CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of local and foreign professional literature and

related studies, which have some bearing on the present research work. These

professional literature and related studies, provided the researcher some insights and

directions in the conduct of this study.

Related literature

As a medium of communication and a tool of learning, reading serves as

indispensable function in society. It serves as modern of communications and a tool for

learning.

It is important tool for learning whether students are poor, average or good

readers at all educational levels. Teaching should be well planned and executed to

provide students definite progress in reading proficiency.

The reading program in the elementary school is of fundamental importance in

the development of skills, habits and attitudes in handling reading situations.

Foreign Related Literature

According to authorities, about ninety percent of all the activities that are carried

on in regular school subjects involve reading. Research in the field of reading has

become almost like a cottage industry.

which progresses in stages. Specifically, reading is a development of a group skills that

extend in a hierarchy from the simple to complex activities. The successful acquisitions

of the new one reading skills depends heavily on the acquisitions of previous one.

Specific skills can be taught depending upon the learning readiness or level of the

students. The fundamental need of knowing the students acquired reading skills and

level of learning is imperative.

Bernstien (1995) contends that the reseachers in the field of education revealed

that intelligence is significantly related to reading achievement. Studies showed that

learners who belonged to the above average level of mental ability performed better in

reading comprehension. Moreover, Bernstien (1995) reported that the high interest in

the subject is associated with superior reading comprehensions. Further,

Nemoitan(1995) also revealed that students who have adequate mental ability, cultural

and environmental background and are taught well in reading would reach the optimum

development in reading skills.

The study conducted by Malmquinch (1996) showed sex difference among 399

Swedish first grade children. In this investigation, it was found that girls in most cases

obtained better results in reading comprehension than boys. Ines (1996) also cited the

Betts and Hausen and Likert who revealed in their studies that girls have more positive

attitude toward reading than boys.

According to Cao,result from a Save the children study in the Philippines reveal

stark regional differences, with very small percentage of children unable to read in

English 2% in manila,compared with 30% of students in Mindanao.

Foreign Related Studies

A number of studies were done on the difference between good and poor

readers. According to Mackinon and Waller (1995), the good seventh grade readers of

English correct 85 percent of the grammatical errors they read aloud, while poor

readers could only correct 42 percent.

Clan and Imlach (1994) reported that only one quarter of poor reader could use

cues between clauses and sentences. Isakson and Miller (1996) on the other hand

revealed that good readers stopped when they found irrelevant verbs in passages but

poor readers did not.

Kitao and Kitao (1996) purported that good readers reading in their native

language always monitor their comprehension while they are reading, using their

knowledge, experiences, and syntactic and semantic cues. Potter (1994) argues further

that poor readers do not use contexts well in reading. He said that four factors are

important in the use of contexts, namely a.) decoding skills b.) grammatical c.)

semantic and background knowledge.

poorly. Likewise, Oakhill (1994) reported that both good and poor readers are equally

good at imagining the meaning of a passage using the word in the text, by differ in

using implied cues. Eamon (1996) present the difference purpose. For the poor readers,

all reading is the same. They read all the passages even trying to understand

unimportant parts.

Local Related Studies

Expert reading claimed that reading is generally recognized to be the most

important subject taught in the elementary school. Regarding the teaching of reading in

the elementary schools, Galpir (1995) revealed that the teacher, in order to have an

effective reading program, should conduct a survey of the weaknesses of each pupil

reading and effect the corresponding remedial measures. He further explained

difficulties can be ascertained by closely observing pupils in their activities.

This researcher agrees with Galpir in his recommendation that remedial measure

be effected as soon as the weakness of each pupil is discovered by the teacher. The

teacher should know the difficulty of her pupil so as to know the proper measures to

help him overcome his difficulty.

According to Mendoza(1997)reading is a tool subject, it is imperative that

reading teachers undertake a continuing search for curriculum materials and

approaches which would be most effective in teaching reading.Failure to read among

conducted to look for the cause of such reading failures as well as remedies.

Tamondong (1998) furthethan males. She explained that reading requires more

than mechanical skills. As a tool for learning in the content subjects, the learners has to

demonstration a growing ability to handle information effectively. Involved in this area

of complex skills to gain knowledge from the printed page depends on the extent the

learners are equipped with the necessary skills in reading.

Villamin et al. (1997) conclude that proficiency in word recognition skills is basic

in learning to read. The grade I teacher will label all the things inside the room such as

table, chair, books, flag, trash can, flower vase, mirror, aparador, and other things

inside the room. Sight words make up a large part of the materials that children meet in

their books anf they must learn to recognize them at a glance. They added that one

way of learning sight words is the use of picture card.

In a study conducted by Peredo (1998)showed that sex and reading performance

have significant relationship. Females performed better than males. She significally

observed that girls generally begin to read at an early age, achieve better reading. She

attributed maturation of the girls.

Delacruz (1994) in her investigation of English performance and reading

comprehension skills of grade six pupils in aguilar district in Pangasinan I revealed that

reading comprehension is significally related to the average income of the family. She
also concluded the English performance is significantly related with all the reading

comprehension skills components.

Ines(1996) also cited the findings of Castro which confirmed the relationship

between reading performance and parents are significant indicators reading

performance. Parents with higher educational attainment and better occupation are

better able to provide cultural environment that is not only conducive to learning but

also stimulating and broadening. These findings were also collaborated by the

investigations conducted by NeliaLamprea, and Victoria Monwad who significantly

concluded in their studies that reading performance is affected by parents income,

occupation and educational background.

SYNTHESIS

The related studies were used by other researches contributed a lot in the

accomplishment of this study.

The study of Galpir (1995) revealed that the teacher, in order to have an effective

reading program, should conduct a survey of the weaknesses of each pupil reading and

effect the corresponding remedial measures. He further explained difficulties can be

ascertained by closely observing pupils in their activities.This researcher agrees with

Galpir in his recommendation that remedial measure be effected as soon as the

weakness of each pupil is discovered by the teacher. The teacher should know the

difficulty of her pupil so as to know the proper measures to help him overcome his

difficulty.
 In the study of Mendoza(1997)reading is a tool subject, it is imperative that

reading teachers undertake a continuing search for curriculum materials and

approaches which would be most effective in teaching reading.

The study of Tamondong (1998) furthethan males. She explained that reading

requires more than mechanical skills. As a tool for learning in the content subjects, the

learners has to demonstration a growing ability to handle information effectively.

Involved in this area of complex skills to gain knowledge from the printed page depends

on the extent the learners are equipped with the necessary skills in reading.Failure to

read among some grade pupils has become a major problem thus reseach studies have

been conducted to look for the cause of such reading failures as well as remedies.

The study of Villamin et al. (1997) conclude that proficiency in word

recognition skills is basic in learning to read. The grade I teacher will label all the

things inside the room such as table, chair, books, flag, trash can, flower vase, mirror,

aparador, and other things inside the room. Sight words make up a large part of the

materials that children meet in their books anf they must learn to recognize them at a

glance. They added that one way of learning sight words is the use of picture card.

In a study conducted by Peredo (1998)showed that sex and reading performance

have significant relationship. Females performed better than males. She significally

observed that girls generally begin to read at an early age, achieve better reading. She

attributed maturation of the girls.

reading comprehension skills of grade six pupils in aguilar district in Pangasinan I

revealed that reading comprehension is significally related to the average income of the

family. She also concluded the English performance is significantly related with all the

reading comprehension skills components.

The study of Ines(1996) also cited the findings of Castro which confirmed the

relationship between reading performance and parents are significant indicators reading

performance. Parents with higher educational attainment and better occupation are

better able to provide cultural environment that is not only conducive to learning but

also stimulating and broadening. These findings were also collaborated by the

investigations conducted by NeliaLamprea, and Victoria Monwad who significantly

concluded in their studies that reading performance is affected by parents income,

occupation and educational background.

Villamin et al. (1997) conclude that proficiency in word recognition skills is basic

in learning to read. The grade I teacher will label all the things inside the room such as

table, chair, books, flag, trash can, flower vase, mirror, aparador, and other things

inside the room. Sight words make up a large part of the materials that children meet in

their books anf they must learn to recognize them at a glance. They added that one

way of learning sight words is the use of picture card.

In a study conducted by Peredo (1998)showed that sex and reading performance

have significant relationship. Females performed better than males. She significally
observed that girls generally begin to read at an early age, achieve better reading. She

attributed maturation of the girls.

Delacruz (1994) in her investigation of English performance and reading

comprehension skills of grade six pupils in aguilar district in Pangasinan I revealed that

reading comprehension is significally related to the average income of the family. She

also concluded the English performance is significantly related with all the reading

comprehension skills components.

Ines(1996) also cited the findings of Castro which confirmed the relationship

between reading performance and parents are significant indicators reading

performance. Parents with higher educational attainment and better occupation are

better able to provide cultural environment that is not only conducive to learning but

also stimulating and broadening. These findings were also collaborated by the

investigations conducted by NeliaLamprea, and Victoria Monwad who significantly

concluded in their studies that reading performance is affected by parents income,

occupation and educational background.

The study of Mackinon and Waller (1995), the good seventh grade readers of

English correct 85 percent of the grammatical errors they read aloud, while poor

readers could only correct 42 percent.

In the study of Clan and Imlach (1994) reported that only one quarter of poor

reader could use cues between clauses and sentences. Isakson and Miller (1996) on the
other hand revealed that good readers stopped when they found irrelevant verbs in

passages but poor readers did not.

The study of Kitao and Kitao (1996) purported that good readers reading in their

native language always monitor their comprehension while they are reading, using their

knowledge, experiences, and syntactic and semantic cues. Potter (1994) argues further

that poor readers do not use contexts well in reading. He said that four factors are

important in the use of contexts, namely a.) decoding skills b.) grammatical c.)

semantic and background knowledge.

Study of Ryan (1995) reported that poor readers understand implicit meanings

very poorly. Likewise, Oakhill (1994) reported that both good and poor readers are

equally good at imagining the meaning of a passage using the word in the text, by

differ in using implied cues. Eamon (1996) present the difference purpose. For the poor

readers, all reading is the same. They read all the passages even trying to understand

unimportant parts.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study is conceptualized systematically and represents in the paradigm

showing the input variables, the process and the expected output.

The input variables in this study includes the profile of respondents, strategies

being use by the teachers toward development of teaching reading skills, difficulties/

problems met by the teachers that affect their teaching learning process,

recommended/ suggested solution in using each strategy.

questionnaire, analysis and interpretation of all data gathered. The expected output

presents the achieved results or the outcome input and process which represent the

enhancing the performance in English of Grade III non Reader in District I of Alaminos

City.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

The first block is the input variables which includes the profile of the

respondents, strategies being used by the teachers towards development of teaching

reading skills, difficulties/problems met by the teachers that affect their teaching

reading process, recommended/suggestions in using each strategies. The second block

is the process which includes the use of the survey method with the use of

questionnaire/analysis and interpretations of data gathered. The third block is the

expected output which represents the achieved result of the outcome of the study on

the input and process which represent “ Enhancing the Performance in English of Grade

III Non-Reader in District I of Alaminos City.

1. The profile of the respondents

2. Strategies being used by the teachers towards development of teaching

3. Difficulties/problems met by the teachers that affect the teaching reading

4. Recommended/suggestions using each strategies.

PROCESS

1. Preparation of the data gathering information.

2. Floating and retrieving of questionnaires.

3. Data analysis through statistical treatment and interpretation of findings.

OUTPUT

Enhancing the Performance in English of Grade III Non-Reader in District 1 of