Cascade filling system
A cascade filling system is a high pressure gas cylinder storage
system which is used for the refilling of smaller compressed gas
cylinders.[1][2] In some applications, each of the large cylinders is
filled by a compressor, otherwise they may be filled remotely and
replaced when the pressure is too low for effective transfer. The
cascade system allows small cylinders to be filled without a
compressor. In addition, a cascade system is useful as a reservoir to
allow a low-capacity compressor to meet the demand of filling several
small cylinders in close succession, with longer intermediate periods
during which the storage cylinders can be recharged. Hydrogen storage cylinders in a
cascade filling system
Contents
Principle of operation
Uses
Breathing sets
Compressed natural gas fueling
Hydrogen storage
Arrangement of system
References
External links
Principle of operation
When gas contained in a cylinder at high pressure is allowed to flow to another cylinder containing gas at a
lower pressure, the pressures will equalise to a value somewhere between the two initial pressures. The
equilibrium pressure is affected by transfer rate as it will be influenced by temperature, but at constant
temperature the equilibrium pressure is described by Dalton's law of partial pressures and Boyle's law for ideal
gases.
The formula for the equilibrium pressure is:
P3 = (P1×V1+P2×V2)/(V1+V2)
where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume of one cylinder
P2 and V2 the initial pressure and volume of the other cylinder
and P3 is the equilibrium pressure.
An example could be a 100-litre (internal volume) cylinder (V1 ) pressurised to 200 bar (P1 ) filling a 10-litre
(internal volume) cylinder (V2 ) which was unpressurised (P2 = 1 bar) (resulting in both cylinder equalising to
approximately 180 bar (P3 ). If another 100 litre cylinder pressurised this time to 250 bar were then used to
"top-up" the 10 litre cylinder, both of these cylinders would equalise to about 240 bar. However, if the higher
pressure 100 litre cylinder were used first, the 10 litre cylinder would equalise to about 225 bar and the lower
pressure 100 litre cylinder could not be used to top it up. In a cascade storage system, several large cylinders
are used to bring a small cylinder up to a desired pressure, by always using the supply cylinder with the lowest
usable pressure first, then the cylinder with the next lowest pressure, and so on.
In practice the theoretical transfers can only be achieved if the gases are allowed to reach a temperature
equilibrium before disconnection. This requires significant time, and a lower efficiency may be accepted to
save time. Actual transfer can be calculated using the general gas equation of state if the temperature of the gas
in the cylinder is accurately measured.
Uses
Breathing sets
A breathing set cylinder may be filled to its working pressure by decanting from larger (often 50 litre)
cylinders. (To make this easy the neck of the cylinder of the Siebe Gorman Salvus rebreather had the same
thread as an oxygen storage cylinder, but the opposite gender, for direct decanting.) The storage cylinders are
available in a variety of sizes, typically from 50 litre internal capacity to well over 100 litres.[3]
In the more general case a high pressure hose known as a filling whip is used to connect the filling panel or
storage cylinder to the receiving cylinder.
Cascade filling is often used for partial pressure blending of breathing gas mixtures for diving, to economize
on the relatively expensive oxygen, for nitrox, and the even more expensive helium in trimix or heliox
mixtures.[2]
Compressed natural gas fueling
Cascade storage is used at compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling stations. Typically three CNG tanks will be
used, and a vehicle will first be fueled from one of them, which will result an incomplete fill, perhaps to 2000
PSI for a 3000 PSI tank. The second and third tanks will bring the vehicle's tank closer to 3000 PSI. The
station normally has a compressor, which refills the station's tanks, using natural gas from a utility line. This
prevents accidentally overfilling the tank, which could happen with a system using a single fueling tank at a
higher pressure than the target pressure for the vehicle.
Hydrogen storage
In cascade storage systems for hydrogen storage, as for example at hydrogen stations, fuel dispenser A draws
hydrogen from tank A, while dispenser B draws fuel from hydrogen tank B. If dispenser A is over-utilized,
tank A will become depleted before tank B. At this point the dispenser A is switched to tank C. Tank C will
then supply dispenser A and B and tank A until tank A is filled to the same pressure as tank B and the
dispensers are disconnected, after which the control system will close the control valves to switch to its former
state. [4]
Arrangement of system
The storage cylinders may be used independently in sequence using a portable transfer whip with a pressure
gauge and manual bleed valve, to transfill the receiving cylinder until the appropriate fill pressure has been
reached, or the storage cylinders may be connected to a manifold system and a filling control panel with one or
more filling whips.
Ideally each storage cylinder has an independent connection to the
filling panel with a contents pressure gauge and supply valve
dedicated to that cylinder, and a filling gauge connected to the filling
whip, so the operator can see at a glance the next higher storage
cylinder pressure compared to the receiving cylinder pressure.
The storage cylinders may be filled remotely and connected to the
manifold by a flexible hose when in use, or may be permanently
connected and refilled by a compressor through a dedicated filling
system, which may be automated or manually controlled.
An over-pressure safety valve is usually installed inline between the
compressor and the storage units to protect the cylinders from
overfilling, and each cylinder may also be protected by a rupture disc.
Schematic diagram of a simple
References cascade filling system
1. Millar IL; Mouldey PG (2008). "Compressed breathing air –
the potential for evil from within" (http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7964). Diving and
Hyperbaric Medicine. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society. 38: 145–51. Retrieved
2009-02-28.
2. Harlow, V (2002). Oxygen Hacker's Companion. Airspeed Press. ISBN 0-9678873-2-1.
3. Specialty Gas Cylinder Dimensions (http://www.airproducts.com/NR/rdonlyres/7CCE748B-35B
A-45B2-93D4-48AE3D3EEDF3/0/reference_cylinder_information.pdf) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20080911020423/http://www.airproducts.com/NR/rdonlyres/7CCE748B-35BA-4
5B2-93D4-48AE3D3EEDF3/0/reference_cylinder_information.pdf) September 11, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine Air Products
4. Hydrogen Fueling Station Pag 4. (http://www.hydrogencontest.org/pdf/UMissouri_2004.pdf)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070726054204/http://www.hydrogencontest.org/pdf/U
Missouri_2004.pdf) July 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Broken link
External links
Media related to Cascade filling system at Wikimedia Commons
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