Models of

Communication
Prepared by:

Viel Marie V. Gabionza

You are a Korean popstar who is promoting an album in
the Philippines. You are not good in English. During a
break from your rehearsal, you ask a Filipino crew for
rice with your bulgogi (Korean beef dish). “Do you have
bop?”, you ask. But he hears “pop” and mistakes it with
pop cola, pop star or popcorn.
1. What is the Message?
2. Who is the Sender?
3. Who is the Receiver?
4. What communication Channel is used?
5. What do you think is the Barrier in this
communication context?
ANSWERS
1. What is the Message?
“Do you have bop?”
2. Who is the Sender?
Korean popstar (Me)
3. Who is the Receiver?
Filipino crew
4. What communication Channel is used?
Verbal (spoken), Non-verbal (hand gestures,
facial expression)
5. What do you think is the Barrier in this
communication context?
(vocabulary, background)
What is a model?
Model
 represents a
concept/idea

 facilitates understanding
3 Types of Communication
Model

❖ Linear
❖ Transactional
❖ Interactive
Linear Communication Model
Transactional Communication
Model
Interactive Communication
Model
Prominent scholars proposed
Communication Models.

1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

2. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication
3. Osgood and Schramm Model of
Communication
4. Barnlund’s Model of Communication
5. White’s Model of Communication
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
Aristotle’s Model Of
Communication
Aristotle
-He was the teacher
of Alexander the
great
Aristotle
-He studied physics,
logic, mathematics
etc.
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication was
developed while Aristotle
was exploring the human
nature
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication was
proposed before 300 B.C.
5 Basic Elements in
Aristotle’s Model
• Speaker
• Speech
• Occasion
• Audience
• Effect
Key Features of
Aristotle’s Model:
Speaker plays an
important role in Public
Speaking.
Key Features of
Aristotle’s Model:

Speaker must prepare

his speech.
Key Features of
Aristotle’s Model:

Speaker analyses his

audience before
delivering the speech.
Key Features of
Aristotle’s Model:

The speaker must have

an effect to the
audience.
Key Features of
Aristotle’s Model:

This
is a linear type of
model.
Criticisms on
Aristotle’s Model:

There is no concept of
feedback.
Therefore, it is one way
communication.
Criticisms on
Aristotle’s Model:

There
is no concept of
communication failure.
Criticisms on
Aristotle’s Model:

This
can only be used in
public speaking.
Sample Situation for
Aristotle’s Model:
Example:
Alexander gave a brave speech to his soldiers in
the war field to defeat Persian Empire.
Alexander war to defeat Persia
soldiers
his invasion

speaker speech occasion audience effect

Shannon-Weaver’s
Model of Communication
Shannon and Weaver
Model of Communication
Shannon

• Shannon was an
American Mathematician
and Electronic engineer
Weaver

• Weaver was an
American scientist.
Shannon and Weaver
• They worked together to write
an article in “Bell System
Technical Journal” called “A
Mathematical Theory of
Communication”
• Also called the “Shannon-
Weaver model of
communication”
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
Sender : the information
source who makes the
message, chooses the
channel and sends the
message
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Encoder : The transmitter

which converts the
message into signals
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Channel: the medium used to

send the message
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Decoder : The reception

place of the signal which
converts signals into
message
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Receiver : The destination of

the message from sender
Basic Elements of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Noise: This is the physical

disturbances which does
not let the message get to
the receiver
Key Features of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

 Removing the Noise or its

source will make the
communication effective
Key Features of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 This takes the communication
a two way process which makes
the model applicable in general
communication.
Key Features of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 Communication is taken as
quantifiable in Shannon Weaver
model.
Key Features of
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

 This is a linear type of model.

Criticism on
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 Itcan be applied more for
interpersonal communication
than in group or mass
communication.
Criticism on
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 Receiverplays a passive part as
sender plays the primary role
that sends the message.
Criticism on
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 It
is taken by some critics as
misleading representation of the
nature of communication as
human communication is not
mathematical
Sample Situation for Shannon
and Weaver’s Model:
Example:
Andrew makes a call to his friend Jenny. “Are
you free today?”, Andrew asks excitedly. But
the signal in his house was so poor that Jenny
can hardly hear him, “A-r-r..yo- - f…”.
Confused, Jenny replies, “Say that again.”
Sample Situation for Shannon
and Weaver’s Model:
Sender: Andrew
Encoder: Andrew’s Cellular Phone
Channel: Aerial transmission
Noise: Poor signal
Decoder: Jenny’s Cellular Phone
Receiver: Jenny
Osgood-Schramm’s Model of
Communication
Osgood and Schramm Model
of Communication
Osgood
• Osgood was a distinguished
American psychologist who
developed a technique for
measuring the connotative
meaning of concepts, known
as the semantic differential.
Schramm

• Schramm is one of the

founding fathers of
Mass Communication
Basic Elements of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
Encoder (sender): sends
the message
Basic Elements of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model

Decoder (Receiver):
receives the message
Basic Elements of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model

Signal: the message

Basic Elements of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
Field of Experience: The
backgrounds, beliefs,
experiences, and values
that influence how the
sender conveys a message
and how the receiver
interprets it.
Key Features of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 Communication is circular, not
linear. The listener can both
receive and send message.
Key Features of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 Communication is usually
equal and reciprocal.
Key Features of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 There is a lot of interpretation
involved when receiving a
message.
Key Features of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 Communication requires three
steps: Encoding, Decoding and
Interpreting a message.
Key Features of
Osgood and Schramm’s Model

 This an interactive type of

model.
Criticisms on
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 Doesn’t
recognize that
communication can be
unequal
Criticisms on
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
 Doesn’t
work for mass
communication
Criticisms on
Osgood and Schramm’s Model

There is no concept of Noise.

Sample Situation for
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
Example:
You haven't talked to your best friend in a while so you decide to call her
on your drive home from work.

You: Hi baks! Wazzup?

BF: Well, I had a hell week.
You: Ooh, nooo? Is it still because of the bossy thingy you were telling
me last time?
BF: Exactly! He has been giving me tons of work lately.
You: Hmmm..I guess…this is it for you, baks! Aja!
BF: hahahahaha! No way! He is not my type!
Sample Situation for
Osgood and Schramm’s Model
Sender: You/your best friend
Signal: updates about you and your best
friend
Decoder: You/your best friend
Field of Experience: Since you are best
friends, you already know words that only
both of you understand.
White’s Model of
Communication
Edmund White

•He has spent his life

teaching, analyzing
and criticizing rhetoric
White’s Model of
Communication
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Thinking – a desire, feeling,
or an emotion provides a
speaker a stimulus to
communicate
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Symbolizing – before he
can utter sounds, a
speaker has to know
the code of oral
language with which to
represent his ideas
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Expressing – the speaker then
uses his vocal mechanism
to produce the sounds
of language accompanied
by facial expressions,
gestures, and body stance
Basic Elements of
White’s Model

Transmitting – the use of his

vocal mechanism
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Receiving- the sound
waves reaches the
listener
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Decoding – the listener
interprets the language
symbols he receives and
thinks further
Basic Elements of
White’s Model
Feedbacking – the listener
may manifest overt
behavior like a nod,
smile, or yawn or he
may not show any
behavior at all
Basic Elements of
White’s Model

Monitoring – the speaker

watches for signs of
reception or understanding
of his message and adjusts
Key Features of
White’s Model
 Implies a step-by-step
sequence that starts with
thinking in the speaker and
ends with monitoring with the
speaker.
Key Features of
White’s Model
 Communication is a repetitive,
cyclical event but the dynamic
quality of interaction is not
depicted.
Key Features of
White’s Model

 This is an interactive type of

model.
Criticism on
White’s Model

 It starts with thinking in the

speaker and ends with
monitoring with the speaker.
Criticism on
White’s Model

 Receiverplays a passive part as

sender plays the primary role
that sends the message.
Criticism on
White’s Model

 Thespeaker is the originator of

the communication process.
Criticism on
White’s Model

 The listener is a passive

reactor.
Criticism on
White’s Model

 There is no concept of Noise.

Sample Situation for
White’s Model
Example:
Your Statistics teacher is teaching you the concept of
MEAN, MEDIAN and MODE.
Teacher: Okay, let us see if you remember anything from
the discussion. Anna, using your own words,
what is Mean?
Anna: (freezes)
Teacher: Okay, use your life line. Call a friend.
Sample Situation for
White’s Model
Thinking: The teachers desires to teach
Symbolizing: The teacher uses
language appropriate for the level
of his students
Sample Situation for
White’s Model

Expressing: The speaker starts

teaching
Transmitting: The teacher uses his
voice to relay his message
Sample Situation for
White’s Model

Feed backing: The student freezes

after being called
Monitoring: The teacher realizes
that the student doesn’t
know the answer so he
changes his strategy
Barnlund’s Model of
Communication
Barnlund’s Model of
Communication
Dean Barnlund

• His interest focused on art,

architecture, psychology and
interpersonal communication
into a perspective that will give
a fresh look at human
interaction, especially across
cultures.
Dean Barnlund

• One of the authors of Basics of

Intercultural Communication
Basic Elements of
Barnlund’s Model

Sender
Channel
Receiver
Feedback
Noise
Field of Experience
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 States that giving
and receiving messages is
reciprocal
 Meaning both communicators (the
sender and the receiver) are
responsible of the effect and
effectiveness of the
communication
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 There is collaborative
exchange of messages.
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 Communication is more
interactive.
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 Noise is present in every part of
the process.
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 This is a transactional type of
model.
Criticism on
Barnlund’s Model
 Barnlund’s Model is very
complex.
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 Boththe sender and receiver
must understand the codes sent
by the other.
Key Features of
Barnlund’s Model
 Thismodel gives an opportunity
for a lot of Noise because
communication is simultaneous.
Sample Situation for
Barnlund’s Model
Example:
(At school. The morning after Rolly's birthday
party)
Gio: Last night i saw...
Jun: Oh yeah. Last night was fun!
Gio: (in a soft voice) last night was scary...
Jun: crazy?
Gio: No, I said scary. While taking a leak at
Rolly's backyard I saw this...this...
Jun: Man?
Gio: this...
Jun: You saw what?
Gio: This...thing. It was huge! And it has...
(Gio uses his arms to gesture a flying
movement)
Jun: Wings?! Oh! It must be Bagwis! Rolly has
an eagle pet. They placed it in a big
cage at their backyard.
(The two laugh.)
 Sample Situation for
Barnlund’s Model
Sender: Gio/Jun
Channel: Sound waves
Message: conversation about what happened during
Rolly’s party
Receiver: Gio/Jun
Field of Experience: Since they know each other, they
already know each other’s background.
Noise: Jun assumed that Gio was referring to the party
being fun.
Jun misheard “scary” with “crazy”.
References:
Anudin & Pena. (2016). Oral Communication.Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc

Bejosa, D. (2019). Definitions of Communication (PowerPoint slides).

Flores, R. (2016). Oral communication in context. Manila: Rex Book Store.

[Photograph of BTS member Jungkook speaking] (2020). Retrieved from

https://twitter.com/listenbts/status/1245639394897231878/photo/1

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication

https://www.communicationtheory.org/aristotle%E2%80%99s-communication-model/

https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-
communication/
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter
/3-2-the-communication-process-communication-in-the-real-
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https://study.com/academy/lesson/osgood-schramm-model-of-
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arnlund