DESIGN & DETAILING OF RC

STRUCTURES 10CV321

Dr.G.S.Suresh, Prof, CE Dept., NIE, Mysore

 Reference books
• Dr. H.J. Shah, “Reinforced Concrete Vol-1”, 8th Edition,
2009.
• Dr. H.J. Shah, “Reinforced Concrete Vol-2”, 6th Edition,
2012.
• S. Unnikrishna Pillai and Devadas Menon, “Reinforced
Concrete Design”, 3rd Edition, 2009
• P.C.Varghese, “Limit State Design of Reinforced
Concrete”, PHI, 2nd edition, 2009
• Ashok K Jain, “Reinforced Concrete, Limit State
Design”, Nem Chand and Bros, 7th Edition, 2012
• M.L.Gambhir, “Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures”, PHI, 2008
 Reference books Contd.
• Dr. B.C. Punmia et al, “Limit State Design of
Reinforced concrete”, Laxmi, 2007.
• J.N. Bandyopadhyay, “Design of Concrete Structures”,
PHI, 2008.
• N.Krishna Raju, “Structural Design and Drawing,
Reinforced concrete and steel”, Universities Press,
1992
• M.R. Dheerencdra Babu, “Structural Engineering
Drawing”, Falcon, 2011
• Bureau of Indian Standards, IS456-2000, IS875-1987,
SP16, SP34
 Evaluation Pattern for Theory
• Test : 25 Marks: Design of beams and Design of slabs
• Mid sem Exam: 25 Marks: Design of beams,Design of Stairs,
Design of Shallow foundations
• Make-up Test : 25 Marks: Design of slabs, Design of shallow
foundations, Design of Retaining walls
• Semester End Exam: 100 Marks
Part A: Answer 2 out of 3 questions:
Design of Beams, Design of slabs, Design of Stairs
Part B: Answer 2 out of 3 questions:
Design of shallow foundations, Design of Retaining Walls,
Design of Water Tanks
Part C: Compulsory having short questions or fill in the
blanks covering the entire syllabus
 Evaluation Pattern for Drawing
• Detailing of Simply supported beam, Cantilever beams,
lintels and continuous beams- 2 sheets
• Detailing of Cantilever slabs, One way slabs, Two way
slabs, Inclined slabs and filler slabs- 2 sheets
• Detailing of Different types of stair cases- 2 sheet
• Detailing of Columns, Isolated footings, Combined footings
- 3 sheets
• Detailing of Cantilever and Counter fort retaining walls
2 sheet
• Detailing of Rectangular and Circular water tanks resting
on ground- 2 sheets
Each sheet is valued for 10 marks
Semester end test will be conducted for
50 marks and then reduced to 30 marks
Dr.G.S.Suresh 6
 LIMIT STATE METHOD
Limit State

Collapse Serviceability

Flexure, Compression, Deflection, Cracking,

Shear, Torsion Vibration
 LIMIT STATE METHOD (Contd)

• Different theories for different limit states

• WSM for serviceability limit state
• Ultimate Load theory for limit state of
collapse
• Stability analysis for overturning
• Provides unified rational basis
 PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• Safety margins are provided in design to

safeguard against the risk of failure
• Loads and material property varies
randomly.
• Probability of certainty is m/n, m no of
certain events out of n events.
• Variations in strength of materials and in
the loads are analysed using statstical
techniques.
Partial Safety Factors Contd.
 Partial Safety Factors Contd.
• The characteristic strength of a material
as obtained from the statistical approach
is the strength of that material below
which not more than five per cent of the
test results are expected to fall
• Such characteristic strengths may differ
from sample to sample also.
 Partial Safety Factors
• Accordingly, the design strength is
calculated dividing the characteristic
strength further by the partial safety factor
for the material (m), where m depends on
the material and the limit state being
considered.
•
Partial Safety Factors
 Partial Safety Factors Contd.

• Clause 36.4.2 of IS 456 states that m for

concrete and steel should be taken as 1.5
and 1.15, respectively when assessing the
strength of the structures or structural
members employing limit state of collapse.
• However, when assessing the deflection,
the material properties such as modulus of
elasticity should be taken as those
associated with the characteristic strength
of the material.
 Partial Safety Factors Contd.

• It is worth mentioning that partial safety

factor for steel (1.15) is comparatively
lower than that of concrete (1.5) because
the steel for reinforcement is produced
in steel plants and commercially
available in specific diameters with
expected better quality control than that
of concrete.
 Partial Safety Factors Contd.
• In case of concrete the characteristic
strength is calculated on the basis of
test results on 150 mm standard cubes.
• But the concrete in the structure has
different sizes. To take the size effect
into account, it is assumed that the
concrete in the structure develops a
strength of 0.67 times the characteristic
strength of cubes.
 Partial Safety Factors Contd.

• Accordingly, in the calculation of

strength employing the limit state of
collapse, the characteristic strength (fck)
is first multiplied with 0.67 (size effect)
and then divided by 1.5 (m for concrete)
to have 0.446 fck as the maximum
strength of concrete in the stress block.
Materials for RCC- Properties of Concrete

Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete

Dr.G.S.Suresh 18
Materials for RCC- Properties of Concrete

Design Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete

Dr.G.S.Suresh 19
Materials for RCC- Properties of Concrete
• Tensile strength is about 10 to 20% of
compressive strength
• Flexure test or split tensile strength is conducted

Dr.G.S.Suresh 20
Materials for RCC- Properties of Concrete
• However, the following expression gives an
estimation of flexural strength (fcr) of concrete
from its characteristic compressive strength
(cl. 6.2.2)

Dr.G.S.Suresh 21
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel
• Steel in the form of circular bars (Re-bars) are
used as reinforcement to take care of tensile
stress
• Induces ductility
• Steel is strong in both compression and tension
• Plain bars were used earlier to 60s
• Plain bars have poor bond strength
• Deformed bars with ribs on surface are generally
used in reinforced concrete structures

Dr.G.S.Suresh 22
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel
• High strength cold twisted (CTD)deformed (HYSD)
bars were popular for last four decades
• Recently Thermo mechanically treated (TMT) bars
have replaced CTD bars
• Yield strength is characteristic strength
• Characteristic strength:
MS bars-250 MPa,
CTD/TMT bars- 415MPa, 500 MPa, 550 MPa
• CTD bars have better elongation property

Dr.G.S.Suresh 23
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel

Stress-Strain Curve for MS Bars

Dr.G.S.Suresh 24
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel

Stress-Strain Curve for HYSD Bars

Dr.G.S.Suresh 25
 Limit State Method of Design
Assumptions
• Plane sections normal to axis remain plane
after bending
• Maximum strain in concrete of compression
zone at failure is 0.0035
• Tensile strength of concrete is ignored
• Design curve for concrete and steel is given in
IS456-2000
• To ensure ductility, maximum strain in tension
reinforcement shall not be less than
0.002+fy/(1.15xEs)
• Perfect bond between concrete exists between
concrete and steel

Dr.G.S.Suresh 26
Assumptions

Dr.G.S.Suresh 27
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel

Dr.G.S.Suresh 28
Materials for RCC- Properties of Steel

Dr.G.S.Suresh 29
General aspects of Flexural Ultimate strength

• Members like beam and slab are subjected

to bending moment, shear and torsion
• These members deforms and cracks are
developed
• A RC member should have perfect bond
between concrete and steel
• Members are primarily designed for flexure
and then checked for other forces

Dr.G.S.Suresh 30
General aspects of Flexural Ultimate strength

• Elastic theory used for homogeneous materials

cannot be used for RC members
• Elastic design method (WSM) do not give a clear
indication of their potential strengths
• Study of behaviour of members under ultimate
load has been published by several investigators
• Most of the codes in the world adopted Ultimate
load behaviour in 1950s
• IS456 introduced it in 1964
• Ultimate theory was later replaced by Limit state
method in IS456 during the year 1978
Dr.G.S.Suresh 31
Behaviour of RC Beam

Dr.G.S.Suresh 32
Behaviour of RC Beam

Dr.G.S.Suresh 33
 Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse
• Stress diagram across the depth in
compression zone up to neutral axis is called
stress block
• Hognested introduced the concept of stress
block
• Parabolic variation across the depth was
proposed
• Whitney’s equivalent rectangular stress block
replaced the actual stress block.
• Most of the codes of other country adopt
Whitney’s equivalent rectangular stress block

Dr.G.S.Suresh 34
Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse

Dr.G.S.Suresh 35
 Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse
cu=0.0035 0.45 fck x

0.002 x2 = 0.43xu 2 Cu = k1 k2 fck xub

xu
x1 = 0.57xu 1

Dr.G.S.Suresh 36
 Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse
• The stress block given in IS456 has
parabolic(1) and rectangular (2) portion as
shown
• The strain in extreme concrete fibre is
0.0035 and strain at which the stress
reaches ultimate value is 0.002
• From strain diagram and using similar
triangle properties 0.0035  0.002
xu x1
• From above equation x1 =0.57 x u x2=0.43 x u

Dr.G.S.Suresh 37
 Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse
• Area of stress block is A= A1 +A2
• A1= (2/3)*0.45*fck*xu*0.57*xu = 0.171 f ck x u
• A2= 0.45*fck*0.43*xu = 0.1935 xu
• A = A1+A2= 0.3645 fck x u
• Depth of Neutral axis of stress block is
obtained by taking moment of area 1 and 2
about top extreme fiber
3 0.43 x u
A 1  (  0.57 x u )  A 2 

x
 a x
i i
 8 2  0.43 x u
 ai A

Dr.G.S.Suresh 38
 Stress block parameters
for limit state of collapse

• Comparing the above result with the stress

block shown in figure, the stress block
parameters can be expressed as
k1= 0.45, k2=0.42, k3= 0.3645/0.45 = 0.81

Dr.G.S.Suresh 39
 Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections,

L
cu=0.0035 0.45 fck x
0.002 x2 = 0.43xu 2 Cu
xu
x1 = 0.57xu 1
NA d
z

A st
Tu

b
Dr.G.S.Suresh 40
 Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
• Strain and Stress distribution in a beam at
mid span at ultimate load is shown
• For horizontal equilibrium the compressive
force (Cu) should be equal to tensile force (Tu)
• External ultimate moment at collapse is equal
to internal couple developed by the
compressive (Cu) and tensile force (Tu)
• Internal couple is called “Ultimate Moment of
Resistance”

Dr.G.S.Suresh 41
 Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
• From stress block parameters
Cu = 0.36 fck b xu
• All the tensile stress is carried by steel and
this stress is fy/m = 0.87 fy
• If Ast is the area of steel then total tensile
force Tu = 0.87 fy Ast and from equilibrium
Cu = Tu ; 0.36 fck b xu = 0.87 fy Ast ;
0.87 f y Ast
xu 
0.36 f ck b

Dr.G.S.Suresh 42
 Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections

• From equilibrium equation M =0, Mu = MuR

where Mu = Applied ultimate moment
MuR= Ultimate Moment of Resistance
• MuR = Cu x z or Tu x z;
=0.36 fck b xu z or = 0.87 fy Ast z
where z= lever arm = d-0.42 xu

Dr.G.S.Suresh 43
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
cu=0.0035
• Maximum strain in the two
materials reach xumax
simultaneously and failure
NA
would be sudden d
• Depth of neutral axis is d-xumax
maximum A st
• Maximum depth of neutral
su=0.002+(0.875fy/Es)
axis is obtained from
strain diagram b

Dr.G.S.Suresh 44
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
cu=0.0035
• Applying similar triangle
properties xumax
0.87fy
0.002  NA d
0.0035 Es
 d-xumax
x umax x umax  d
A st

0.0035 su=0.002+(0.875fy/Es)
x umax  b
0.87fy (1)
0.0055  • Value of xumax depends
Es on properties of steel
Dr.G.S.Suresh 45
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
cu=0.0035
• Value of xumax depends on
properties of steel xumax
• Clause 38.1 (pp 70) of
NA
IS456-2000 gives value of d
xumax/d for different grade of d-xumax
steel fy xumax/d A st
250 0.53 su=0.002+(0.875fy/Es)
415 0.48 b
500 0.46
Es = 200 GPa

Dr.G.S.Suresh 46
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• For equilibrium Cu = Tu
0.36 fck xumax b = 0.87fy A st max
A stmax x umax 0.36 f ck
( )
bd d 0.87fy
• Ratio of area of steel to effective cross-section is called
percentage of steel (pt). In this case it is maximum
percentage of steel (ptmax) or limiting steel (ptlim)
x umx f ck p tlim f y x umx
 p tmax   0.414 (2)   0.414 (2a)
d fy f ck d
Dr.G.S.Suresh 47
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• Ultimate moment of resistance (Mulim) is the internal
moment of Cu and Tu.
• Mulim = Cu x z or Mulim = Tu x z
• Mulim = 0.36 fck xulim b (d-0.42 xulim)
x ulim x ulim
 0.36 fck 2
bd (1 - 0.42 )  Q lim bd (3)
2

d d
x ulim x ulim
Where,Q lim  0.36 f ck (1 - 0.42 )
d d
Dr.G.S.Suresh 48
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• Table D of SP16 (pp 10) gives the values of Qlim for
different combination of fck and fy
Value of Qlim
fckin fy in N/mm2
N/mm2
250 415 500
20 2.98 2.76 2.66
25 3.73 3.45 3.33
30 4.47 4.14 3.99

Dr.G.S.Suresh 49
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• Moment of resistance with respect to steel is expressed as
• Mulim = 0.87 fy Ast (d-0.42 xulim)

• From equation (2)  x umx  2.42 p tlim f y

• d f ck
• Mulim = 0.87fy Ast (d-0.42 (2.42 (fy/fck) ptlim) d)
= 0.87fy Ast d(1- (fy/fck) ptlim)
M ulim fy fy
2
 0.87 p tlim (1 - p tlim ) (4)
f ck bd f ck f ck
Dr.G.S.Suresh 50
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
M ulim p tlim f y
• Using equation (2) and (4) values of f ck bd 2
and
f ck for

different grades of steel is given in Table C (pp10) of SP16

fy in N/mm2 250 415 500

Mulim/ fck bd2 0.149 0.138 0.133

Ptlim fy / fck 21.97 19.82 18.87

ptlim is in %

Dr.G.S.Suresh 51
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Under Reinforced Section
c<cu
• Tensile strain in steel attains
its limiting value first and xu
strain in compression fibre
NA
of concrete is less than d
limiting value d-xu
• Depth of neutral axis is A st
obtained from horizontal
su=0.002+(0.875fy/Es)
equilibrium equation Cu = Tu
b

Dr.G.S.Suresh 52
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Under Reinforced Section
• For equilibrium Cu = Tu
0.36 fck xumax b = 0.87fy A st max

0.87fy A st f y A st
xu   2.42
0.36 f ck b f ck b
xu f y A st
 2.42 (5)
d f ck bd
x u x ulim
In this section 
d d
Dr.G.S.Suresh 53
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• Moment of resistance is calculated considering ultimate
tensile strength of steel Mu = Tu z
• Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d-0.42 xu)
xu (Ast /bd) f y
• From equation (5) d  2.42 f ck
•
• Mu = 0.87fy Ast d(1-0.42 (2.42 (fy/fck) (Ast/bd)) )
= 0.87fy Ast d(1- (fy/fck) pt/100)
2
Mu pt fy  pt 
 -  
 100 
2
0.87 f y bd 100 f ck

Dr.G.S.Suresh 54
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Balanced Section
• Solving the quadratic equation for pt

f ck 4.6 M u
p t  50 (1  1  (6)
fy f ck bd 2

Dr.G.S.Suresh 55
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Over Reinforced Section
cu
• Strain in extreme fibre in
compression zone reaches xu
its ultimate value before the
NA
steel reaches its ultimate d
value. d-xu
• Member fails suddenly due A st
to crushing of concrete
• This type of section is not s < su
recommended by code b

• Depth of neutral axis is

computed from equation (5)
Dr.G.S.Suresh 56
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Over Reinforced Section
• Force in concrete prevails in calculating the moment of
resistance
xu xu
M u  0.36 fck 2
bd (1 - 0.42 ) (7)
d d
x u x ulim
In this section 
d d

Dr.G.S.Suresh 57
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Comparison of Strain diagrams
• Position of neutral axis in case of under reinforced
section is above the position of balanced section and in
case of over reinforced section it is below the position of
balanced section

Dr.G.S.Suresh 58
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Modes of Failure- Comparison of Strain diagrams

Dr.G.S.Suresh 59
Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular sections
Beam with very small amount of steel- Minimum Steel
• Section is large and intensity of loading is small
• If designed steel is provided, failure is brittle
• To prevent brittle failure minimum steel is required

• Clause 26.5.1.1 a (pp47) of IS 456 stipulates minimum

steel as

Dr.G.S.Suresh 60
 Ultimate flexural strength
of doubly reinforced rectangular sections

L
d’ cu=0.0035 0.45 fck
Cus
sc x2 = 0.43xu 2 Cuc
A sc xu
0.002 x1 = 0.57xu 1
NA d
z

A st
Tu

b
61
Doubly reinforced rectangular sections

• Two alternatives when applied moment is > than

Mulim
1. To increase the depth of section
2. To provide compression reinforcement
• The beam with its limited depth, if reinforced on the
tension side only, may not have enough moment of
resistance, to resist the bending moment.
• Architectural or other consideration restricts the
depth of section

62
Doubly reinforced rectangular sections
• By increasing the quantity of steel in the tension zone, the
moment of resistance cannot be increased indefinitely.
Usually, the moment of resistance can be increased by not
more than 25% over the balanced moment of resistance, by
making the beam over-reinforced on the tension side.
• Hence, in order to further increase the moment of resistance
of a beam section of unlimited dimensions, a doubly
reinforced beam is provided.
• The external live loads may alternate i.e. may occur on either
face of the member.

63
 doubly reinforced rectangular sections
 d' 
• Strain at the level of compression steel is  cu 
 0.00351  
 xm 
• The stress corresponding to strain is obtained from the curve.
The stress for various ratio of d’/d given table F of SP16
(pp10) is
Grade of d’/d
Steel 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 352 329
500 424 412 395 370

64
 Ultimate flexural strength
of doubly reinforced rectangular sections

d’ 0.45 fck
Cus Cus C
uc
A xu A
Cuc
sc sc
N d = z1 + z2
A

A A st1 T A
T u2
uc st2 Tu
st

b b b

65
 Doubly reinforced rectangular sections

• Cuc = 0.36 fck b xulim Tu1 = 0.87 fy Ast

• Mulim = 0.36 fck b xulim (d-0.42 xulim)
• ptlim = 0.414 (xulim/d) (fy/fck) and Ast1= ptlim bd/100
• When Mu > Mulim then Mu2 = Mu-Mulim
• For equilibrium Cus =Tu2 , Cus = fsc Asc, Tu2=0.87 fy Ast2
• Ast2= fsc Asc/(0.87 fy)
• fsc is obtained corresponding to sc from stress-strain diagram
• From internal couple Mu2 = Cus*z2 or Tu2*z2, z2 = d-d’
• Mu2 = fsc*Asc* (d-d’) or Asc = Mu2 / (fsc * (d-d’)

Dr.G.S.Suresh 66
Procedure for Analysis
1. Find neutral axis from equilibrium equation
Cuc +Cus = Tu
0.87 f y A st  f sc A sc
xu  exact value of xu can be
0.36 f ck b

found by trial and error

2. MR is found from Mulim = Cu *z1 + Cusc*z2

Dr.G.S.Suresh 67
Procedure for design
1. Check for need for doubly reinforced beam, ie.,
Mu >Mulim
2. Find Ast1 = Astlim using equation (2)
3. Mu2 = Mu-Mulim
4. Compute Asc = Mu2/(fsc (d-d’)) obtain fsc
corresponding to sc obtained from table F of
SP16
5. Additional tension required is obtained from
equilibrium equation Ast2 = fsc Asc/(0.87fy)
6. Total tension steel Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Dr.G.S.Suresh 68
Use of SP-16
1. Table 45 to 56 (pp 81-92) of SP16 gives pt and pc
for different value of Mu/(bd2)

Dr.G.S.Suresh 69
 Introduction to flanged sections
• Reinforced concrete slabs used in floors, roofs
and decks are mostly cast monolithic from the
bottom of the beam to the top of the slab.
• Such rectangular beams having slab on top are
different from others having either no slab
(bracings of elevated tanks, lintels etc.) or
having disconnected slabs as in some pre-cast
systems (Figs. a, b and c).
• Due to monolithic casting, beams and a part of
the slab act together. Under the action of
positive bending moment, i.e., between the
supports of a continuous beam, the slab, up to a
certain width greater than the width of the beam,
70
forms the top part of the beam.
Introduction to flanged sections

b) Lintel without effective chajjas

a) Bracing of elevated Water tank c) Precast slab on rectangular beams

71
Introduction to flanged sections

• Such beams having slab on top of the rectangular rib are

designated as the flanged beams - either T or L type
depending on whether the slab is on both sides or on one
side of the beam. Over the supports of a continuous beam,
the bending moment is negative and the slab, therefore, is in
tension while a part of the rectangular beam (rib) is in
compression. The continuous beam at support is thus
equivalent to a rectangular beam (Fig d to i)

72
Introduction to flanged sections

73
Introduction to flanged sections

e) Section 1-1

f) Section 2-2
d) Key Plan
74
Introduction to flanged sections

e) Section 1-1

f) Section 2-2
g) Detail at 3 (L-Beam)
75
Introduction to flanged sections

e) Section 1-1

f) Section 2-2
h) Detail at 4 (T-Beam)
76
Introduction to flanged sections

e) Section 1-1

f) Section 2-2
i) Detail at 5 (Rectangular Beam)
77
Introduction to flanged sections

ISOLATED T-BEAM FOR BRIDGE

78
Introduction to flanged sections

• The actual width of the flange is the spacing of

the beam, which is the same as the distance
between the middle points of the adjacent spans
of the slab, as shown in Fig. e. However, in a
flanged beam, a part of the width less than the
actual width, is effective to be considered as a
part of the beam. This width of the slab is designated
as the effective width of the flange.

79
Introduction to flanged sections

Reinforcement

80
 Introduction to flanged sections
IS code requirements
The following requirements (cl. 23.1.1 of IS 456)
are to be satisfied to ensure the combined action
of the part of the slab and the rib (rectangular part of
the beam).
(a) The slab and the rectangular beam shall be cast
integrally or they shall be effectively bonded in any
other manner.
(b) Slabs must be provided with the transverse
reinforcement of at least 60 percent of the main
reinforcement at the mid span of the slab if
the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the
transverse beam (Figs. a and b).
81
Introduction to flanged sections
IS code requirements

82
IS code requirements

83
 Ultimate flexural strength of flanged
sections: T-beam

• Analysis of T-beam depends on the position of neutral axis.

• The neutral axis of a flanged beam may be either in the
flange or in the web depending on the physical
dimensions of the effective width of flange bf, effective
width of web bw, thickness of flange Df and effective depth
of flanged beam d .
• The flanged beam may be considered as a rectangular
beam of width bf and effective depth d if the neutral axis
is in the flange as the concrete in tension is ignored.
• However, if the neutral axis is in the web, the
compression is taken by the flange and a part of the web.

84
Ultimate flexural strength of flanged
sections:T-beam

Typical T-Beam Section

85
 Ultimate flexural strength of
flanged sections:T-beam

• All the assumptions made in sec. 3.4.2 of Rectangular sections

are also applicable for the flanged beams.
• The compressive stress remains constant between the strains
of 0.002 and 0.0035.
• It is important to find the depth h of the beam where the strain is
0.002
• If it is located in the web, the whole of flange will be under
the constant stress level of 0.446 fck.
• The relation of Df and d to facilitate the determination
of the depth h where the strain will be 0.002 similar triangle
properties is applied to strain diagram.

86
 Ultimate flexural strength of
flanged sections: T-beam

• From the strain diagram

87
 Ultimate flexural strength of flanged
sections:T-beam

• Hence the three values of h are around 0.2 d for the three
grades of steel.
• The maximum value of h may be Df, at the bottom of the
flange where the strain will be 0.002, if Df /d = 0.2.
• The thickness of the flange may be considered small if Df /d
does not exceed 0.2 and in that case, the position of the fibre
of 0.002 strain will be in the web and the entire flange will be
under a constant compressive stress of 0.446 fck .
• On the other hand, if Df is > 0.2 d, the position of the fibre of
0.002 strain will be in the flange. In that case, a part of the slab
will have the constant stress of 0.446 fck where the strain will
be more than 0.002.
88
 Ultimate flexural strength of flanged
sections-Tbeam

• Thus, in the balanced and over-reinforced flanged

beams (when xu = xu,max), the ratio of Df /d is important to
determine if the rectangular stress block is for the full depth of
the flange (when Df /d does not exceed 0.2) of for a part of the
flange (when Df /d > 0.2).
• Similarly, for the under-reinforced flanged beams, the ratio of
Df /xu is considered in place of Df /d.
• If Df /xu does not exceed 0.43, the constant stress block is for
the full depth of the flange.
• If Df /xu > 0.43, the constant stress block is for a part of the
depth of the flange.

89
T-beam: Case-1, xu<Df

• Section is analysed similar to rectangular beam of size bf and

xu

90
T-beam: Case-2, xu>Df and (Df /d)  0.2
• In this case the rectangular portion of the stress block is
greater than that of flange thickness

2 2

1 1

91
T-beam: Case-2, xu>Df and (Df /d)  0.2

• C= force of portion 1 + 2 x force of portion 2

= 0.36 fck bw xulim + 0.45 fck (bf-bw) Df
T = 0.87 fy Ast
Mulim = Mu1+ Mu2
= 0.36 fck bw xulim (d-0.42 xulim) + 0.45 fck (bf-bw) Df (d-Df/2)

92
T-beam: Case-3, xu>Df and (Df /d) > 0.2

93
T-beam: Case-3, xu>Df and (Df /d) > 0.2
• In this case the depth of rectangular portion of stress block is
within flange and part of parabolic portion lies within flange
• Equating the areas of actual stress block o equivalent stress
block, yf = 0.142 xu +0.67 Df
As per IS456-2000 yf = 0.15 xu + 0.65 Df
• C= force of portion 1 + 2 x force of portion 2
= 0.36 fck bw xulim + 0.45 fck (bf-bw) yf
T = 0.87 fy Ast
Mulim = Mu1+ Mu2
= 0.36 fck bw xulim (d-0.42 xulim) + 0.45 fck (bf-bw) yf (d-yf/2)
T-beam: Case-4, xumax >xu>Df
• When Df/xu  0.43, use equation of case-2 other
wise use equation of case-3. In both cases use
xumax in place of xu
 Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

• Shear force in a beam is due to change in BM along the

length
• Shear and BM act together
• Generally in design the strength is governed by flexure and
the section is checked for shear
• Failure due to shear is sudden
• Most of the codes recommends the equations based on
laboratory tests
• Shear and flexural stress induce principal stress called as
diagonal tension

96
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

• Before cracking the RC beam acts similar to homogeneous

material
• The flexural and shear stress at any point across the depth is
computed as f=M y /I, q= F(Ay)/ Ib
• Flexural stress varies linearly and shear stress varies
parabolically with max stress being at neutral axis
• These stresses acting on element is indicated in sketch
q q q

fc fc ft ft

q q q
Compression zone Neutral Axis Tension zone
97
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

• After the concrete cracks, variation of shear stress across the

depth is complex.
• The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth shall be
obtained by the following equation:

• Nominal shear strength v should not exceed the maximum

shear stress cmax given in table 20 of IS 456. If it exceeds
then the depth of the beam to be revised
• Shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups or cranked bars is
provided to take care of diagonal tension developed
• The design shear strength of concrete c in beams without
shear reinforcement is given in Table 19 of IS456-2000
98
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

99
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

100
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

• If v < c then nominal shear reinforcement given in clause

26.5.1.6 page 48 to be provided. Minimum shear
reinforcement as per this clause is

• When v > c then design of shear reinforcement is required

• The applied ultimate shear force is resisted by both concrete
and steel. If Vu is the applied shear force, Vcu is the shear
resistance of concrete and Vsu is the shear resistance of
steel then Vu = Vcu + Vsu
• Vcu = c bd
• Computation for different form of shear reinforcement is given
in clause 40.4 of IS456 page 72 and 73
101
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections

102
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections
• Where more than one type of shear reinforcement is used
to reinforce the same portion of the beam, the total shear
resistance shall be computed as the sum of the reistance
for the various types separately
• Where bent-up bars are provided, their contribution
towards shear resistance shall not be more than half that of
total shear reinforcement

103
Ultimate shear strength of RC sections
Procedure for design of shear in RCC
1. The ultimate shear force acting at critical section (ie., d from
face of support) is calculated as Vu
2. Calculate the nominal shear stress as v = Vu /bd, v  vmax
3. From the flexural design result calculate the percentage of
steel provided as pt = 100 Ast / bd and obtain the shear
strength of concrete c from table 19 page 73 of IS 456-2000
4. The shear strength of concrete is calculated as Vcu = c bd
5. If v < c then provide nominal shear reinforcement as specified
26.5.1.6 page 48

6. If v >c then design the shear reinforcement as in clause 40.4

 Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections

• Moment about axis of the beam is torsion

1. Corner lintels
2. Curved beams
3. Balcony beams supporting slabs
4. L-Beams
5. Spiral staircase
6. Non rectangular 3D structures
• Classified as Equilibrium torsion and Compatibility torsion
• Equilibrium torsion occurs in statically determinate structures
• Compatibility torsion occurs in both determinate and
indeterminate structures
Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections
Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections
T G f s
• Elastic Torsion equation for circular section is  
IP L R
• Torsion induces shear and in turn induces principal tensile
stress
• When the magnitude of principal tensile stress is more than
modulus of rupture of concrete, diagonal cracks are induced
• These cracks spiral around the beam
 Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections

• The torsional resistance of plain concrete can be

improved by providing suitable reinforcement
• Combination of longitudinal reinforcement and
stirrups are provided
• Design equations are based on space truss
analogy proposed by Lampert and Collins
• Case of pure torsion does not occur
• Combination of Flexure, Shear and Torsion is
considered
• For design equivalent shear force and bending
moment are computed
Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections
• Equivalent bending moment is Me1 = Mu + Mt
Where, Mu = Ultimate external Bending Moment
Mt = Tu (1+D/b)/1.7
D = Overall depth
b = Width of section
Longitudinal reinforcement is designed for Me1
• When numerical value of Mt exceeds numerical value of Mu,
longitudinal reinforcement is provided on compression face
also for Me2 = Mt - Mu
• Equivalent shear is Ve= Vu + 1.6 (Tu/b)
• Equivalent nominal shear ve = Ve /bd
• ve should not exceed cmax given in table 20 page 73 of IS456-
2000
 Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections

• If ve >c (of table 19 page 73 of Is456-2000) then transverse

reinforcement is provided
• Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have c/s area Asv given by
Tu s v Vu s v
A sv  
b1d1 (0.87f y) 2.5d1 (o.87f y )
• The total transverse reinforcement shall be less than
( ve   c )bs v
0.87f y
Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections
Ultimate torsion strength of RC sections
• The transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be rectangular
closed stirrups shall be closed stirrups placed perpendicular to
axis of members.
• The spacing of stirrups shall not exceed the least of
1. x1
2. (x1+y1)/4
3. 300 mm
x1 and y1 are short and long dimensions of the stirrups
• The longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed as close as
practicable to the corners of the cross section and there shall
be at least one longitudinal bar in each corner of the ties
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
• The bond between steel and concrete is very important and
essential so that they can act together without any slip in a
loaded structure.
• With the perfect bond between them, the plane section of a
beam remains plane even after bending.
• The length of a member required to develop the full bond is
called the anchorage length.
• The bond is measured by bond stress.
• The local bond stress varies along a member with the variation
of bending moment.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
•The average value throughout its anchorage length is
designated as the average bond stress.
•Thus, a tensile member has to be anchored properly by providing
additional length on either side of the point of maximum tension,
which is known as ‘Development length in tension’.
•Similarly, for compression members also, we have ‘Development
length Ld in compression’.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
•The deformed bars are known to be superior to the smooth mild
steel bars due to the presence of ribs.
•In such a case, it is needed to check for the sufficient
development length Ld only rather than checking both for the local
bond stress and development length as required for the smooth
mild steel bars.
•Accordingly, IS 456, cl. 26.2 stipulates the requirements of proper
anchorage of reinforcement in terms of development length Ld
only employing design bond stress bd.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage

Design Bond Stress bd

• The design bond stress bd is defined as the shear force per
unit nominal surface area of reinforcing bar. The stress is
acting on the interface between bars and surrounding concrete
and along the direction parallel to the bars.
• This concept of design bond stress finally results in additional
length of a bar of specified diameter to be provided beyond a
given critical section.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Design Bond Stress bd
• Though, the overall bond failure may be avoided by this
provision of additional development length Ld, slippage of a bar
may not always result in overall failure of a beam.
• It is, thus, desirable to provide end anchorages also to maintain
the integrity of the structure and thereby, to enable it carrying
the loads.
• Clause 26.2 of IS 456 stipulates, “The calculated tension or
compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on
each side of the section by an appropriate development length
or end anchorage or by a combination thereof.”
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Design bond stress – values
• The local bond stress varies along the length of the reinforcement
while the average bond stress gives the average value throughout
its development length.
• The average bond stress has been designated as design bond
stress bd and the values are given in cl. 26.2.1.1. The same is

For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786, these values shall be

increased by 60 per cent. For bars in compression, the values of
bond stress in tension shall be increased by 25 per cent.
Development Length
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
(a) A single bar
• Figure (a) shows a simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly distributed load. Because of the maximum moment,
the Ast required is the maximum at x = L/2. For any section 1-1
at a distance x < L/2, some of the tensile bars can be curtailed.
• Let us then assume that section 1-1 is the theoretical cut-off
point of one bar. However, it is necessary to extend the bar for
a length Ld as explained earlier. Let us derive the expression to
determine Ld of this bar.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
• Figure (b) shows the free body diagram of the segment AB of
the bar. At B, the tensile force T trying to pull out the bar is of
the value T = (π φ2 σs /4)
where φ is the nominal diameter of the bar and σs is the tensile
stress in bar at the section considered at design loads.
• It is necessary to have the resistance force to be developed by
τbd for the length Ld to overcome the tensile force. The
resistance force = π φ (Ld) (bd).
• Equating the two,
• π φ (Ld) (bd) = (π φ2 σs /4)
 Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
• The above equation is given in cl. 26.2.1 of IS 456 to determine
the development length of bars. Table 65 of SP16 gives value
of Ld
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
• The above equation is given in cl. 26.2.1 of IS 456 to determine
the development length of bars.
Checking of Development Lengths of Bars in Tension
The following are the stipulation of cl. 26.2.3.3 of IS 456.
(i) At least one-third of the positive moment reinforcement in
simple members and one-fourth of the positive moment
reinforcement in continuous members shall be extended
along the same face of the member into the support, to a
length equal to Ld/3.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
(ii) Such reinforcements of (i) above shall also be anchored to
develop its design stress in tension at the face of the
support, when such member is part of the primary lateral load
resisting system.
(iii) The diameter of the positive moment reinforcement shall
be limited to a diameter such that the Ld computed for σs = fd
in Eq. for Ld does not exceed the following:

where M1 = moment of resistance of the section assuming all

reinforcement at the section to be stressed to fd,
fd = 0.87 fy, V = shear force at the section due to design loads,
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Lo = sum of the anchorage beyond the centre of the support and
the equivalent anchorage value of any hook or mechanical
anchorage at simple support.
At a point of inflection, Lo is limited to the effective depth of the
member or 12φ, whichever is greater, and
φ = diameter of bar.
It has been further stipulated that M1/V in the above expression
may be increased by 30 per cent when the ends of the
reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage

Anchoring Reinforcing Bars

The bars may be anchored in combination of providing
development length to maintain the integrity of the structure. Such
anchoring is discussed below under three sub-sections for bars in
tension, compression and shear respectively, as stipulated in cl.
26.2.2 of IS 456.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
The salient points are:
• Deformed bars may not need end anchorages if the
development length requirement is satisfied.
• Hooks should normally be provided for plain bars in tension.
• Standard hooks and bends should be as per IS 2502 or as given
in Table 67 of SP-16, which are shown in Figs.
• The anchorage value of standard bend shall be considered as 4
times the diameter of the bar for each 45o bend subject to a
maximum value of 16 times the diameter of the bar.
• The anchorage value of standard U-type hook shall be 16 times
the diameter of the bar.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Bars in compression (cl. 26.2.2.2 of IS 456)
Here, the salient points are:
• The anchorage length of straight compression bars shall be
equal to its development length.
• The development length shall include the projected length of
hooks, bends and straight lengths beyond bends, if provided.
Concepts of Development
Length and Anchorage
Concepts of Development Length and Anchorage

The salient points are:

• Inclined bars in tension zone will have the development length
equal to that of bars in tension and this length shall be measured
from the end of sloping or inclined portion of the bar.
• Inclined bars in compression zone will have the development
length equal to that of bars in tension and this length shall be
measured from the mid-depth of the beam.
• For stirrups, transverse ties and other secondary reinforcement,
complete development length and anchorage are considered to
be satisfied if prepared as shown in Figs.
 Control of Deflection
The deflection of beams and slabs would generally be,
within permissible limits if the ratio of span to effective
depth of the
member does not exceed the values obtained in
accordance with 22.2.1 of the Code. The following basic
values of span to effective
depth are given:

Simply supported------------------------------- 20
Continuous--------------------------------------- 26
Cantilever ---------------------------------------- 7
Correction factors for tension steel, compression
steel and flanged section are to be used on these
values
 Control of Deflection
Chart 22 of SP16 gives l/d after correction for tension
steel and compression steel.The values read from these
Charts are directly applicable for simply supported
members of rectangular cross section for spans up to 10
m. For simply supported or continuous spans larger than
10 m, the values should be further multiplied by the
factor (10/span in meters). For continuous spans or
cantilevers, the values read from the charts are to be
modified in proportion to the basic values of span to
effective depth ratio. 1.3 for continuous beam and 0.35
for cantilever.
In the case of cantilevers which are longer than 10 m the
Code recommends that the deflections should be
calculated in order to ensure that they do not exceed
permissible limits
Control of Deflection
Control of Deflection
 Dr.G.S.Suresh

CE DEPT NIE, MYSORE