TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume I:

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-1

ES.1 BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY

AVAILABLE (BPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-2

ES.2 BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

(BCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-2

ES.3 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY

ACHIEVABLE (BAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-2

ES.4 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (NSPS) . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-3

ES.5 PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

(PSES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary-3

ES.6 PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES (PSNS) . . . Executive Summary-3

Chapter 1 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.0 LEGAL AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1.1 Clean Water Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1.1.1 Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available
(BPT) – Sec.304(b)(1) of the CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1.1.2 Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (BCT) –
Sec. 304(b)(4) of the CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.1.1.3 Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) –
Sec. 304(b)(2) of the CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.1.1.4 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) – Sec. 306 of the
CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.1.1.5 Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) – Sec.
307(b) of the CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.1.1.6 Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS) –
Sec. 307(b) of the CWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.1.2 Section 304(m) Requirements and Litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.1.3 The Land Disposal Restrictions Program: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.1.3.1 Introduction to RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) . . 1-4
1.1.3.2 Overlap Between LDR Standards and the Centralized Waste
Treatment Industry Effluent Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

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1.2 CENTRALIZED WASTE TREATMENT INDUSTRY EFFLUENT GUIDELINE

RULEMAKING HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.2.1 January 27, 1995 Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.2.2 September 16, 1996 Notice of Data Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.2.3 January 13, 1999 Supplemental Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

Chapter 2 DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 PRELIMINARY DATA SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2 CLEAN WATER ACT SECTION 308 QUESTIONNAIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2.2.1 Development of Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.2 Distribution of Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.3 WASTEWATER SAMPLING AND SITE VISITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.3.1 Pre-1989 Sampling Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.3.2 1989-1997 Site Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.3.3 Sampling Episodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.3.3.1 Facility Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.3.3.2 Sampling Episodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.3.3.3 Metal-Bearing Waste Treatment and Recovery Sampling . . 2-11
2.3.3.4 Oily Waste Treatment and Recovery Sampling . . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.3.3.5 Organic-Bearing Waste Treatment and Recovery Sampling 2-12
2.3.4 1998 Characterization Sampling of Oil Treatment and Recovery
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

2.4 PUBLIC COMMENTS TO THE 1995 PROPOSAL , THE 1996 NOTICE OF DATA
AVAILABILITY, AND THE 1999 SUPPLEMENTAL PROPOSAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.5 ADDITIONAL DATA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

2.5.1 Additional Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.5.2 Laboratory Study on the Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Metals
Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

2.6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

Chapter 3 SCOPE/APPLICABILITY OF THE FINAL REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 APPLICABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1.1 Manufacturing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1.2 Pipeline Transfers (Fixed Delivery Systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.1.3 Product Stewardship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.1.4 Federally-Owned Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.1.5 Marine Generated Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
3.1.6 Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
3.1.7 Thermal Drying of POTW Biosolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

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3.1.8 Transporters and/or Transportation Equipment Cleaners . . . . . . . 3-15

3.1.9 Landfill Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
3.1.10 Incineration Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.1.11 Solids, Soils, and Sludges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.1.12 Scrap Metal Processors and Auto Salvage Operations . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.13 Transfer Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.14 Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.15 Waste, Wastewater, or Used Material Re-use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.1.16 Recovery and Recycling Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.1.17 Silver Recovery Operations from Used Photographic and X-Ray
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
3.1.18 High Temperature Metals Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
3.1.19 Solvent Recycling/Fuel Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
3.1.20 Re-refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
3.1.21 Used Oil Filter and Oily Absorbent Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
3.1.22 Grease Trap/Interceptor Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
3.1.23 Food Processing Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
3.1.24 Sanitary Wastes and/or Chemical Toilet Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
3.1.25 Treatability, Research and Development, and Analytical Studies . 3-25

Chapter 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 INDUSTRY SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.3 WATER USE AND SOURCES OF WASTEWATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4 VOLUME BY TYPE OF DISCHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4.5 OFF-SITE TREATMENT INCENTIVES AND COMPARABLE TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Chapter 5 INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 METHODOLOGY AND FACTORS CONSIDERED AS THE BASIS FOR

SUBCATEGORIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.2 SUBCATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5.3 SUBCATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5.3.1 Metals Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.3.2 Oils Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5.3.3 Organics Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.4 MULTIPLE WASTESTREAM SUBCATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5.5 OTHER REGULATORY OPTIONS CONSIDERED FOR THE OILS SUBCATEGORY . . . . 5-5

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5.5.1 Consideration of Regulatory Options on the Basis of Revenue . . . . 5-5

5.5.2 Consideration of Regulatory Options on the Basis of Flow . . . . . . 5-6
5.5.3 Consideration of Regulatory Options on the Basis of the RCRA
Classification of the Waste Receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

Chapter 6 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN FOR THE CENTRALIZED WASTE

TREATMENT INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN FOR THE METALS SUBCATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

6.3 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN FOR THE OILS SUBCATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

6.4 POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN FOR THE ORGANICS SUBCATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28

Chapter 7 POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1 TREATMENT CHEMICALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.2 NON-CONVENTIONAL BULK PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.3 POLLUTANTS NOT DETECTED AT TREATABLE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.4 POLLUTANTS NOT TREATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

7.5 VOLATILE POLLUTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

7.6 POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR PRETREATMENT STANDARDS AND

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES (INDIRECT DISCHARGERS ) . . 7-13
7.6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13
7.6.2 Determination of Percent Removals for Well-Operated POTWs . . 7-13
7.6.3 Methodology for Determining Treatment Technology Percent
Removals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
7.6.4 Pass-Through Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
7.6.4.1 Pass-Through Analysis Results for the Metals Subcategory 7-20
7.6.4.2 Pass-Through Analysis Results for the Oils Subcategory . . 7-22
7.6.4.3 Pass-Through Analysis Results for the Organics
Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24

7.7 FINAL LIST OF POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

7.7.1 Direct Dischargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
7.7.2 Indirect Dischargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

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Chapter 8 WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.1 TECHNOLOGIES CURRENTLY IN USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.2 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

8.2.1 Best Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.2.2 Physical/Chemical/Thermal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.2.2.1 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.2.2.2 Neutralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.2.2.3 Flocculation/Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.2.2.4 Emulsion Breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
8.2.2.5 Gravity Assisted Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
1. GRAVITY OIL/WATER SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
2. CLARIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
3. DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
8.2.2.6 Chromium Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
8.2.2.7 Cyanide Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
8.2.2.8 Chemical Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
8.2.2.9 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-24
1. SAND FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-24
2. MULTIMEDIA FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25
3. PLATE AND FRAME PRESSURE FILTRATION . . . . . . . . 8-26
4. MEMBRANE FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
A. ULTRAFILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
B. REVERSE OSMOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
5. LANCY FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30
8.2.2.10 Carbon Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33
8.2.2.11 Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-35
8.2.2.12 Electrolytic Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36
8.2.2.13 Stripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-39
1. AIR STRIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-39
8.2.2.14 Liquid Carbon Dioxide Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-41
8.2.3 Biological Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-41
8.2.3.1 Sequencing Batch Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-43
8.2.3.2 Attached Growth Biological Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . 8-45
1. TRICKLING FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-45
2. BIOTOWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-47
8.2.3.3 Activated Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-47
8.2.4 Sludge Treatment and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-51
8.2.4.1 Plate and Frame Pressure Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-52
8.2.4.2 Belt Pressure Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-54
8.2.4.3 Vacuum Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-54
8.2.4.4 Filter Cake Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-57
8.2.5 Zero or Alternate Discharge Treatment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-57

8.3 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-59

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Chapter 9 REGULATORY OPTIONS CONSIDERED AND SELECTED FOR

BASIS OF REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF BPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.1.1 Technological Options Considered as the Basis for the Metals
Subcategory Limitations and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
9.1.1.1 Rationale for the Final Metals Subcategory BPT
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
9.1.2 Technological Options Considered as the Basis for the Oils
Subcategory Limitations and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
9.1.2.1 Rationale for the Oils Subcategory BPT Limitations . . . . . . 9-8
9.1.3 Technological Options Considered as the Basis for the Organics
Subcategory Limitations and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
9.1.3.1 Rationale for the Organics Subcategory BPT Limitations . 9-10
9.1.4 Rationale for Multiple Wastestream Subcategory BPT Limitations 9-11

9.2 BEST CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY (BCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

9.3 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

9.4 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (NSPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

9.5 PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES (PSES) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

9.6 PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES (PSNS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

Chapter 10 DATA CONVENTIONS AND CALCULATIONS OF LIMITATIONS

AND STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.1 FACILITY SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.1.1 Selection of Facilities for More than One Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.1.2 Data from a Facility for More than One Time Period . . . . . . . . . 10-2
10.1.3 Data from a Facility for the Same Time Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
10.1.4 Different Treatment Trains at a Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

10.2 SAMPLE POINT SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

10.2.1 Effluent Sample Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
10.2.2 Influent Sample Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
10.2.3 Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

10.3 DETERMINATION OF BATCH AND CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

10.4 DATA SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

10.4.1 Data Exclusions and Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
10.4.1.1 Operational Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5
10.4.1.2 Treatment Not Reflective of BPT/BCT/BAT Treatment . . . 10-5

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10.4.1.3 Exclusions to EPA Sampling Data Based Upon the

Availability of the Influent and Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
10.4.1.4 More Reliable Results Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
10.4.1.5 Data from the Facilities Which Accepted Waste from More
than One Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
10.4.1.6 Data Collected by EPA and the Facility on the Same Day 10-8
10.4.1.7 Substitution Using the Baseline Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
10.4.1.8 Corrections to the Database and Changes in Data
Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
10.4.2 Data Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
10.4.2.1 Aggregation of Field Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
10.4.2.2 Aggregation of Grab Samples and Multiple Daily Values 10-12
10.4.2.3 Aggregation of Data Across Streams (“Flow-
Weighting”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
10.4.3 Data Editing Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
10.4.3.1 Long-Term Average Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
10.4.3.2 Percent Removal Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
10.4.3.3 Evaluation of Self-Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
10.4.3.4 Examples of Applying Data Editing Criteria . . . . . . . . . 10-17

10.5 DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM AVERAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19

10.5.1 Estimation of Facility-Specific Long-Term Averages . . . . . . . . . 10-20
10.5.2 Estimation of Pollutant-Specific Long-Term Averages . . . . . . . . 10-20
10.5.3 Baseline Values Substituted for Long-Term Averages . . . . . . . . 10-20

10.6 DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABILITY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

10.6.1 Basic Overview of the Modified Delta-Lognormal Distribution . 10-21
10.6.2 Continuous and Discrete Portions of the Modified
Delta-Lognormal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24
10.6.3 Combining the Continuous and Discrete Portions of the Modified
Delta-Lognormal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24
10.6.4 Estimation Under the Modified Delta-Lognormal Distribution . . 10-25
10.6.5 Estimation of Facility-Specific Variability Factors . . . . . . . . . . . 10-27
10.6.5.1 Facility Data Set Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-27
10.6.5.2 Estimation of Facility-Specific Daily Variability Factors 10-28
10.6.5.3 Estimation of Facility-Specific Monthly Variability
Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
10.6.5.4 Evaluation of Facility-Specific Variability Factors . . . . 10-33
10.6.6 Estimation of Pollutant-Specific Variability Factors . . . . . . . . . 10-33
10.6.7 Cases when Pollutant-Specific Variability Factors Could Not Be
Calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34
10.6.7.1 Group-Level Variability Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35
10.6.7.2 Organics Variability Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35

10.7 LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36

10.7.1 Steps Used to Derive Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
10.7.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

10.8 TRANSFERS OF LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

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10.8.1 Transfer of Oil and Grease Limitation for Metals Subcategory

from Option 4 to Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40
10.8.2 Transfer of Arsenic for Metals Subcategory from Option 1A to
Option 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41
10.8.3 Transfer of Lead for Metals Subcategory from Option 4 to
Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41
10.8.4 Transfers of Limitations from Other Rulemakings to CWT
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42
10.8.4.1 Transfer of BOD5 and TSS for the Organics Subcategory 10-42
10.8.4.2 Transfer of TSS for Option 4 of the Metals Subcategory . 10-44

10.9 LIMITATIONS FOR THE MULTIPLE WASTESTREAM SUBCATEGORY . . . . . . . . . 10-45

10.10 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-47

Chapter 11 COST OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

11.1 COSTS DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

11.1.1 Technology Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.1.2 Option Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
11.1.2.1 Land Requirements and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
11.1.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

11.2 PHYSICAL /CHEMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY COSTS . . . . . 11-5

11.2.1 Chemical Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
11.2.1.1 Selective Metals Precipitation – Metals Option 2 and 3 . . 11-5
11.2.1.2 Secondary Precipitation – Metals Option 2 and 3 . . . . . . 11-7
11.2.1.3 Tertiary Precipitation and pH Adjustment – Metals
Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
11.2.1.4 Primary Chemical Precipitation – Metals Option 4 . . . . 11-10
11.2.1.5 Secondary (Sulfide) Precipitation for Metals Option 4 . . 11-12
11.2.2 Plate and Frame Liquid Filtration and Clarification . . . . . . . . . 11-13
11.2.2.1 Plate and Frame Liquid Filtration Following Selective
Metals Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14
11.2.2.2 Clarification for Metals Options 2, 3, and 4 . . . . . . . . . 11-14
11.2.3 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
11.2.4 Air Stripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19
11.2.5 Multi-Media Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20
11.2.6 Cyanide Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
11.2.7 Secondary Gravity Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22
11.2.8 Dissolved Air Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23

11.3 BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

11.3.1 Sequencing Batch Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

11.4 SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

11.4.1 Plate and Frame Pressure Filtration – Sludge Stream . . . . . . . . 11-27

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11.4.2 Filter Cake Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-29

11.5 ADDITIONAL COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30

11.5.1 Retrofit Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30
11.5.2 Monitoring Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31
11.5.3 Land Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-32

11.6 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-42

11.7 SUMMARY OF COST OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43

11.7.1 BPT Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43
11.7.2 BCT/BAT Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43
11.7.3 PSES Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43

Chapter 12 POLLUTANT LOADING AND REMOVAL ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.2 DATA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.3 METHODOLOGY USED TO DEVELOP CURRENT LOADINGS ESTIMATES . . . . . . . 12-2

12.3.1 Current Loadings Estimates for the Metals Subcategory . . . . . . . 12-2
12.3.1.1 Raw Loadings for the Metals Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
12.3.1.2 Primary Precipitation with Solids-Liquid Separation
Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
12.3.1.3 Secondary Precipitation with Solids-Liquid Separation
Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
12.3.1.4 Technology Basis for the Option 4 Loadings . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
12.3.1.5 Selective Metals Precipitation (Option 3) Loadings . . . . . 12-8
12.3.2 Current Loadings Estimates for the Oils Subcategory . . . . . . . . . 12-9
12.3.2.1 Issues Associated with Oils Current Performance
Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.3.2.2 Estimation of Emulsion Breaking/Gravity Separation
Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
12.3.3 Organics Subcategory Current Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22

12.4 METHODOLOGY USED TO ESTIMATE POST-COMPLIANCE LOADINGS . . . . . . . 12-27

12.5 METHODOLOGY USED TO ESTIMATE POLLUTANT REMOVALS . . . . . . . . . . . 12-32

12.6 POLLUTANT LOADINGS AND REMOVALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-32

Chapter 13 NON-WATER QUALITY IMPACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

13.1 AIR POLLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

13.2 SOLID WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3

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13.3 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5

13.4 LABOR REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5

Chapter 14 IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.1 COMPLIANCE DATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.1.1 Existing Direct Dischargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.1.2 Existing Indirect Dischargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.1.1 New Direct or Indirect Dischargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.2 GENERAL APPLICABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.3 APPLICABLE WASTE STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.4 SUBCATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2

14.4.1 Metals Subcategory Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
14.4.2 Oils Subcategory Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
14.4.3 Organics Subcategory Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
14.4.4 Multiple Wastestream Subcategory Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4

14.5 FACILITY SUBCATEGORIZATION IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4

14.6 ON-SITE GENERATED WASTEWATER SUBCATEGORY DETERMINATION . . . . . . . 14-8

14.7 SUBCATEGORY DETERMINATION IN EPA QUESTIONNAIRE DATA BASE . . . . . . . 14-8

14.7.1 Wastes Classified in the Metals Subcategory - Questionnaire
Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8
14.7.2 Wastes Classified in the Oils Subcategory - Questionnaire
Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8
14.7.3 Wastes Classified in the Organics Subcategory - Questionnaire
Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8

14.8 ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR FACILITY DISCHARGES . . . 14-18

14.8.1 Implementation for Facilities in Multiple CWT Subcategories . . 14-18
14.8.1.1 Comply with Limitations or Standards for Subcategory
A, B or C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-19
14.8.1.2 Comply with Limitations or Standards for Subcategory D 14-20
14.8.1.2.1 EQUIVALENT TREATMENT
DETERMINATION FOR SUBCATEGORY
D............................. 14-22
14.8.2 Implementation for Facilities with Cyanide Subset . . . . . . . . . . 14-24
14.8.3 CWT Facilities Also Covered By Another Point Source
Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-24
14.8.3.1 Direct Discharging Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-24
14.8.3.2 Indirect Discharging Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-26

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14.8.3.3 Exceptions to Guidance Provided for CWT Facilities

Also Covered By Another Point Source Category . . . . . . 14-28
14.8.3.3.1 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
CLEANING (TEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-28
14.8.3.3.2 LANDFILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-28

Chapter 15 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND BASELINE VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

15.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

15.3 NOMINAL QUANTITATION LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2

15.4 BASELINE VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3

15.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5

15.5.1 Methods 1624, 1625, 1664 (Organics, HEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5
15.5.2 Method 413.1 (Oil and Grease) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5
15.5.3 Method 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5
15.5.4 Method 85.01 (Chlorinated Phenolics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6
15.5.5 Methods D4658 and 376.1 (Total Sulfide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7
15.5.6 Methods 410.1, 410.2, and 410.4 (COD and D-COD) . . . . . . . . . . 15-7
15.5.7 Method 420.2 (Total Phenols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8
15.5.8 Method 218.4 and 3500D (Hexavalent Chromium) . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8
15.5.9 Methods 335.2 (Total Cyanide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8
15.5.10 Methods 335.1, 353.2, and 353.3 (Nitrate/Nitrite) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9
15.5.11 Methods 350.1, 350.2, and 350.3 (Ammonia as Nitrogen) . . . . . . 15-9
15.5.12 Remaining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9

15.6 ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9

LIST OF DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Definitions-1

LIST OF ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Acronyms-1

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index-1

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Volume II:

Appendix A POLLUTANT GROUPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A-1

Appendix B DATA SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B-1

Appendix C LISTING OF DAILY INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT

MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C-1

Appendix D ATTACHMENTS TO CHAPTER 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix D-1

Appendix E LISTING OF POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND CAS

NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix E-1

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