I. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING 2.

It stimulates the various groups to examine their program to

determine how well they are meeting their problems.
 A participatory, systematic and sustained process of building
people’s organizations by enhancing the capabilities and 3. People are given the chance to study their problems, offer
resources of the people for the resolution of their issues and solutions and give a chance to plan for an action.
concerns.
4. As a result of this working together, a strong Unity and
 Heather Booth, founder of the Midwest Academy and coherence is developed
legendary community organizer, expressed the fundamentals
5. 5. Community organization sets up action pattern to solve
in this formula:
problems
OOO=Organizers Organize Organizations.
Basic methods and steps in community organization process:
 Community organizing is a long term approach where the
1. Fact Finding
people affected by an issue are supported in identifying
2. Determination of needs
problems and taking action to achieve solutions.
3. Program Formation
- Tactics and strategies. 4. Education and interpretation

- Helps to bring out many voices to add collective power and QUALITIES OF A GOOD ORGANIZER
strength to an issue.
 Imagination
- Key part of an overall strategy
 Sense of humor
- Help community residents develop the skills necessary to
 A vision of a better world
address their own issues.
 An organized personality
 At the heart of community organizing are inclusion, ownership
relationship building and leadership development  Strong ego/sense of oneself
 Individual vs. collective action (brain storming)  A free, open mind and political relativity
- community organizing looks at collective solutions (individual  Ability to create the new out of the old
& collective action)
PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZING
- many traditional agency responses look at individual
solutions.  Six stages of effective community organizing:

BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 1. Asses the community – know the community

1. It contributes to the establishment of an environment with 2. Create an action team- invite people
different community resources. 3. Develop an action plan – hold meetings/include timeline
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 4. Mobilize to action - Means of improving the health of the people
5. Implement The sequence of steps in health of the people include creating
awareness, motivation and decision making action to practice health
6. Evaluate
services
 Task we need to consider to mobilize to action
 Identify potential supporters by going door to door A. Informative

 Build a base of support in the community B. Communication

 Determine constituents and likely allies C. Education
 Contact constituents and meet with key members PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
 Make presentation
1. Health education considers the health status of the people
 Identify elected officials who you think will be supportive
2. Health education is learning
 Solicit advice of supportive politicians for more potential
3. Health education involves motivation, experience and change
contacts
in conduct and thinking
 Ask people to get involved – give them specific tasks
4. Should be recognized as a basic function of all health workers
 Once your group has identified its policy goals your
responsibility as the organizer is to keep the momentum of the 5. Takes place in the home, in the school and the community
group moving forward. To do this you should:
6. Is a cooperative effort (cooperation)

 Break large jobs into small tasks 7. Meets the needs, interests and problems of the people affected
 Get and keep your team members engaged, informed, 8. Is achieved by doing
involved, and in the spotlight 9. Is a slow continuous process
 Be responsive and reliable
10. Makes use of supplementary aids and devices
 Keep group focused and on tract
11. Utilizes community resources
 Don’t let opponents get your group off message or task
12. Is a creative process
HEALTH EDUCATION
13. Helps people attain health through their own effort
- Process by whereby knowledge, attitude and practice of people are 14. Makes careful evaluation of the planning, organization and
changed implementation of all health education programs and activities
- educate people

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Health education teaching methods and strategies: II. EPIDEMIOLOGY

 Interviewing – share something • Epidemiology is derived form of the Greek words “Epi” meaning
Upon/among; “Demos” meaning People/ district and “Logos”
 Counseling – request or suggestion
meaning Study or Knowledge of.
 Lecture- discussion
• From such origin, epidemiology is literally defined as “Study of
 Open-forum – question and answer what is upon the people.

 Workshop – hands-on e.g. livelihood • Defined as “The study of the distribution and determinants of
diseases and injuries in human populations”
 Case study – case in the community
• The goal of epidemiology is to limit disease, injury and death in a
 Role play community by intervening to prevent or limit outbreaks or
 Symposium - Several speakers discussing different topics epidemics of disease and injury.

 Group work- buzz sessions – group into small • John M. Lat defined epidemiology as the study of the distribution
and determinants of health related states or events in specified
 Community assembly populations and the application of this study to the control of
 Nominal group technique – nominal – “name” – brainy health problems.
storming. • Professionals involved in the area of epidemiology are known as
 Laboratory training epidemiologist

 Use of IEC (information, education and communications) HISTORY

materials as leaflets, brochure, comics handouts, flyers • The Greek physician Hippocrates was regarded as the
 Use of publication “Classical Father of Epidemiology” because he was the first
person known to have examined the relationships between
 Use of audio- visual aids, bulletin boards, billboards, posters disease occurrence and environmental influences. He coined
two important terms in epidemiology “epidemic” and “endemic”
 Use of IEC support as fans, umbrellas
• In the middle of the 16th century, a famous Italian doctor
named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first one who proposed a
theory that very small, unseeable live particles cause disease
and are able to spread via different modes of transmission that
can cause epidemics.
• Fracastoro’s theory was later proven through the invention of
microscope by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1675.

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 III. THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM MISSION: The mission of the DOH, in partnership with the people to
ensure equity, quality and access to health care:
Definition of terms
• by making services available
■ Health Care System - an organized plan of health services
• by arousing community awareness
■ Health Care Delivery- rendering health care services to the • by mobilizing resources
people • by promoting the means to better health

■ Health Care Delivery System- the network of health facilities VISION: Health is a basic human right. A continuum of services must
and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health be provided to assure the enjoyment of this right, especially the poor
care to the people
• right to be healthy
■ Philippine Health Care System- is a complex set of • right to live
organizations interacting to provide an array of health services
2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM
Levels of Health Care Facilities
1. Goals and objectives
■ Primary level
2. Organizational structure
3. Policies, thrusts and strategies - are the rural health units, their subcenters, chest clinics, malaria
4. National health plan eradication units, and schistosomiasis control units operated by the
DOH.
1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
- services offered to individuals in fair health and to patients with
The Department of Health Mandate
diseases in the early symptomatic stages.
■ Primary responsibility for formulation, planning,
■ Secondary level
implementation and coordination of policies and programs in
the field of health - the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals including emergency
and regional hospitals.
■ Primary function of the Department of Health is the promotion,
protection, preservation or restoration of the health of the - services offered to patients with symptomatic stages of disease
people which requires moderately specialized knowledge and technical
resources for adequate treatment.
■ Principal means via provision and delivery of health services
and through the regulation and encouragement of the ■ Tertiary level
providers of health goods and services
- are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by
medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized
national hospitals.

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 - services rendered to this level are for clients afflicted with ■ Local government- community organization (e.g. establishing
diseases which seriously threaten their health which requires highly barangay health network for health) can be worked out.
technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat ■ Social welfare - better housing
effectively.
■ Population control- promotion of responsible parenthood
Two- way Referral System through family planning services

■ A two way referral system needs to be established between ■ Private sector- increased employment is possible
each level of health facilities.

■ e.g. Barangay health worker refers cases to the rural health B. Intrasectoral Linkages - consist of pyramidal organization that
team, who in turn refer more serious cases to either district provides levels of services starting with primary health and
hospital, then to the provincial, regional or the whole health progressing to specialty care
care system

Multi- Sectoral Approach to Health

The level of health of a community is largely the result of combination

of factors.

A. Intersectoral Linkages

i. Agriculture
ii. Education
iii. Public Works
3. POLICIES, THRUST AND STRATEGIES
iv. Local government
a) Information education and communication programs will be
v. Social welfare implemented to raise the awareness of the public including
vi. Population control policymakers, program planners and decision-makers.
vii. Private sector b) An update of the legislative agenda for health nutrition and family
■ Agriculture- demonstrate to mothers better techniques and planning, and stronger advocacy for pending family planning- related
procedures for food preparation and preservation legislations will be pursued.

■ Education- the school is an effective venue for transmission of c) Integration of efforts in health, nutrition, and family planning sector
basic knowledge to the community. to maximize resources in the delivery of services through the
■ Public Works- construction of safe water supply facilities ang establishment of coordinative mechanisms at both the national and
better roads local levels.

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d) Partnership between the public and private sectors will be 1. Health Education and Communication Program
strengthened and institutionalized to effectively utilize and monitor
- Aims to improve the health behavior of the individual and family by
private resources for the sector.
teaching the practice of good health habits and personal hygiene
e) Enhancement of the status and role of women as program
- Educates/ informs public on health, health issues and health policies
beneficiaries and program implementers will be pursued to enable
through multiple communication channels
them to substantially participate in the dev't process.
- Provides training and seminars to health workers and seminar
4. NATIONAL HEALTH PLAN
■ Program Components
- The blue print which is followed by the DOH.
- production of IEC materials
- Defines the country's health problems, policy thrusts, strategies and
targets - family health education
PROGRAMS OF THE DOH - organized health education in hospitals
A. DOH programs for high- risk population - development of media plan in detail
B. Non- communicable disease control program - social preparation of community mobilization for health action during
and after promotion campaign period
C. Communicable disease related programs
2. Maternal and Child Health Program
D. Endemic communicable disease programs
- Aims to reduce the perinatal, infant, and young child (0-4) morbidity
and mortality, by providing a free basic prenatal, postnatal delivery
A. DOH programs for high- risk population care to mothers.

1. Health education and communication program - Includes the immediate newborn care and the early introduction of
breast- feeding
2. Maternal and child health program
■ Program Components
3. Family planning program
- maternal care- prenatal, natal and postnatal
4. Occupational health program
- immunization of pregnant mothers
5. Environmental health services program
- breast feeding promotion

- food supplementation

- health manpower training including HILOT training

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- health information, education & communication - industrial health

3. Family Planning Program - intrasectoral linkages and collaboration

- Directed towards improving family well-being by providing education - monitoring and evaluation
programs and services on all legally permissible and medically
- research
acceptable family planning programs.
5. Environmental Health Services Program
- Information and service are aimed towards helping Filipino couples
to arrive at a decision based on their moral, religious beliefs and - Aims to reduce the morbidity and mortality of water- borne and
capabilities to raise a healthy family sanitation related diseases like diarrhea, typhoid, dengue
fever, cholera and the like
Achieved through:
■ Program Components
- provision of adequate logistic support to different hospital, RHU's,
clinics and lying-in - inspection and supervision
- training of competent family planning personnel - surveillance and monitoring
- information, education, and communication - toilet construction
- researchers - health education
- monitoring and evaluation - research
4. Occupational Health Program - manpower training
- Includes all medical and dental services given to all workers through B. NON- COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
their place of employment
1. Cardiovascular disease control program
- Purpose: to conserve, restore the health of all laborers and
employees through early detection and prevention of occupational 2. Cancer control program
hazards and diseases brought about by these risky conditions 3. Nutrition program
■ Program Components 4. Mental health promotion
- Training 5. Dangerous drugs control program
- Data Gathering 6. Dental health program
- Implementation of occupational health laws

- health education

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1. Cardiovascular Disease Control Program 3. Nutrition Program

- The main goal is to reduce these diseases through control and - To improve the nutritional status of pre- schoolers and pregnant and
preventive measures, thus lowering the risk factors in developing lactating mothers
cardiovascular disease
- To prevent and relieve the prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition
- Use of anti- smoking campaign- "Yosi Kadiri“
(PEM), vit A deficiency, anemia, and goiter by effective growth
■ Program Components monitoring, nutrition education, food and nutrition supplementation
and rehabilitation of malnourished children
- clinic training
■ Program Components
- information, education, and communication
- clinic training
- supervisory training and mangerial dev’t
- information, education, and communication
- logistic support
- supervisory training and managerial development
- research and evaluation
- logistic support
- reporting system
- research and evaluation
2. Cancer Control Program
- reporting system
- Aims to provide the survival rate and the quality of survival of cancer
patients 4. Mental Health Promotion

- Undertaken to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality in the country - Aim is to implement and expand the outpatient services in all mental
health facilities in the country
■ Program Components
■ Program Components
- public information and health education
- clinical training
- cancer prevention and early detection
- information, education and communication
- cancer epidemiology and research
- supervisory training and managerial dev’t
- cancer care training
- logistic support
- cancer treatment
- research and evaluation
- cancer pain relief
- reporting system

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5. Dangerous Drugs Control Program C. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE RELATED PROGRAMS

- Aim is to control illicit trafficking of drugs and abuse of drugs, 1. Expanded immunization program
primarily in the youth 2. Control of acute respiratory infection program
3. Diarrheal disease Control program
- Assisting drug victims to recover from physical and mental effects of
4. Tuberculosis control program
dangerous drugs
5. STD control program
■ Program Components
1. Expanded Immunization Program
- preventive education and training
 PD 996 states that all children eight years and below must
- treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and dependents have a compulsory basic immunization

- control, regulation and intelligence  Aims to protect children from the seven immunizable diseases
by providing specific vaccines
- research and statistics a. BCG- for tuberculosis
- logistic support b. DPT- for diptheria, pertussis & tetanus
c. OPV- for poliomyelitis
- staff training d. Hepa B- for hepatitis B
6. Dental Health Program e. Measles vaccine- for measles

- Aims to promote the oral health status of mothers and children by  Pregnant mothers are also given Tetanus Toxoid to protect
providing preventive and curative dental services thereby contributing both the mother and the newborn from tetanus which may be
to the improvement of quality of life through the attainment of the acquired during delivery
highest possible level of oral health  Program Components
■ Program Components - immunization
- coverage
- curative and restorative services - schedule
- surveillance
- oral examination and prophylaxis
- supervision, monitoring
- extracting, filling and fluoridation - training and research
- health education/ information, education and
- dental manpower development
communication
- research - social mobilization
- community participation
- monitoring

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2. Control of Acute Respiratory Infection Program  Program Components
- management of cases
- designed to reduce the mortality rate of pneumonia among children
- health education/ information, education and
below five years
communication
- focuses on immunizable diseases such as measles, pertussis and
- manpower development
diptheria
- preventive components
- training
Program Components
- monitoring and evaluation
- case management
- research
- expanded immunization program
- promotion of breast- feeding 4. Tuberculosis Control Program
- improvement of weaning practices
- Aimed at facilitating access to anti- tuberculosis care/ services
- prenatal care
- Aims to reduce the transmission and occurrence of tuberculosis in
- health education
the country through:
- collaboration with GOs and NGOs a. Case finding by sputum microscopy
b. Providing of treatment for six months
- child targeted program integration
c. BCG immunization among all newborns
- training on clinics and supervisory skills d. Surveillance
e. Training
- research f. Supervision, monitoring and evaluation
- logistic support g. Research
h. Logistic support
- monitoring and evaluation
5. STD Control Program
3. Diarrheal Disease Control Program
- Aims to minimize the incidence and prevalence of STD and to
- Aims to control diarrhea and its complications among infants prevent the destructive after effect of the untreated disease on
and children thereby reducing the mortality and morbidity from newborn babies of afflicted pregnant mothers
dehydration

- The DOH personnel encourages the community on: Program Components

a. Early use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) known as - case finding
Oresol - case management
b. Environmental sanitation and intervention - training
c. Breast- feeding technique and correct weaning practices - reporting system
- monitoring
- Target population: under five age group - operations research

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D. ENDEMIC COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PROGRAMS -research

1. Schistosomiasis control program -monitoring and evaluation

2. Filariasis control program
3. Malaria Control Program
3. Malaria control program
4. AIDS control program - Aims to efface malaria causes in the country
5. Leprosy control program
- To eradicate the malaria mosquito vector in more areas through
prevention, malaria case finding and treatment coupled with mosquito
vector control
1. Schistosomiasis Control Program
■ Program Components
-Aims to reduce incidence and prevalence of schistosomiasis
- house spraying
■ Program Components
- case finding
- Case finding - treatment
- biological measures
- Treatment
- environmental management measures
- Health education - research and training
- Research and training - information, education, and communication
- Monitoring and evaluation
- Monitoring and evaluation - Technological supervision
- Logistic support - Logistic support
- Linkages with other government agencies and NGOs
- Snail control
4. AIDS Control Program
2. Filariasis Control Program
- Aims to control the spread of AIDS in the country
- Aims to reduce the prevalence rate in all sic provinces of Region V,
and other endemic provinces - Control measures: prevention, health education, etc.
■ Program Components ■ Program Components
-case finding - Surveillance / case study
-treatment - Health education
-house spraying - Rehabilitation
-training - Training
-health education - Evaluation
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- Bahay Lingap

5. Leprosy Control Program

- Undertaken to reduce the incidence and prevalence of leprosy in our

country

- Oversees leprosy case findings through the “kilatis Kutis” project

- Treatment through the multidrug therapy, and social rehabilitation

program, with emphasis on home-based treatment

■ Program Components

- case finding

- treatment

- multidrug therapy

- health education

-recording and reporting

- Supervision

- Monitoring and evaluation

- research

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