pickle brine
▪ Dilute solution contains less solute per unit
volume than more concentrated solution
▪ ‘Dilute’ and ‘concentrated’ are relative terms
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 Concentration
Solubility
g solute needed to make saturated solution
Solubility =
100 g solvent
▪ Temperature dependent
Saturated solution
▪ Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
at a given temperature
Unsaturated solution
▪ Solution containing less solute than maximum
amount
▪ Able to dissolve more solute
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 Solubilities of Some Common
Substances
Solubility
Substance Formula (g/100 g water)

Sodium chloride NaCl 35.7 at 0 C

o

39.1 at 100 C
o

Sodium NaOH 42 at 0 C
o

hydroxide 347 at 100 C

o

Calcium CaCO3 0.0015 at 25 C

o

carbonate
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 Concentrations
Supersaturated Solutions
▪ Contains more solute than required for saturation
at a given temperature
▪ Formed by careful cooling of saturated solutions
▪ Unstable
▪ Crystallize out when add seed crystal – results in
formation of solid or precipitate (ppt.)

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 Precipitates

Precipitate
▪ Solid product formed when reaction carried out in
solutions and one product has low solubility
▪ Insoluble product
▪ Separates out of solution

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 Precipitates
Precipitation Reaction
Reaction that produces precipitate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Solid
precipitate

Pb2+ NO3– K+ I– PbI2(s)

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 Your Turn
What is the precipitate in the following reaction?
2AgNO3(aq) + (NH4)2CO3(aq) 
2NH4NO3(aq) + Ag2CO3(s)
A. AgNO3
B. (NH4)2CO3
C. NH4NO3
D. Ag2CO3
E. There is no precipitate

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 Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
▪ Ionic compounds conduct electricity
▪ Molecular compounds don’t conduct electricity
Why?
Bright No
light light

Ions Molecular
present

CuSO4 and water Sugar and water

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 Ionic Compounds (Salts) in Water
▪ Water molecules arrange themselves around ions
and remove them from lattice.
Dissociation
▪ Salts break apart into
ions when entering solution
Separated ions
▪ Hydrated
▪ Conduct electricity

▪ Note: Polyatomic ions

remain intact NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
▪ e.g., KIO3  K+ + IO3–
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 Molecular Compounds In Water
▪ When molecules dissolve in water
▪ Solute particles are surrounded by water
▪ Molecules do not dissociate

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 Electrical Conductivity
Electrolyte
▪ Solutes that yield electrically conducting solutions
▪ Separate into ions when enter into solution
Strong electrolyte
▪ Electrolyte that dissociates 100% in water
▪ Yields aqueous solution that conducts electricity
▪ Good electrical conduction
▪ Ionic compounds, e.g., NaCl, KNO3
▪ Strong acids and bases, e.g., HClO4, HCl

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 Electrical Conductivity
Non-electrolyte
▪ Aqueous solution that doesn’t conduct electricity
▪ Molecules remain intact in solution
e.g., Sugar, alcohol

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 Your Turn
How many ions form on the dissociation of
Na3PO4?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 8

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 Your Turn
How many ions form on the dissociation of
Al2(SO4)3?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 9
E. 14

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 Electrical Conductivity
Weak electrolyte
▪ When dissolved in water only a small
percentage of molecules ionize

▪ Common examples are weak acids and bases

▪ Solutions weakly conduct electricity

▪ e.g., Acetic acid (CH3COOH), ammonia (NH3)

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 Strong vs. Weak Electrolyte

HCl(aq) CH3COOH(aq) NH3(aq)

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 Dissociation Reactions

▪ Ionic compounds dissolve to form hydrated ions

▪ Hydrated = surrounded by water molecules
▪ In chemical equations, hydrated ions are
indicated by
▪ Symbol (aq) after each ions
▪ Ions are written separately
KBr(s)  K+(aq) + Br–(aq)
Mg(HCO3)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2HCO3–(aq)

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 Learning Check
Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation
of the following salts:
▪Na3PO4(aq) → 3Na+(aq) + PO43–(aq)

▪Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq)

▪CaCl2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)

▪Ca(MnO4)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq)

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
▪ Consider the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with KI

Pb2+ NO3– K+ I– PbI2(s)

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
▪ When two soluble ionic solutions are mixed,
sometimes an insoluble solid forms.
▪ Three types of equations used to describe
1. Molecular equation
▪ Substances listed as complete formulas
2. Ionic equation
▪ All soluble substances broken into ions
3. Net ionic equation
▪ Only lists substances that actually take part in
reaction

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
1. Molecular Equation
▪ Complete formulas for all reactants and products
▪ Formulas written with ions together
▪ Does not indicate presence of ions (no charges)
▪ Gives identities of all compounds
▪ Good for planning experiments
e.g.,
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
2. Ionic Equation
▪ Emphasizes the reaction between ions
▪ All strong electrolytes dissociate into ions
▪ Used to visualize what is actually occurring in
solution
▪ Insoluble solids written together as they don’t
dissociate to any appreciable extent
e.g.,
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I–(aq) 
PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
Spectator Ions
▪ Ions that don’t take part in reaction
▪ They hang around and watch
▪ K+ and NO3– in our example
3. Net Ionic Equation
▪ Eliminate all spectator ions
▪ Emphasizes the actual reaction
▪ Focus on chemical change that occurs
e.g., Pb2+(aq) + 2I–(aq)  PbI2(s)

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 Equations of Ionic Reactions
Criteria for ionic and net ion equations

▪ Material balance
▪ The same number of each kind of atom must be
present on both sides of the arrow.

▪ Electrical balance
▪ The net electrical charge on the reactants must
equal the net electrical charge on the products
▪ Charge does not necessarily have to be zero

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 Your Turn
Which of the following is not electrically
balanced?
A. Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq)  AgCl(s)
B. NH4+(aq) + H2O  NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
C. NO2–(aq) + H2O  HNO2(aq) + OH–(aq)
D. Mg+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s)
E. Cu2+(aq) + Sn(s)  Cu(s) + Sn2+(aq)

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 Your Turn
Which of the following is not electrically
balanced?
A. PO43-(aq) + H+(aq)  HPO42-(aq)
B. 2Ag+(aq) + Zn(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
C. H2PO4–(aq)  2H+(aq) + PO4(aq)
D. CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  H2CO3(aq)
E. Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq)  PbS(s)

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 Net Ionic Equations
▪ Many ways to make PbI2
1. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

2. Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2NH4I(aq) 
PbI2(s) + 2NH4C2H3O2(aq)
▪ Different starting reagents
▪ Same net ionic equation
▪ Pb2+(aq) + 2I–(aq)  PbI2(s)

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Converting Molecular Equations to
Ionic Equations
Strong electrolytes exist as dissociated ions in
solution
Strategy
1. Identify strong electrolytes
2. Use subscript coefficients to determine total
number of each type of ion
3. Separate ions in all strong electrolytes
4. Show states as recorded in molecular equations

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Learning Check: Convert Molecular
to Ionic Equations:
Write the correct ionic equation for each:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4IO3(aq) →
Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →
Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)

2NaCl (aq) + Hg2(NO3)2 (aq) → 2NaNO3 (aq) + Hg2Cl2 (s)

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) →
2Na+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + Hg2Cl2(s)
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 Your Turn
Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Write the correct ionic equation.

A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) →
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →
2Na+(aq)+ 2Cl–(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
D. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
E. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
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Converting Ionic Equations to Net
Ionic Equations
Strategy
1. Identify spectator ions
2. Cancel from both sides
3. Rewrite equation using only substances that
actually react.
4. Show states as recorded in molecular and ionic
equations

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 Learning Check: Convert Ionic
Equation to Net Ionic Equation
Write the correct net ionic equation for each.

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →

Pb(IO3)2(s)+ 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) → Pb(IO3)2(s)

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) →

2Na+(aq)+ 2NO3–(aq) + Hg2Cl2(s)
2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)

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 Your Turn
Consider the following molecular equation:
(NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(CH3CO2)2(aq) →
2NH4CH3CO2(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Write the correct net ionic equation.
A. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
B. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(s)
C. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(aq)
D.2NH4+(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) →
2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
E. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(aq)
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 Criteria for Balancing Ionic and
Net Ionic Equations
1. Material Balance
▪ There must be the same number of atoms of
each kind on both sides of the arrow

2. Electrical Balance
▪ The net electrical charge on the left must
equal the net electrical charge on the right
▪ Charge does not have to be zero
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 Learning Check: Balancing Equations
for Mass & Charge
Balance molecular equation for mass
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
6NaNO3(aq) + Pb3(PO4)2(s)
▪ Can keep polyatomic ions together when counting
Balance ionic equation for charge
6Na+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) + 3Pb2+(aq) + 6NO3–(aq) 
6Na+(aq) + 6NO3–(aq) + Pb3(PO4)2(s)
▪ Charge must add up to zero on both sides.
Net ionic equation balanced for mass and charge
3Pb2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq)  Pb3(PO4)2(s)
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 Acids and Bases
▪ Common laboratory reagents
▪ Also found in food and household products
▪ vinegar, citrus juice, and cola contain acids
▪ drain cleaners and ammonia contain bases

▪ Acids
▪ Tart, sour taste

▪ Bases
▪ Bitter taste and slippery feel

▪ Caution: Never taste, feel, or smell laboratory chemicals

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 Arrhenius Acid
▪ Substance that reacts with water to produce the
hydronium ion, H3O+

HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HA + H2O  A– + H3O+

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 Arrhenius Acid

Another example
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)

Ionization reaction definition

▪ Ions form where none have been before

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 Arrhenius Base
▪ Substance that produces OH–
▪ Ionic substances containing OH– or O2-
▪ Molecular substances

Ionic compound containing OH–

a. Metal hydroxides
▪ Dissociate into metal and hydroxide ions
NaOH(s)  Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)

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 Strong Acids
HClO4(aq) perchloric acid
HClO3(aq) chloric acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid

▪ Dissociate completely when dissolved in water

e.g., HBr(g) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Br–(aq)
▪ Good electrical conduction (i.e., strong electrolytes)
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 Strong Bases
▪ Bases that dissociate completely in water
▪ Soluble metal hydroxides
▪ KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
▪ Good electrical conductors (i.e., strong electrolytes)
▪ Behave as aqueous ionic compounds
▪ Common strong bases are:
▪ Group 1A metal hydroxides
▪ LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
▪ Group 2A metal hydroxides
▪ Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
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 Weak Acids
▪ Any acid other than seven strong acids
▪ Are also weak electrolytes, i.e, ionize < 100%
Organic acids
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)

Acetic Acid
Molecule,
HC2H3O2

Only this H comes off as H+ Acetate ion, C2H3O2–

e.g.,
HCO2H(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HCO2–(aq)
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 Why is Acetic Acid Weak?

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O  CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

CH3COO–(aq) + H3O+ (aq)  CH3COOH (aq) + H2O

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 Your Turn
Which of the following is a weak acid?
A. HCl (hydrochloric acid)
B. HNO3(nitric acid)
C. HClO4 (perchloric acid)
D. HC2H3O2 (acetic acid)
E. H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

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 Your Turn
Which of the following is a strong acid?
A. HF (hydrofluoric acid)
B. HClO3 (chloric acid)
C. H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
D. HNO2 (nitrous acid)
E. H2SO3 (sulfurous acid)

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 Dynamic Equilibrium
▪ Two opposing reactions occurring at same rate
▪ Also called chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium
▪ Concentrations of substances present in solution do
not change with time
Dynamic
▪ Both opposing reactions occur continuously
▪ Represented by double arrow
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Forward reaction – forms ions
Reverse reaction – forms molecules
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 Arrhenius Bases
2. Molecular Bases
▪ Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to form
hydroxide ions
Base + H2O  BaseH+(aq) + OH–(aq)
B + H2O  BH+(aq) + OH–(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)

NH3 H2O  NH4+ OH–

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 Weak Bases
▪ Molecular bases
▪ Do not dissociate
▪ Accept H+ from water inefficiently
▪ Are weak electrolytes
e.g.,
NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)

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 Equilibrium for Weak Base
Forward reaction

Reverse reaction

Net is dynamic equilibrium

NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
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 General Ionization Equations
▪ Strong acid in water
HX(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + X–(aq)

▪ Strong base, M(OH)n

M(OH)n  Mn+(aq) + nOH–(aq)

▪ Weak acid in water

HA(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + A–(aq)

▪ Weak base in water

B(aq) + H2O HB+(aq) + OH–(aq)

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 Learning Check
▪ Write the ionization equation for each of the
following with water:
1. Weak base methylamine, CH3NH2
CH3NH2(aq) + H2O CH3NH3+(aq) + OH–(aq)
2. Weak acid nitrous acid, HNO2
HNO2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + NO2–(aq)
3. Strong acid chloric acid, HClO3
HClO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + ClO3–(aq)
4. Strong base strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2
Sr(OH)2(aq)  Sr2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
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 Brief summary
▪ Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes
▪ Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes
▪ Strong electrolyte ▪ Weak electrolyte
▪ Completely ionizes ▪ Small % ionizes
▪ Forward reaction ▪ Reverse rxn dominates
dominates
▪ Mostly products ▪ Mostly reactants
▪ Strong acids & bases ▪ Weak acids and bases
▪ Little reverse reaction ▪ Lots of reverse reaction
▪ Write eqn. as  ▪ Write eqn. as
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 62
 Polyprotic Acids
Monoprotic Acids
▪ Furnish only one H+
HNO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Diprotic acids — furnish two H+
H2SO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HSO3–(aq)
HSO3–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + SO32–(aq)
Polyprotic acids
▪ Furnish more than one H+
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 63
 Polyprotic Acids
Polyprotic acids
▪ Triprotic acids — furnish three H+
– H+ – H+ – H+
H3PO4  H2PO4–  HPO42–  PO43–
▪ Stepwise equations
H3PO4(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + H2PO4–(aq)
H2PO4–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HPO42–(aq)
HPO42–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Net:
H3PO4(aq) + 3H2O  3H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 64
 Learning Check
▪ Write the stepwise ionization reactions for citric
acid, H3C6H5O7, in water.

H3C6H5O7(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + H2C6H5O7–(aq)

H2C6H5O7–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HC6H5O72-(aq)

HC6H5O72-(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C6H5O73-(aq)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 65
 Acidic Anhydrides
Nonmetal Oxides
▪ Act as Acids
▪ React with water to form molecular acids that
contain hydrogen
SO3(g) + H2O  H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
N2O5(g) + H2O  2HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 66
 Ionic Oxides
b. Basic Anhydrides
▪ Soluble metal oxides
▪ Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to
form hydroxide ions
▪ Oxide reacts with water to form metal hydroxide
CaO(s) + H2O  Ca(OH)2(aq)

O2– + H2O  2OH–

▪ Then metal hydroxide dissociates in water
Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 67
 Your Turn
Which of the following is not a strong base?
A. NaOH
B. CH3NH2
C. Cs2O
D. Ba(OH)2
E. CaO

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 68
 Your Turn
Which of the following is an acid?
A. NaO2
B. SO2
C. CH3NH2
A. Ba(OH)2
B. CaO

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 69
 Your Turn
Which of the following is a base?
A. N(CH3)3
B. SO2
C. CH3COOH
D. HF
E. HNO2
N(CH3)3(aq) + H2O  HN(CH3)3+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Just like ammonia, NH3
NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 70
 Acid—Base Nomenclature
▪ System for naming acids and bases
Acids
▪ Binary acid system e.g., HCl(aq), H2S(aq)
▪ Oxoacid system e.g., H2SO4, HClO2
▪ Acid salt system e.g., NaHSO4, NaHCO3
Bases
▪ Metal hydroxide/oxide system e.g., NaOH, CaO
▪ Molecular base system e.g., NH3, (CH3)3N

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 71
 Naming Acids
A. Binary Acids — hydrogen + nonmetal
▪ Take molecular name
▪ Drop –gen from H name
▪ Merge hydro– with nonmetal name
▪ Replace –ide with –ic acid

Name of Molecular Name of Binary Acid in

Compound water
HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid

H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric

acid
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 72
 Naming Acids
B. Oxo Acids
▪ Acids with hydrogen, oxygen and another nonmetal
element
▪ A table of polyatomic ions can be found in the book
▪ To name:
▪ Based on parent oxoanion name
▪ Take parent ion name
▪ Anion ends in –ate change to –ic (more O's)
▪ Anion ends in –ite change to –ous (less O's)
▪ End name with acid to indicate H+
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 73
 Oxoacids (Aqueous)
Named according to the anion suffix
▪ Anion ends in -ite, acid name is -ous acid
▪ Anion ends in -ate, acid name is -ic acid

Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

Oxoanion
NO3 nitrate HNO3 nitric acid
SO42 sulfate H2SO4 sulfuric acid
ClO2 chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid
PO32 phosphite H2PO3 phosphorous acid
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 74
 Learning Check: Name Each
Aqueous Acid

▪ HNO2 ▪ nitrous acid

▪ HCN ▪ hydrocyanic acid
▪ HClO4 ▪ perchloric acid
▪ HF ▪ hydrofluoric acid
▪ H2CO3 ▪ carbonic acid

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 75
 Your Turn

What is the correct name for HClO4 (aq)?

A. chloric acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. perchloric acid
D. hypochlorous acid
E. chlorous acid

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 76
 Your Turn

What is the correct name for H2SO3(aq)?

A. sulfuric acid
B. sulfurous acid
C. hydrosulfuric acid
D. hydrosulfurous acid
E. hydrogen sulfite acid

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 77
 C. Naming Bases
Oxides & Hydroxides
▪ Ionic compounds
▪ Named like ionic compounds
▪ Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
▪ Li2O lithium oxide
Molecular Bases
▪ Named like molecules
▪ NH3 ammonia
▪ CH3NH2 methylamine
▪ (CH3)2NH dimethylamine
▪ (CH3)3N trimethylamine
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 78
1. Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Metathesis Reaction
▪ Reactions where anions and cations exchange
partners.
▪ Also called double replacement reaction
▪ Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Precipitation reactions
▪ Metathesis reactions where precipitate forms
How can we predict if compounds are
insoluble?
▪ Must know solubility rules
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 79
 Table 5.1 Solubility Rules
Soluble Compounds
1. All salts of the alkali metals (Group 1A) are
soluble.
2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3–, ClO4–, ClO3–, and
C2H3O2– are soluble.
3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides (salts
containing Cl–, Br–, or I–) are soluble except when
combined with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
(note the subscript 2).
4. All salts containing SO42– are soluble except those
of Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Hg22+.
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 80
 Table 5.1 Solubility Rules
Insoluble Compounds
5. All metal hydroxides (ionic compounds containing
OH) and all metal oxides (ionic compounds
containing O2 are insoluble except those of
Group 1A and those of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+.
▪ When metal oxides do dissolve, they react with water
to form hydroxides. The oxide ion, O2, does not exist
in water. For example:
Na2O(s) + H2O  2NaOH(aq)
6. All salts containing PO43–, CO32–, SO32– and S2–
are insoluble except those of Group 1A and NH4+
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 81
 Learning Check: Solubility Rules
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?

Ca(C2H3O2)2 Yes

FeCO3 No

AgCl No

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 82
Metathesis (Double Replacement)
Reaction
AB + CD  AD + CB
▪ Cations and anions change partners
▪ Charges on each ion don’t change
▪ Formulas of products are determined by
charges of reactants
▪ Occurs only if solid, gas, weak electrolyte
or non-electrolyte product forms
▪ Otherwise, all ions are spectator ions

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 83
 Predicting Products of Double
Replacement Reactions
1. Identify the ions involved:
▪ Distinguish between subscripts that count ions and
those that are characteristic of a polyatomic ion.
2. Swap partners and make neutral with
appropriate subscripts
3. Assign states using solubility rules
4. Balance equation counting subscript

2 HCl(aq)+ Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCl2 (aq)+ 2 H2O

ions: H+, Cl– Ca2+, 2OH –

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 84
 Predict if Ionic Reaction Occurs
1. Write molecular equation for metathesis reaction
2. Determine which ion combinations form insoluble
salt, water, weak electrolyte, non-electrolyte, or
gas.
3. Translate molecular equation into ionic equation
4. Cancel spectator ions, to give net ionic equation
5. Check for driving force: formation of weak
electrolyte, solid, gas, water or non-electrolyte

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 85
 Your Turn
What will be the solid product of the reaction
of Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  ?
A. CaCO3
B. NaNO3
C. Na(NO3)2
D. Na2(NO3)2
E. H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 86
Learning Check: Predict Products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 
Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  BaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Hg2(NO3)2(aq) 
6NaNO3(aq) + (Hg2)3(PO4)2(s)

2 NaCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)  NR (No reaction)

CaCl2(aq) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 87
 Learning Check
▪ Predict the reaction that will occur when aqueous
solutions of Cd(NO3)2 and Na2S are mixed. Write
molecular, ionic and net ionic equations.
Molecular equation:
Cd(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)  CdS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Ionic equation:
Cd2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + S2–(aq) 
CdS(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2Na+(aq)
Net ionic equation:
Cd2+(aq) + S2–(aq)  CdS(s)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 88
 Learning Check
▪ Write molecular, ionic and net ionic equations for the
reaction that occurs when Pb(NO3)2 and Fe2(SO4)3
are mixed in solution.
Molecular equation
3Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq)  PbSO4(s) + 2Fe(NO3)3(aq)
Ionic equation
3Pb2+(aq) + 6NO3–(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) + 6SO42–(aq) 
2Fe3+(aq) + 6NO3–(aq) + PbSO4(s)
Net ionic equation
1 2 1
3Pb2+(aq) + 6SO42–(aq)  3PbSO4(s)
Pb2+(aq) + 2SO42–(aq)  PbSO4(s)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 89
 Your Turn
Will mixing aqueous solutions of Mg(C2H3O2)2 and
CsCl yield a precipitate?
A. Yes
B. No
Molecular equation:
Mg(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2CsCl(aq) 
MgCl2(aq) + 2CsC2H3O2(aq)
Ionic equation:
Mg2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2–(aq) + 2Cs+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) 
Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2Cs+(aq) + 2C2H3O2–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 90
 Your Turn
Will mixing aqueous solutions of K2SO3 and
Ba(NO3)2 yield a precipitate?
A. Yes
B. No
Molecular equation:
K2SO3(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  BaSO3(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Ionic equation:
2K+(aq) + SO32-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) 
BaSO3(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 91
 Your Turn
Will mixing aqueous solutions of NH4OH and
Zn(ClO3)2 yield a precipitate?
A. Yes
B. No
Molecular equation:
2NH4OH(aq) + Zn(ClO3)2(aq) 
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NH4ClO3(aq)
Ionic equation:
2NH4+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + Zn2+(aq) + 2ClO3–(aq) 
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2ClO3–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 92
2. Predicting Acid−Base Reactions
Neutralization reaction
▪ Combining an acid and base to form a salt and
water
Salt
▪ Ionic compound formed by a neutralization
reaction
▪ Acid + Base  Salt + Water
HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaClO4(aq) + H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 93
2. Predicting Acid−Base Reactions
Neutralization reaction
▪ Can be viewed as a metathesis reaction
HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaClO4(aq) + H2O

Ionic equation
H+(aq) + ClO4–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) →
H2O + Na+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)
Net ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 94
Neutralization Between Strong Acid
and Strong Base
Molecular equation
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O + CaCl2(aq)
Ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) →
2H2O + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O
True for any strong acid and strong base
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 95
 Weak Acid with Strong Base
Molecular Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O + NaC2H3O2(aq)
Ionic Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) →
H2O +Na+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Net Ionic Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O + C2H3O2–(aq)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 96
 Neutralization of Strong Acid with
Insoluble Base
Insoluble Hydroxides
Molecular Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O
Ionic Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) 
Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2H2O
Net Ionic Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 97
 Neutralization of Strong Acid with
Insoluble Base
Insoluble Oxides – Basic Anhydrides
Molecular Equation
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O
Ionic Equation
Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) 
2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) + 3H2O
Net Ionic Equation
Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq)  2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 98
 Strong Acid with Weak Base
Molecular equation:
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq)
Ionic equation :
NH3(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)  NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Net ionic equation :
NH3(aq) + H+(aq)  NH4+(aq)

NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 99
 Learning Check
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction
between the following reactants:
1. HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O
2. N2H4(aq) + HI(aq) 
N2H4(aq) + H+(aq)  N2H5+(aq)
3. CH3NH2(aq) + HC4H7O2(aq) 
CH3NH2(aq) + HC4H7O2(aq) 
CH3NH3+(aq) + C4H7O2–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 100
 Your Turn
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction:
NaOH(aq) + HF(aq)  ?

A. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + H+(aq) + F–(aq) 

H2O + NaF(aq)
B. OH–(aq) + H+(aq)  H2O
C. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + HF(aq)  H2O + NaF(aq)
D. OH–(aq) + HF(aq)  H2O + F–(aq)
E. No reaction
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 101
 Your Turn
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction:
NH3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)  ?
A. NH2–(aq) +H+(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)  NH3(aq) +
HCH3COOH(aq)
B. NH3(aq) + CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)  NH4+(aq) +
CH3COO–(aq)
C. NH3(aq) + CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq) 
NH4CH3COO(s)

D. NH3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)  NH4+(aq) + CH3COO– (aq)

E. No reaction
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 102
 Challenge Problem
What is the net ionic equation for reaction of an
insoluble hydroxide and a weak acid?
Molecular equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq) 
Mg(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2H2O
Ionic equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq) 
Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O + 2C2H3O2–(aq)
▪ There are NO spectator ions!
▪ So net ionic and ionic equations are the same in this
case
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 103
 Acid Salts
Polyprotic acids can be neutralized stepwise
▪ Can halt neutralization at each step
▪ Name must specify number of hydrogens
remaining in the salt
Acid salt
▪ Formula contains a cation, a hydrogen, and an
anion
▪ The acid salt can react with a base
H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq)  KHSO4(aq) + H2O(l )
acid salt
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 104
 Naming Acid Salts—Polyprotic
▪ Must specify number of hydrogens still attached
to the anion
▪ Can be neutralized by additional base
e.g., Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
KHSO4 potassium hydrogen sulfate

▪ Some acid salts have common names

▪ NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
or sodium bicarbonate
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 105
 Metathesis and Gas Formation
▪ Metathesis reactions involving certain ions lead
to formation of a gas
▪ Low solubility of gas in solvent (water) leads to
escape of gas
▪ Once a gas escapes, it cannot redissolve. This
drives the reaction to completion
▪ Many compounds that contain anions that give
rise to gases are insoluble
▪ Adding an acid to these anions forms the gas

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 106
 Metathesis and Gas Formation
1. Gases formed CO2, SO2, NH3 by metathesis
▪ H2S, HCN
2. Unstable compounds—decompose and form
gas
▪ H2CO3  H2O and CO2(g)
▪ H2SO3  H2O and SO2(g)
▪ NH4OH  H2O and NH3(g)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 107
 Reactions that Release CO2
a) b)

a) Acid with Bicarbonate (HCO3–)

NaHCO3(aq) + HI(aq)  NaI(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
b) Acid with Carbonate (CO32–)
CaCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 108
 Reactions that Release Gases
Acid with Sulfites (SO32–) or Bisulfites (HSO32–)
K2SO3(aq) + 2HClO4(aq)  SO2(g) + 2KClO4(aq) + H2O
LiHSO3(aq) + HClO3(aq)  SO2(g) + H2O + LiClO3(aq)
Acid with Sulfides
2HCl(aq) + Na2S(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)
Acid with Cyanides
HNO3(aq) + CsCN(aq)  HCN(g) + CsNO3(aq)
Bases with Ammonium salts
NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) 
NH3(g) + H2O + NaCl(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 109
 Learning Check
Write the molecular, ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction of Li2SO3 with formic acid, HCHO2
Molecular equation:
Li2SO3(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq) 
2LiCHO2(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
Ionic equation:
2Li+(aq) + SO32–(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq) 
2CHO2–(aq) + 2Li+(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
Net ionic equation:
SO32 –(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq) 
2CHO2–(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 110
 Your Turn
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction of
HCl with KHCO3?
A. HCl(aq) + KHCO3(aq)  KCl(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
B. H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)  H2CO3(aq)
C. HCl(aq) + KHCO3(aq)  KCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O
D. H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + K+(aq) + HCO3–(aq) 
K+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O
E. H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)  CO2(g) + H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 111
 Your Turn
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction of
HBr with K2SO3?
A. H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)  SO2(g) + OH-(aq)
B. H+(aq) + Br–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + SO32-(aq) 
2K+(aq) + Br–(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
C. 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)  SO2(g) + H2O
D. HBr(aq) + K+(aq)  KBr(s)
E. H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)  SO2(g) + H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 112
 Metathesis Overview
Precipitation:
▪ Two solutions form solid product
Neutralization:
▪ acid + base → salt + water
Gas-forming:
▪ Metathesis reaction forms one of these products:
▪ HCN, H2S, H2CO3(aq) , H2SO3(aq) , NH3(aq)
Formation of Weak Electrolyte:
▪ Salt of weak acid reacts with acid to form molecule

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 113
 Predicting Reactions and Writing
Their Equations
What reaction, if any, occurs between potassium
nitrate and ammonium chloride?
▪ Need to know whether net ionic equation exists.
1.Determine formulas of reactants
▪ KNO3 + NH4Cl  ?
2.Write molecular equation
▪ KNO3 + NH4Cl  KCl + NH4NO3
3.Check solubilities
▪ All are soluble
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 114
 Predicting Reactions and Writing
Their Equations
▪ Predicted molecular equation
▪ KNO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)  KCl(aq) + NH4NO3(aq)
▪ Write ionic equation
▪ K+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq) 
K+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + NH4+(aq)
+ NO3–(aq)
▪ Same on both sides
▪ All ions cancel out
▪ No gases, solids, water, or weak electrolytes formed

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 115
 Learning Check
Determine the net ionic equation for the following
reactions.
1. Co(OH)2 + HNO2
Co(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)  Co2+(aq) + 2H2O
2. KCHO2 + HCl
CHO2–(aq) + H+(aq)  HCHO2(aq)
3. CuCO3 + HC2H3O2
CuCO3(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq) 
Cu2+(aq) + CO2(g) + C2H3O2–(aq) + H2O

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 116
 Your Turn
What is the net ionic reaction when aqueous
solutions of NaOH and NiCl2 are mixed?
A. Ni2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)  Ni(OH)2(s)
B. NaOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq)  NaCl(aq) + Ni(OH)2(s)
C. 2NaOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + Ni(OH)2(s)
D. 2Na+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + Ni2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) 
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Ni(OH)2(s)
E. No reaction

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 117
 Your Turn
Which of the following combinations will not
react?
A. Na2CO3(aq) + HCl(aq)
B. Na2SO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)
C. NaCl(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq)
D. NH4Cl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)
E. KCN(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 118
 Synthesize Salts via Metathesis
Reactions
▪ Practical use of metathesis reactions
▪ Desired compound should be easily separated
from reaction mixture. Three principal approaches
1. Desired compound is insoluble in water
▪ Start with two soluble reactants
▪ Product isolated by filtration
2. Desired compound is soluble in water
▪ Acid-base neutralization
▪ Reaction of metal carbonate or other gas forming
anion and acid
▪ Product isolated by evaporation of water
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 119
 Synthesize Salts via Metathesis
Reactions

3. Desired compound is soluble in water

▪ Add acid to supply desired anion (e.g., HCl for Cl–)
▪ Add excess metal carbonate to supply the metal
(e.g., Na2CO3 for Na+)
▪ CO32- reacts with H+ to form CO2(g), which is not
soluble in water and leaves the system.
▪ Metal sulfides and sulfites also work
▪ Avoided because H2S and SO2 are poisonous
▪ Product isolated by evaporation of water

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 120
 Learning Check
What reaction might we use to synthesize nickel
sulfate, NiSO4?
Use solubility rules
▪ NiSO4 is soluble in water
So, there are two possible methods
▪ Use acid + base
H2SO4(aq) + Ni(OH)2(s)  NiSO4(aq) + 2H2O
▪ Use acid + carbonate
H2SO4(aq) + NiCO3(s)  NiSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + 2H2O

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 Molarity (M)
▪ Number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
▪ Allows us to express relationship between moles
of solute and volume of solution
▪ Hence, 0.100 M solution of NaCl contains 0.100
mole NaCl in 1.00 liter of solution
▪ Same concentration results if you dissolve 0.0100
mol of NaCl in 0.100 liter of solution

0.100 mol NaCl 0.0100 mol NaCl

= = 0.100 M NaCl
1.00 L NaCl soln 0.100 L NaCl soln

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 122
 Molar Concentration
Dissolve solutes. Make separate solutions

Mix Solutions

Allow Reaction to occur
▪ Need to know quantitatively HOW MUCH of
each solute we used.
▪ Define
moles of solute mole
Molarity (M ) = =
liters of solution volume
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 Molarity as Conversion Factor
▪ Often have stoichiometry problems involving
amount of chemical and volume of solution
▪ Solve the problem using molarity

Molarity

Moles of a Volume of a solution

substance of substance

▪ Molarity provides conversion factors between moles

and volume
0.100 mol NaCl
▪ M = mole per liter 0.100 M NaCl =
1.00 L NaCl soln
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 124
 Molarity as Conversion Factor
▪ Gives equivalence relationship between “mol
NaCl” and “L soln”
▪ Forms two conversion factors
0.100 mol NaCl  1.00 L soln

0.100 mol NaCl 1.00 L NaCl soln

1.00 L NaCl soln 0.100 mol NaCl
▪ Three basic types of calculations:
mol mol
M= M ´V = mol V =
V M
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 125
Learning Check: Calculating Molarity
(from grams and volume)
Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution prepared
by dissolving 11.5 g NaOH (40.00 g/mol) solid in
enough water to make 1.50 L of solution.
g NaOH  mol NaOH  M NaOH
1 mol NaOH
11.5 g NaOH   0.288 mol NaOH
40.00 g NaOH
moles NaOH 0.288 mol NaOH
M= =
L soln 1.50 L soln
= 0.192 M NaOH
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 126
Learning Check: Calculating Volume
(from Molarity and moles)
How many mL of 0.250 M NaCl solution are
needed to obtain 0.100 mol of NaCl?
▪ Use M definition
0.250 mol NaCl
0.250 M NaCl 
1.00 L NaCl soln
▪ Given molarity and moles, need volume
1.00 L NaCl soln 1000 mL NaCl soln
0.100 mol NaCl  
0.250 mol NaCl 1 L NaCl soln

= 400 mL of 0.250 M NaCl solution

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 127
 Learning Check: Calculating Moles
(from Molarity and Volume)
How many moles of Ca(NO3)2 are in 250 mL of
0.150 M of NaCl?
▪ Use M definition
0.150 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2
0.150 M Ca(NO3 ) 2 
1.00 L Ca(NO3 ) 2 soln
▪ Given molarity and volume, find moles
0.150 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2
0.250 L Ca(NO3 ) 2 soln  
1 L Ca(NO3 ) 2 soln
Convert mL to Liters
= 3.75 x 10-2 moles of Ca(NO3)2
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 128
 Preparing Solution of Known Molarity
a) b) c) d) e)

a b c d e f
a) Weigh solid and transfer to volumetric flask
b) Add part of the water
c) Dissolve solute completely
d) Add water to reach etched line
e) Stopper flask and invert to mix thoroughly
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 129
 Learning Check: Preparing Solution
of Known Molarity from Solid
How many grams of strontium nitrate are required
to prepare 250.0 mL of 0.100 M Sr(NO3)2 solution?
M × V  mol × MM  g
1. Convert molarity and volume to mole
1L 0.100 M
250 mL Sr(NO 3 ) 2 soln  
1000 mL 1L
= 0.0250 mol Sr(NO3)2
2. Convert mol to g
211.62 g
0.0250 mol  = 5.29 g Sr(NO3)2
1 mol
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 130
 Your Turn
How many grams of KMnO4 must you weigh out
if you want to make 250.mL of a 0.200 M KMnO4
solution?
A. 7900 g
B. 50.0 g
C. 0.316 g
D. 7.90 g
E. 198 g
1L 0.200 mol 158.03 g
250 mL     7.90 g
1000 mL 1L mol KMnO4

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 131
 Preparing a Solution of Known
Molarity by Dilution
▪ Can take solution of higher concentration and
dilute it to a lower concentration.
Small Large
Add solvent Volume
Volume
Concentrated Dilute
Solution Solution

▪ Amount of MOLES does NOT change

Remains the same

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 132
 Diluting Solutions
▪ Moles of solute do not change upon dilution
▪ Just changing volume
Number of moles in dilute = number of moles
in concentrated
æ Volume of ö æ Volume of ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
ç dilute solution ÷ ´ M dilute = ç concentrated solution÷ ´ M concentrated
çto be prepared ÷ çto be used ÷
è ø è ø

Moles of solute Moles of solute in the

in the dilute solution concentrated solution
Vdil  Mdil = Vconc  Mconc
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 133
 Learning Check: Dilutions
What volume (in mL) of 16.0 M H2SO4 must be
used to prepare 1.00 L of 2.00 M H2SO4?

1.00 L ´ 2.00 M = V ´16.0 M

Rearranging gives
1.00 L ´ 2.00 M 2.00 mol
V = =
16.0 M 16.0 mol/L
1000 mL
V = 0.125 L ´ = 125 mL
1.00 L
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 134
 Preparing Solution of Known M
▪ Using volumetric glassware ensures that the
volumes are known precisely
▪ Use a volumetric pipette to transfer the stock
solution
▪ Use a volumetric flask to receive the final solution

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 135
 Your Turn
What volume of 12.1 M HCl is needed to create
250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
A. 66 mL
250. mL ´ 3.2 M = Vconc ´12.1 M
B. 800 mL
C. 3025 mL Vconc = 66 mL
D. 945 mL
E. 9680 mL

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 136
 Your Turn
A 25 mL of 6.0 M HCl is diluted to 500 mL with
water. What is the molarity of the resulting
solution?
A. 150 M 500 mL ´ M dil = 25 mL ´ 6.0 M
B. 3.0 M
Mdil = 0.30 M
C. 0.120 M
D. 120 M
E. 0.30 M

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 137
 Solution Stoichiometry
▪ Often work with solutions when conducting
reactions
▪ How do we determine amounts needed to
completely react one compound?
▪ Like any other stoichiometry problem
▪ Now use volume and molarity to obtain moles
of each substance.

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 138
 Solution Stoichiometry

▪ General scheme

Reactant
molarity
Volume of reactant Moles of reactant

mole-to-mole ratio

Moles of product Volume of product

Product
molarity

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 139
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
How many milliliters of 0.0475 M H3PO4 could be
completely neutralized by 45.0 mL of 0.100 M
KOH? The balanced equation for the reaction is
H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq)  K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O
Strategy:
Coefficients of
mol KOH mol H3PO4
Balanced equation
Vol and M of mol and M of
KOH soln H3PO4 soln

KOH solution H3PO4 soln

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 140
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
1. Calculate moles of KOH
1 L KOH 0.100 mol KOH
45.0 mL KOH  
1000 mL KOH 1 L KOH
= 4.50 × 10–3 mol KOH
2. Use coefficients to calculate the moles H3PO4
required
3 1 mol H3PO 4
4.50  10 mol KOH 
3 mol KOH
= 1.50 × 10–3 mol H3PO4
3. Calculate volume of H3PO4 needed
3 1 L H3PO 4 1000 mL
1.50  10 mol H3PO 4  
0.0475 mol H3PO 4 1L
= 31.6 mL H3PO4
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 141
 Stoichiometry of Ionic Equations
▪ Sometimes we need to know concentrations of ions
▪ Important for net ionic reaction stoichiometry
▪ Molar concentration of particular ion equals molar
concentration of salt multiplied by number of ions of
that kind in one formula unit of salt.

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 142
 Learning Check: Ion Concentrations
If you have 0.150 M Na2CO3 (aq), what is the
concentration of each type of ion in solution?
Means Na2CO3(aq)  2 Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq)
Concentration of Na+ ions is:
0.150 mol Na2CO3 2 mol Na+
´ = 0.300 M Na+

1 L Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3

Concentration of CO32– ions is:

1 mol CO2-
0.150 M Na2CO3 ´ 3
= 0.150 M CO 2-
3
1 mol Na2CO3
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 143
 Your Turn
If the solution concentration of sulfate ion is
0.750 M, what is the concentration of Al2(SO4)3,
assuming that all of the sulfate ion comes
aluminum sulfate?
A. 0.750 M 1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
0.750 M SO ´ 2–
4 2–
B. 2.25 M 3 mol SO 4

C. 0.250 M = 0.250 M Al2(SO4)3

D. 1.50 M
E. 0.500 M

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 144
 Learning Check: Net Ionic Eqns in
Solution Stoichiometry Calculations
What volume, in mL, of 0.500 M KOH is needed to
react completely with 60.0 mL of 0.250 M FeCl2 to
form Fe(OH)2 solid?
1. Write Balanced Net Ionic Equation
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s)
2. Determine the game plan
mol Fe2+ mol OH–

M Fe2+ V OH–

M FeCl2 V KOH
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 145
 Learning Check: Net Ionic Eqns in
Solution Stoichiometry Calculations
3. Convert M FeCl2  M Fe2+  mol Fe2+
1 mol Fe2+ 1L
0.250 M FeCl2 ´ ´ 60.0 mL ´
1 mol FeCl2 1000 mL
= 0.0150 mol Fe2+
4. Convert mol Fe2+  mol OH–
2 mol OH
0.0150 mol Fe 2    0.0300 mol OH
1 mol Fe 2 
5. Convert mol OH–  V OH–  V KOH
 1 L OH soln 1 mol KOH 1000 mL
0.0300 mol OH   

0.500 mol OH 1 mol OH 1L
= 60.0 mL KOH
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 146
 Learning Check: Solution Limiting
Reagent Problem
How many grams of PbI2 (461.0 g/mol) will form if
20.0 mL of 0.800 M FeI3 (436.5 g/mol) is mixed
with 50.0 mL of 0.300 M Pb(NO3)2 (269.2 g/mol)?
3Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2FeI3(aq)  3PbI2(s) + 2Fe(NO3)3(aq)
Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)  PbI2(s)
Strategy
vol Pb(NO3)2  mol Pb(NO3)2  mol Pb2+  mol PbI2  g PbI2
vol FeI3  mol FeI3  mol I  mol PbI2  g PbI2
▪ The calculation that gives the least PbI2 determines
how much is formed and which reagent is limiting
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 147
 Limiting Reagent Problem
Starting with Pb(NO3)2
1 L Pb(NO3 ) 2 0.300 mol Pb(NO3 ) 2
50.0 mL Pb(NO3 ) 2  
1000 mL Pb(NO3 ) 2 1 L Pb(NO3 ) 2
1 mol Pb2  1 mol PbI2 461.0 g PbI2
   = 6.92 g PbI2
1 mol Pb(NO3 ) 2 1 mol Pb 2  1 mol PbI2

Starting with FeI3

1 L FeI 3 0.800 mol FeI 3 3 mol I 
20.0 mL FeI 3   
1000 mL FeI 3 1 L FeI 3 1 mol FeI 3
1 mol PbI2 461.0 g PbI2
 
2 mol I  1 mol PbI2 = 11.06 g PbI2
Pb(NO3)2 is limiting and only 6.92 g of PbI2 can be made.
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 148
 Chemical Analysis
Qualitative analysis
▪ What substances are present in a sample
Quantitative analysis
▪ Measure the amounts of various substances in a
sample
▪ Convert all of an element present in a sample into
a substance of known formula
▪ Use the amount of this known to determine
amount of element present in the original sample
(unknown or analyte)

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 149
 Learning Check: Chemical Analysis
A 1.000 g sample of insecticide is decomposed so
that all the chlorine is converted to Cl–(aq). Silver
nitrate is added to precipitate all the chloride as
AgCl. The solid after filtering and drying is found
to weigh 2.022 g. What is the percentage, by
mass, of the chloride in the insecticide?
Strategy:
g AgCl  mol AgCl  mol Cl  g Cl

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 150
 How Much Cl in 2.022 g of AgCl?
g AgCl  mol AgCl  mol Cl  g Cl
1 mol AgCl 1 mol Cl 35.45 g Cl
2.022 g AgCl   
143.3 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl 1 mol Cl
= 0.5002 g Cl
Percentage Cl in original sample?
mass of Cl
%Cl = ´ 100%
mass of sample

0.5002 g Cl
%Cl = ´ 100% = 50.02% Cl
1.000 g sample
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 151
 Your Turn
A 4.000 g sample that contains sodium carbonate
and an inert, soluble salt is dissolved in 100 g of
water. Hydrochloric acid is added to react with the
carbonate ions. If 33.5 mL of 0.525 M HCl was
required to just completely react with all of the
sodium carbonate, what was the mass percent of
sodium carbonate in the original sample?
Strategy:
1. Write the balance chemical equation
2. M HCl  mol HCl  mol Na2CO3  g Na2CO3

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 152
 Your Turn
A 4.000 g sample that contains sodium carbonate
and an inert, soluble salt…

A. 0.466%

B. 23.3%

C. 23,300%

D. 46.6%

E. 0.233%
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 153
1. Write the balanced chemical equation
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O

2. M HCl  mol HCl  mol Na2CO3  g Na2CO3

0.525 mol HCl
33.5  10 L HCl soln 
-3
L HCl soln
= 1.76  10-2 moles HCl
2. M HCl  mol HCl  mol Na2CO3  g Na2CO3
2 1 mole Na 2CO3
1.76  10 moles HCl 
2 moles HCl
= 8.80  10-3 moles Na2CO3
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 154
2. M HCl  mol HCl  mol Na2CO3  g Na2CO3
3 106 g Na 2CO 3
8.80 10 moles Na 2CO 3 
1 mole Na 2CO 3
= 0.933 g Na2CO3
Percentage Na2CO3 in original sample?
mass of Na 2CO3
% Na 2CO3  100 %
mass of sample
0.933 g Na 2CO3
% Na 2CO3  100%
4.00 g sample
= 23.3% Na2CO3
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 155
 Titrations
Widely used analytical technique
▪ Used to determine concentration of solute
▪ Used daily to monitor:
▪ Water purity
▪ Quality control in food industry
How it works:
▪ Must know reaction that occurs
▪ Reaction must be rapid and complete
▪ Must know exact quantity of one reactant
▪ Use stoichiometry to find exact amount of any
other substance in solution
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 156
 Titration
▪ Controlled addition of one reactant to known
quantity of another until reaction is complete
Acid-Base Titration
▪ Very common type of titration
e.g., Analysis of citric acid in orange juice by
neutralization with NaOH
▪ Know MNaOH and measure exact VNaOH needed to
completely neutralize citric acid
▪ MNaOH × VNaOH = mol NaOH
▪ mol NaOH  mol citric acid
▪ mol citric acid × MM citric acid = g citric acid
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 157
 Titration in practice:
Buret
▪ Volumetric measuring device with 0.10 mL markings
Stopcock
▪ Permits flow of titrant to stop when reaction is
complete
Volume titrant
used = Vf – Vi

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 158
 Titration: Definitions
Titrant
▪ Solution in the buret
▪ Known concentration
▪ Can be either acid or base depending on nature of
the analyte
Analyte
▪ Solution being analyzed
▪ Solution in flask
▪ Solution of unknown concentration
Equivalence point
▪ Volume of titrant where moles of titrant and moles
of analyte are stoichiometrically equal
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 159
 Titration: Definitions, continued
Indicator
▪ Dye that is one color in acid and 2nd color in base
e.g., phenolphthalein
▪ Colorless in acid and bright pink in base
▪ Color change signals end point of titration
Endpoint:
▪ Volume of titrant required to
complete reaction monitored
by color change of indicator
▪ Choose indicator so endpoint
and equivalence point are
the same
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 160
 Millimoles
▪ We can use metric prefixes with molarity units.
For example
2.83 mol 2.83 mmol
2.83 M = =
1L 1 mL

We can use the last ratio in problems with mL

units.

Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 161
 Learning Check
Suppose that 25.00 mL of a solution of oxalic
acid, H2C2O4, extracted from rhubarb leaves, is
titrated with 0.500 M NaOH(aq) and that the
stoichiometric point is reached when 37.5 mL of
the solution of base is added. What is the
molarity of the oxalic solution?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation.
H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O

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 Learning Check: Oxalic acid + NaOH
Step 2: Calculate millimoles of base used
0.500 mmol NaOH
37.5 mL NaOH soln   18.75 mmol NaOH
1 mL NaOH soln

Step 3: Calculate millimoles of oxalic acid

1 mmol H2 C 2 O 4
18.75 mmol NaOH   9.375 mmol H2 C 2 O 4
2 mmol NaOH

Step 4: Calculate M H2C2O4

9.375 mmol H2C2O4
= 0.375 M H2C2O4
25.00 mL soln
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 Summary of Stoichiometry
Calculations

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 Your Turn
A 25.00 mL sample of HNO3 is titrated with 75.00 mL
of 1.30 M Ca(OH)2. What is the concentration of HNO3
in the initial sample?
2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  2AgBr(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
A. 0.433 M
1.30 mmol Ca(OH)2 2 mmol HNO3
75.00 mL Ca(OH)2 ´ ´
B. 1.95 M 1 mL Ca(OH)2 1 mmol Ca(OH)2
C. 0.867 M 25.00 mL HNO3

D. 3.90 M = 7.80 M HNO3

E. 7.80 M

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 Your Turn
A sample of metal ore is reacted according to the
following reaction:
Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
If 25.00 mL of 2.3 M HCl are used, what mass of Fe
was in the ore? (Atomic mass of Fe is 55.85 g/mol)
A. 0.515 g
2.3 mol HCl
B. 1.03 g 0.02500 L HCl ´ ´
1 L HCl
C. 1.21 g 1 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
´
D. 1.61 g 2 mol HCl 1 mol Fe
E. 3.20 g = 1.61 g

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