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Fire Protection and Prevention During

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 Fire Protection and Prevention (4 PDH)

§1926.150 Fire protection.

(a) General requirements. (1) The employer shall be responsible for the development of a fire protection
program to be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work, and he shall provide
for the firefighting equipment as specified in this subpart. As fire hazards occur, there shall be no delay in
providing the necessary equipment.

(2) Access to all available firefighting equipment shall be maintained at all times.

(3) All firefighting equipment, provided by the employer, shall be conspicuously located.

(4) All firefighting equipment shall be periodically inspected and maintained in operating condition. Defective
equipment shall be immediately replaced.

(5) As warranted by the project, the employer shall provide a trained and equipped firefighting organization
(Fire Brigade) to assure adequate protection to life.

(b) Water supply. (1) A temporary or permanent water supply, of sufficient volume, duration, and pressure,
required to properly operate the firefighting equipment shall be made available as soon as combustible
materials accumulate.

(2) Where underground water mains are to be provided, they shall be installed, completed, and made
available for use as soon as practicable.

(c) Portable firefighting equipment -- (1) Fire extinguishers and small hose lines. (i) A fire extinguisher,
rated not less than 2A, shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet of the protected building area, or major
fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall
not exceed 100 feet.

(ii) One 55-gallon open drum of water with two fire pails may be substituted for a fire extinguisher having a
2A rating.

(iii) A 1/2-inch diameter garden-type hose line, not to exceed 100 feet in length and equipped with a nozzle,
may be substituted for a 2A-rated fire extinguisher, providing it is capable of discharging a minimum of 5
gallons per minute with a minimum hose stream range of 30 feet horizontally. The garden-type hose lines
shall be mounted on conventional racks or reels. The number and location of hose racks or reels shall be
such that at least one hose stream can be applied to all points in the area.

(iv) One or more fire extinguishers, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided on each floor. In multistory
buildings, at least one fire extinguisher shall be located adjacent to stairway.

(v) Extinguishers and water drums, subject to freezing, shall be protected from freezing.

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(vi) A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 10B, shall be provided within 50 feet of wherever more than 5
gallons of flammable or combustible liquids or 5 pounds of flammable gas are being used on the jobsite. This
requirement does not apply to the integral fuel tanks of motor vehicles.

(vii) Carbon tetrachloride and other toxic vaporizing liquid fire extinguishers are prohibited.

(viii) Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected periodically and maintained in accordance with
Maintenance and Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. 10A-1970.

(ix) Fire extinguishers which have been listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, shall
be used to meet the requirements of this subpart.

(x) Table F-1 may be used as a guide for selecting the appropriate portable fire extinguishers.

View Image as PDF

(2) Fire hose and connections. (i) One hundred feet, or less, of 1 1/2-inch hose, with a nozzle capable of
discharging water at 25 gallons or more per minute, may be substituted for a fire extinguisher rated not
more than 2A in the designated area provided that the hose line can reach all points in the area.

(ii) If fire hose connections are not compatible with local firefighting equipment, the contractor shall provide
adapters, or equivalent, to permit connections.

(iii) During demolition involving combustible materials, charged hose lines, supplied by hydrants, water tank
trucks with pumps, or equivalent, shall be made available.

(d) Fixed firefighting equipment -- (1) Sprinkler protection. (i) If the facility being constructed includes the
installation of automatic sprinkler protection, the installation shall closely follow the construction and be
placed in service as soon as applicable laws permit following completion of each story.

(ii) During demolition or alterations, existing automatic sprinkler installations shall be retained in service as
long as reasonable. The operation of sprinkler control valves shall be permitted only by properly authorized
persons. Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited
so that the automatic protection may be returned to service as quickly as possible. Sprinkler control valves
shall be checked daily at close of work to ascertain that the protection is in service.

Page 2
(2) Standpipes. In all structures in which standpipes are required, or where standpipes exist in structures
being altered, they shall be brought up as soon as applicable laws permit, and shall be maintained as
construction progresses in such a manner that they are always ready for fire protection use. The standpipes
shall be provided with Siamese fire department connections on the outside of the structure, at the street
level, which shall be conspicuously marked. There shall be at least one standard hose outlet at each floor.

(e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be established by the
employer whereby employees on the site and the local fire department can be alerted for an emergency.

(2) The alarm code and reporting instructions shall be conspicuously posted at phones and at employee
entrances.

(f) Fire cutoffs. (1) Fire walls and exit stairways, required for the completed buildings, shall be given
construction priority. Fire doors, with automatic closing devices, shall be hung on openings as soon as
practicable.

(2) Fire cutoffs shall be retained in buildings undergoing alterations or demolition until operations necessitate
their removal.

[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 35162, June 30, 1993; 61 FR 31432, June 20, 1996]

§1926.151 Fire prevention.

(a) Ignition hazards. (1) Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or power purposes shall be installed
in compliance with the requirements of subpart K of this part.

(2) Internal combustion engine powered equipment shall be so located that the exhausts are well away from
combustible materials. When the exhausts are piped to outside the building under construction, a clearance
of at least 6 inches shall be maintained between such piping and combustible material.

(3) Smoking shall be prohibited at or in the vicinity of operations which constitute a fire hazard, and shall be
conspicuously posted: "No Smoking or Open Flame."

(4) Portable battery powered lighting equipment, used in connection with the storage, handling, or use of
flammable gases or liquids, shall be of the type approved for the hazardous locations.

(5) The nozzle of air, inert gas, and steam lines or hoses, when used in the cleaning or ventilation of tanks
and vessels that contain hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, shall be bonded to the
tank or vessel shell. Bonding devices shall not be attached or detached in hazardous concentrations of
flammable gases or vapors.

(b) Temporary buildings. (1) No temporary building shall be erected where it will adversely affect any means
of exit.

(2) Temporary buildings, when located within another building or structure, shall be of either noncombustible
construction or of combustible construction having a fire resistance of not less than 1 hour.

Page 3
(3) Temporary buildings, located other than inside another building and not used for the storage, handling,
or use of flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, explosives, or blasting agents, or similar
hazardous occupancies, shall be located at a distance of not less than 10 feet from another building or
structure. Groups of temporary buildings, not exceeding 2,000 square feet in aggregate, shall, for the
purposes of this part, be considered a single temporary building.

(c) Open yard storage. (1) Combustible materials shall be piled with due regard to the stability of piles and
in no case higher than 20 feet.

(2) Driveways between and around combustible storage piles shall be at least 15 feet wide and maintained
free from accumulation of rubbish, equipment, or other articles or materials. Driveways shall be so spaced
that a maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150 feet is produced.

(3) The entire storage site shall be kept free from accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials.
Weeds and grass shall be kept down and a regular procedure provided for the periodic cleanup of the entire
area.

(4) When there is a danger of an underground fire, that land shall not be used for combustible or flammable
storage.

(5) Method of piling shall be solid wherever possible and in orderly and regular piles. No combustible
material shall be stored outdoors within 10 feet of a building or structure.

(6) Portable fire extinguishing equipment, suitable for the fire hazard involved, shall be provided at
convenient, conspicuously accessible locations in the yard area. Portable fire extinguishers, rated not less
than 2A, shall be placed so that maximum travel distance to the nearest unit shall not exceed 100 feet.

(d) Indoor storage. (1) Storage shall not obstruct, or adversely affect, means of exit.

(2) All materials shall be stored, handled, and piled with due regard to their fire characteristics.

(3) Noncompatible materials, which may create a fire hazard, shall be segregated by a barrier having a fire
resistance of at least 1 hour.

(4) Material shall be piled to minimize the spread of fire internally and to permit convenient access for
firefighting. Stable piling shall be maintained at all times. Aisle space shall be maintained to safely
accommodate the widest vehicle that may be used within the building for firefighting purposes.

(5) Clearance of at least 36 inches shall be maintained between the top level of the stored material and the
sprinkler deflectors.

(6) Clearance shall be maintained around lights and heating units to prevent ignition of combustible
materials.

(7) A clearance of 24 inches shall be maintained around the path of travel of fire doors unless a barricade is
provided, in which case no clearance is needed. Material shall not be stored within 36 inches of a fire door
opening.

[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 51 FR 25318, July 11, 1986]

Page 4
§1926.152 Flammable and combustible liquids.

(a) General requirements. (1) Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and
handling of flammable and combustible liquids. Approved safety cans or Department of Transportation
approved containers shall be used for the handling and use of flammable liquids in quantities of 5 gallons or
less, except that this shall not apply to those flammable liquid materials which are highly viscid (extremely
hard to pour), which may be used and handled in original shipping containers. For quantities of one gallon or
less, the original container may be used, for storage, use and handling of flammable liquids.

(2) Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored in areas used for exits, stairways, or normally used
for the safe passage of people.

(b) Indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids. (1) No more than 25 gallons of flammable or
combustible liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet. For storage of liquefied
petroleum gas, see §1926.153.

(2) Quantities of flammable and combustible liquid in excess of 25 gallons shall be stored in an acceptable or
approved cabinet meeting the following requirements:

(i) Acceptable wooden storage cabinets shall be constructed in the following manner, or equivalent: The
bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of an exterior grade of plywood at least 1 inch in thickness,
which shall not break down or delaminate under standard fire test conditions. All joints shall be rabbeted and
shall be fastened in two directions with flathead wood screws. When more than one door is used, there shall
be a rabbeted overlap of not less than 1 inch. Steel hinges shall be mounted in such a manner as to not lose
their holding capacity due to loosening or burning out of the screws when subjected to fire. Such cabinets
shall be painted inside and out with fire retardant paint.

(ii) Approved metal storage cabinets will be acceptable.

(iii) Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering, "Flammable -- Keep Fire Away."

(3) Not more than 60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible liquids shall be stored in any one
storage cabinet. Not more than three such cabinets may be located in a single storage area. Quantities in
excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room.

(4)(i) Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their use. Such
construction shall comply with the test specifications set forth in Standard Methods of Fire Test of Building
Construction and Material, NFPA 251-1969.

(ii) Where an automatic extinguishing system is provided, the system shall be designed and installed in an
approved manner. Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight
raised sills or ramps at least 4 inches in height, or the floor in the storage area shall be at least 4 inches
below the surrounding floor. Openings shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. The room shall
be liquid-tight where the walls join the floor. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated
trench, inside of the room, which drains to a safe location. Where other portions of the building or other
buildings are exposed, windows shall be protected as set forth in the Standard for Fire Doors and Windows,
NFPA No. 80-1970, for Class E or F openings. Wood of at least 1-inch nominal thickness may be used for
shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations.

Page 5
(iii) Materials which will react with water and create a fire hazard shall not be stored in the same room with
flammable or combustible liquids.

(iv) Storage in inside storage rooms shall comply with Table F-2 following:

Table F-2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total
allowable
quantities
Fire protection provided Fire resistance Maximum size gals./sq.
ft./floor
area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes...................................... 2 hrs....................... 500 sq. ft................. 10
No....................................... 2 hrs....................... 500 sq. ft................. 4
Yes...................................... 1 hr........................ 150 sq. ft................. 5
No....................................... 1 hr........................ 150 sq. ft................. 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Fire protection system shall be sprinkler, water spray, carbon dioxide or other system approved by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory for this purpose.

(v) Electrical wiring and equipment located in inside storage rooms shall be approved for Class I, Division 1,
Hazardous Locations. For definition of Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations, see §1926.449.

(vi) Every inside storage room shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhausting system.
Such system shall commence not more than 12 inches above the floor and be designed to provide for a
complete change of air within the room at least 6 times per hour. If a mechanical exhausting system is used,
it shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the door. The ventilating equipment and any lighting
fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. An electric pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the switch
if flammable liquids are dispensed within the room. Where gravity ventilation is provided, the fresh air
intake, as well as the exhausting outlet from the room, shall be on the exterior of the building in which the
room is located.

(vii) In every inside storage room there shall be maintained one clear aisle at least 3 feet wide. Containers
over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other.

(viii) Flammable and combustible liquids in excess of that permitted in inside storage rooms shall be stored
outside of buildings in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.

(5) Quantity. The quantity of flammable or combustible liquids kept in the vicinity of spraying operations
shall be the minimum required for operations and should ordinarily not exceed a supply for 1 day or one
shift. Bulk storage of portable containers of flammable or combustible liquids shall be in a separate,
constructed building detached from other important buildings or cut off in a standard manner.

(c) Storage outside buildings. (1) Storage of containers (not more than 60 gallons each) shall not exceed
1,100 gallons in any one pile or area. Piles or groups of containers shall be separated by a 5-foot clearance.
Piles or groups of containers shall not be nearer than 20 feet to a building.

(2) Within 200 feet of each pile of containers, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach
of fire control apparatus.

(3) The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible spills away from buildings or other
exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb or earth dike at least 12 inches high. When curbs or dikes are

Page 6
used, provisions shall be made for draining off accumulations of ground or rain water, or spills of flammable
or combustible liquids. Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible to operation under
fire conditions.

(4) Outdoor portable tank storage: (i) Portable tanks shall not be nearer than 20 feet from any building. Two
or more portable tanks, grouped together, having a combined capacity in excess of 2,200 gallons, shall be
separated by a 5-foot-clear area. Individual portable tanks exceeding 1,100 gallons shall be separated by a
5-foot-clear area.

(ii) Within 200 feet of each portable tank, there shall be a 12-foot-wide access way to permit approach of
fire control apparatus.

(5) Storage areas shall be kept free of weeds, debris, and other combustible material not necessary to the
storage.

(6) Portable tanks, not exceeding 660 gallons, shall be provided with emergency venting and other devices,
as required by chapters III and IV of NFPA 30-1969, The Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.

(7) Portable tanks, in excess of 660 gallons, shall have emergency venting and other devices, as required by
chapters II and III of The Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, NFPA 30-1969.

(d) Fire control for flammable or combustible liquid storage. (1) At least one portable fire extinguisher,
having a rating of not less than 20-B units, shall be located outside of, but not more than 10 feet from, the
door opening into any room used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids.

(2) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B units shall be located not less
than 25 feet, nor more than 75 feet, from any flammable liquid storage area located outside.

(3) When sprinklers are provided, they shall be installed in accordance with the Standard for the Installation
of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13-1969.

(4) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C units shall be provided on
all tank trucks or other vehicles used for transporting and/or dispensing flammable or combustible liquids.

(e) Dispensing liquids. (1) Areas in which flammable or combustible liquids are transferred at one time, in
quantities greater than 5 gallons from one tank or container to another tank or container, shall be separated
from other operations by 25-feet distance or by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour.
Drainage or other means shall be provided to control spills. Adequate natural or mechanical ventilation shall
be provided to maintain the concentration of flammable vapor at or below 10 percent of the lower flammable
limit.

(2) Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when containers are
electrically interconnected (bonded).

(3) Flammable or combustible liquids shall be drawn from or transferred into vessels, containers, or tanks
within a building or outside only through a closed piping system, from safety cans, by means of a device
drawing through the top, or from a container, or portable tanks, by gravity or pump, through an approved
self-closing valve. Transferring by means of air pressure on the container or portable tanks is prohibited.

(4) The dispensing units shall be protected against collision damage.

Page 7
(5) Dispensing devices and nozzles for flammable liquids shall be of an approved type.

(f) Handling liquids at point of final use. (1) Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not
actually in use.

(2) Leakage or spillage of flammable or combustible liquids shall be disposed of promptly and safely.

(3) Flammable liquids may be used only where there are no open flames or other sources of ignition within
50 feet of the operation, unless conditions warrant greater clearance.

(g) Service and refueling areas. (1) Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in approved closed
containers, in tanks located underground, or in aboveground portable tanks.

(2) The tank trucks shall comply with the requirements covered in the Standard for Tank Vehicles for
Flammable and Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 385-1966.

(3) The dispensing hose shall be an approved type.

(4) The dispensing nozzle shall be an approved automatic-closing type without a latch-open device.

(5) Underground tanks shall not be abandoned.

(6) Clearly identified and easily accessible switch(es) shall be provided at a location remote from dispensing
devices to shut off the power to all dispensing devices in the event of an emergency.

(7)(i) Heating equipment of an approved type may be installed in the lubrication or service area where there
is no dispensing or transferring of flammable liquids, provided the bottom of the heating unit is at least 18
inches above the floor and is protected from physical damage.

(ii) Heating equipment installed in lubrication or service areas, where flammable liquids are dispensed, shall
be of an approved type for garages, and shall be installed at least 8 feet above the floor.

(8) There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas used for fueling, servicing fuel systems for
internal combustion engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids.

(9) Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted.

(10) The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation.

(11) Each service or fueling area shall be provided with at least one fire extinguisher having a rating of not
less than 20-B:C located so that an extinguisher will be within 75 feet of each pump, dispenser, underground
fill pipe opening, and lubrication or service area.

(h) Scope. This section applies to the handling, storage, and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a
flashpoint below 200 °F (93.33 °C). This section does not apply to:

(1) Bulk transportation of flammable and combustible liquids; and

(2) Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and containers connected with oil burning equipment.

Page 8
(i) Tank storage -- (1) Design and construction of tanks -- (i) Materials. (A) Tanks shall be built of steel
except as provided in paragraphs (i)(1)(i) (B) through (E) of this section.

(B) Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for installation underground or if required by the
properties of the liquid stored. Tanks located above ground or inside buildings shall be of noncombustible
construction.

(C) Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be designed to specifications embodying principles
recognized as good engineering design for the material used.

(D) Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing flammable or combustible liquids having a gravity of 40°
API or heavier. Concrete tanks with special lining may be used for other services provided the design is in
accordance with sound engineering practice.

(E) [Reserved]

(F) Special engineering consideration shall be required if the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored
exceeds that of water or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable or combustible liquids at a liquid
temperature below 0 °F.

(ii) Fabrication. (A) [Reserved]

(B) Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted, and caulked, brazed, or bolted, or constructed by use of a
combination of these methods. Filler metal used in brazing shall be nonferrous metal or an alloy having a
melting point above 1000 °F. and below that of the metal joined.

(iii) Atmospheric tanks. (A) Atmospheric tanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards of
design. Atmospheric tanks may be built in accordance with:

(1) Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Subjects No. 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable
and Combustible Liquids, 1968; No. 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids, Fifth Edition, December 1961; or No. 80, Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil-Burner
Fuel, September 1963.

(2) American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 12A, Specification for Oil Storage Tanks with Riveted Shells,
Seventh Edition, September 1951, or No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Third Edition, 1966.

(3) American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 12B, Specification for Bolted Production Tanks, Eleventh
Edition, May 1958, and Supplement 1, March 1962; No. 12D, Specification for Large Welded Production
Tanks, Seventh Edition, August 1957; or No. 12F, Specification for Small Welded Production Tanks, Fifth
Edition, March 1961. Tanks built in accordance with these standards shall be used only as production tanks
for storage of crude petroleum in oil-producing areas.

(B) Tanks designed for underground service not exceeding 2,500 gallons (9,462.5 L) capacity may be used
aboveground.

(C) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used as atmospheric tanks.

(D) Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage of a flammable or combustible liquid at a
temperature at or above its boiling point.

Page 9
(iv) Low pressure tanks. (A) The normal operating pressure of the tank shall not exceed the design pressure
of the tank.

(B) Low-pressure tanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable standards of design. Low-pressure tanks
may be built in accordance with:

(1) American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620. Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of
Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Third Edition, 1966.

(2) The principles of the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessels Code, 1968.

(C) Atmospheric tanks built according to Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., requirements in paragraph
(i)(1)(iii)(A) of this section and shall be limited to 2.5 p.s.i.g. under emergency venting conditions.

This paragraph may be used for operating pressures not exceeding 1 p.s.i.g.

(D) Pressure vessels may be used as low-pressure tanks.

(v) Pressure vessels. (A) The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not exceed the design pressure of
the vessel.

(B) Pressure vessels shall be built in accordance with the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 1968.

(vi) Provisions for internal corrosion. When tanks are not designed in accordance with the American
Petroleum Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.'s,
standards, or if corrosion is anticipated beyond that provided for in the design formulas used, additional
metal thickness or suitable protective coatings or linings shall be provided to compensate for the corrosion
loss expected during the design life of the tank.

(2) Installation of outside aboveground tanks. (i) [Reserved]

(ii) Spacing (shell-to-shell) between aboveground tanks. (A) The distance between any two flammable or
combustible liquid storage tanks shall not be less than 3 feet (0.912 m).

(B) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2)(ii)(C) of this section, the distance between any two adjacent
tanks shall not be less than one-sixth the sum of their diameters. When the diameter of one tank is less than
one-half the diameter of the adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than one-
half the diameter of the smaller tank.

(C) Where crude petroleum in conjunction with production facilities are located in noncongested areas and
have capacities not exceeding 126,000 gallons (3,000 barrels), the distance between such tanks shall not be
less than 3 feet (0.912 m).

(D) Where unstable flammable or combustible liquids are stored, the distance between such tanks shall not
be less than one-half the sum of their diameters.

(E) When tanks are compacted in three or more rows or in an irregular pattern, greater spacing or other
means shall be provided so that inside tanks are accessible for firefighting purposes.

Page 10
(F) The minimum separation between a liquefied petroleum gas container and a flammable or combustible
liquid storage tank shall be 20 feet (6.08 m), except in the case of flammable or combustible liquid tanks
operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. or equipped with emergency venting which will permit
pressures to exceed 2.5 p.s.i.g. in which case the provisions of paragraphs (i)(2)(ii) (A) and (B) of this
section shall apply. Suitable means shall be taken to prevent the accumulation of flammable or combustible
liquids under adjacent liquefied petroleum gas containers such as by diversion curbs or grading. When
flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the liquefied petroleum gas
containers shall be outside the diked area and at least 10 feet (3.04 m) away from the centerline of the wall
of the diked area. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when liquefied petroleum gas containers of 125
gallons (473.125 L) or less capacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 550 gallons (2,081.75 L)
or less capacity.

(iii) [Reserved]

(iv) Normal venting for aboveground tanks. (A) Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented to
prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sufficient to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or
exceeding the design pressure in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of filling or emptying, and
atmospheric temperature changes.

(B) Normal vents shall be sized either in accordance with: (1) The American Petroleum Institute Standard
2000 (1968), Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks; or (2) other accepted standard; or (3)
shall be at least as large as the filling or withdrawal connection, whichever is larger but in no case less than
1 1/4 inch (3.175 cm) nominal inside diameter.

(C) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be adequately vented to prevent development of pressure
or vacuum, as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature changes, from exceeding the
design pressure of the tank or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure from any
pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can exceed the design pressure
of the tank or vessel.

(D) If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or
withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow.

(E) Unless the vent is designed to limit the internal pressure 2.5 p.s.i. or less, the outlet of vents and vent
drains shall be arranged to discharge in such a manner as to prevent localized overheating of any part of the
tank in the event vapors from such vents are ignited.

(F) Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IA liquids shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be
normally closed except when venting to pressure or vacuum conditions. Tanks and pressure vessels storing
Class IB and IC liquids shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally closed except when
venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with approved flame arresters.

Exemption: Tanks of 3,000 bbls. (84 m 3) capacity or less containing crude petroleum in crude-producing
areas; and, outside aboveground atmospheric tanks under 1,000 gallons (3,785 L) capacity containing other
than Class IA flammable liquids may have open vents. (See paragraph (i)(2)(vi)(B) of this section.)

(G) Flame arresters or venting devices required in paragraph (i)(2)(iv)(F) of this section may be omitted for
Class IB and IC liquids where conditions are such that their use may, in case of obstruction, result in tank
damage.

Page 11
(v) Emergency relief venting for fire exposure for aboveground tanks. (A) Every aboveground storage tank
shall have some form of construction or device that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by
exposure fires.

(B) In a vertical tank the construction referred to in paragraph (i)(2)(v)(A) of this section may take the form
of a floating roof, lifter roof, a weak roof-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure relieving construction.
The weak roof-to-shell seam shall be constructed to fail preferential to any other seam.

(C) Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed upon pressure relieving devices, the total
venting capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent rupture of the shell or
bottom of the tank if vertical, or of the shell or heads if horizontal. If unstable liquids are stored, the effects
of heat or gas resulting from polymerization, decomposition, condensation, or self-reactivity shall be taken
into account. The total capacity of both normal and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that
derived from Table F-10 except as provided in paragraph (i)(2)(v) (E) or (F) of this section. Such device may
be a self-closing manhole cover, or one using long bolts that permit the cover to lift under internal pressure,
or an additional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area of the tank shall be calculated on the basis
of 55 percent of the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 percent of the total exposed area of a
horizontal tank and the first 30 feet (9.12 m) above grade of the exposed shell area of a vertical tank.

Table F-10_Wetted Area Versus Cubic Feet (Meters) Free Air Per Hour
[14.7 psia and 60 °F. (15.55 °C)]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Square Square
Square feet CFH (m\3\H) feet CFH feet CFH
(m\2\) (m\2\) (m\3\H) (m\2\) (m\3\H)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 (1.84) 21,100 200 (18.4) 211,000 1,000 524,000
(590.8) (5,908) (90.2) (14,672)
30 (2.76) 31,600 250 (23) 239,000 1,200 557,000
(884.8) (6,692) (110.4) (15,596)
40 (3.68) 42,100 300 (27.6) 265,000 1,400 587,000
(1,178.8) (7,420) (128.8) (16,436)
50 (4.6) 52,700 350 (32.2) 288,000 1,600 614,000
(1,475.6) (8,064) (147.2) (17,192)
60 (5.52) 63,200 400 (36.8) 312,000 1,800 639,000
(1,769.6) (8,736) (165.6) (17,892)
70 (6.44) 73,700 500 (46) 354,000 2,000 662,000
(2,063.6) (9,912) (180.4) (18,536)
80 (7.36) 84,200 600 (55.2) 392,000 2,400 704,000
(2,357.6) (10,976) (220.8) (19,712)
90 (8.28) 94,800 700 (64.4) 428,000 2,800 742,000
(2,654.4) (11,984) (257.6) (20,776)
100 (9.2) 105,000 800 (73.6) 462,000 and
(2,940) (12,936)
120 (11.04) 126,000 900 (82.8) 493,000 over
(3,528) (13,804)
140 (12.88) 147,000 1,000 524,000
(4,116) (90.2) (14,672)
160 (14.72) 168,000
(4,704)
180 (16.56) 190,000
(5,320)
200 (18.4) 211,000
(5,908)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(D) For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressure over 1 p.s.i.g., the total rate of venting shall be
determined in accordance with Table F-10, except that when the exposed wetted area of the surface is
greater than 2,800 square feet (257.6 m 2), the total rate of venting shall be calculated by the following
formula:

Page 12
 0.82
CFH = 1,107A

Where:

CFH = Venting requirement, in cubic feet (meters) of free air per hour.

A = Exposed wetted surface, in square feet (m 2).

0.82
Note: The foregoing formula is based on Q=21,000A .

(E) The total emergency relief venting capacity for any specific stable liquid may be determined by the
following formula:

V = 1337÷L√ M

V = Cubic feet (meters) of free air per hour from Table F-10.

L = Latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in B.t.u. per pound.

M = Molecular weight of specific liquids.

(F) The required airflow rate of paragraph (i)(2)(v) (C) or (E) of this section may be multiplied by the
appropriate factor listed in the following schedule when protection is provided as indicated. Only one factor
may be used for any one tank.

0.5 for drainage in accordance with paragraph (i)(2)(vii)(B) of this section for tanks over 200 square feet
(18.4 m 2) of wetted area.

0.3 for approved water spray.

0.3 for approved insulation.

0.15 for approved water spray with approved insulation.

(G) The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures
exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to prevent localized overheating of
any part of the tank, in the event vapors from such vents are ignited.

(H) Each commercial tank venting device shall have stamped on it the opening pressure, the pressure at
which the valve reaches the full open position, and the flow capacity at the latter pressure, expressed in
cubic feet (meters) per hour of air at 60 °F. (15.55 °C) and at a pressure of 14.7 p.s.i.a.

(I) The flow capacity of tank venting devices 12 inches (30.48 cm) and smaller in nominal pipe size shall be
determined by actual test of each type and size of vent. These flow tests may be conducted by the

Page 13
manufacturer if certified by a qualified impartial observer, or may be conducted by an outside agency. The
flow capacity of tank venting devices larger than 12 inches (30.48 cm) nominal pipe size, including manhole
covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be calculated provided that the opening pressure is actually
measured, the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are stated, the word "calculated" appears
on the nameplate, and the computation is based on a flow coefficient of 0.5 applied to the rated orifice area.

(vi) Vent piping for aboveground tanks. (A) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with paragraph
(c) of this section.

(B) Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I liquids are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they
shall be located so that the vapors are released at a safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet
(3.648 m) above the adjacent ground level. In order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be discharged
upward or horizontally away from closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable
vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least 5 feet (1.52 m) from building
openings.

(C) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure
limitations of the system, the vapors they may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are subject to
the same fire exposure.

(vii) Drainage, dikes, and walls for aboveground tanks -- (A) Drainage and diked areas. The area
surrounding a tank or a group of tanks shall be provided with drainage as in paragraph (i)(2)(vii)(B) of this
section, or shall be diked as provided in (i)(2)(vii)(C) of this section, to prevent accidental discharge of liquid
from endangering adjoining property or reaching waterways.

(B) Drainage. Where protection of adjoining property or waterways is by means of a natural or manmade
drainage system, such systems shall comply with the following:

(1) [Reserved]

(2) The drainage system shall terminate in vacant land or other area or in an impounding basin having a
capacity not smaller than that of the largest tank served. This termination area and the route of the drainage
system shall be so located that, if the flammable or combustible liquids in the drainage system are ignited,
the fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining property.

(C) Diked areas. Where protection of adjoining property or waterways is accomplished by retaining the liquid
around the tank by means of a dike, the volume of the diked area shall comply with the following
requirements:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2)(vii)(C)(2) of this section, the volumetric capacity of the diked
area shall not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released from the largest tank within
the diked area, assuming a full tank. The capacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall be
calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks other than the largest tank below the height of the dike.

(2) For a tank or group of tanks with fixed roofs containing crude petroleum with boilover characteristics, the
volumetric capacity of the diked area shall be not less than the capacity of the largest tank served by the
enclosure, assuming a full tank. The capacity of the diked enclosure shall be calculated by deducting the
volume below the height of the dike of all tanks within the enclosure.

(3) Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel, concrete or solid masonry designed to be liquidtight and
to withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls 3 feet (0.912 m) or more in height shall have a flat

Page 14
section at the top not less than 2 feet (0.608 m) wide. The slope of an earthen wall shall be consistent with
the angle of repose of the material of which the wall is constructed.

(4) The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to an average height of 6 feet (1.824 m) above interior
grade.

(5) [Reserved]

(6) No loose combustible material, empty or full drum or barrel, shall be permitted within the diked area.

(viii) Tank openings other than vents for aboveground tanks.

(A)-(C) [Reserved]

(D) Openings for gaging shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover.

(E) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so
designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity. A fill pipe entering the
top of a tank shall terminate within 6 inches (15.24 cm) of the bottom of the tank and shall be installed to
avoid excessive vibration.

(F) Filling and emptying connections which are made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a
location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) away from any building opening.
Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. The connection shall be properly identified.

(3) Installation of underground tanks -- (i) Location. Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be
made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of existing structures. Underground tanks or tanks
under buildings shall be so located with respect to existing building foundations and supports that the loads
carried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing Class I
liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not less than 1 foot (0.304 m), and to any
property line that may be built upon, not less than 3 feet (0.912 m). The distance from any part of a tank
storing Class II or Class III liquids to the nearest wall of any basement, pit or property line shall be not less
than 1 foot (0.304 m).

(ii) Depth and cover. Underground tanks shall be set on firm foundations and surrounded with at least 6
inches (15.24 cm) of noncorrosive, inert materials such as clean sand, earth, or gravel well tamped in place.
The tank shall be placed in the hole with care since dropping or rolling the tank into the hole can break a
weld, puncture or damage the tank, or scrape off the protective coating of coated tanks. Tanks shall be
covered with a minimum of 2 feet (0.608 m) of earth, or shall be covered with not less than 1 foot (0.304
m) of earth, on top of which shall be placed a slab of reinforced concrete not less than 4 inches (10.16 cm)
thick. When underground tanks are, or are likely to be, subject to traffic, they shall be protected against
damage from vehicles passing over them by at least 3 feet (0.912 m) of earth cover, or 18 inches (45.72
cm) of well-tamped earth, plus 6 inches (15.24 cm) of reinforced concrete or 8 inches (20.32 cm) of
asphaltic concrete. When asphaltic or reinforced concrete paving is used as part of the protection, it shall
extend at least 1 foot (0.304 m) horizontally beyond the outline of the tank in all directions.

(iii) Corrosion protection. Corrosion protection for the tank and its piping shall be provided by one or more of
the following methods:

(A) Use of protective coatings or wrappings;

Page 15
(B) Cathodic protection; or,

(C) Corrosion resistant materials of construction.

(iv) Vents. (A) Location and arrangement of vents for Class I liquids. Vent pipes from tanks storing Class I
liquids shall be so located that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the fill pipe opening,
and not less than 12 feet (3.648 m) above the adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward
in order to disperse vapors. Vent pipes 2 inches (5.08 cm) or less in nominal inside diameter shall not be
obstructed by devices that will cause excessive back pressure. Vent pipe outlets shall be so located that
flammable vapors will not enter building openings, or be trapped under eaves or other obstructions. If the
vent pipe is less than 10 feet (3.04 m) in length, or greater than 2 inches (5.08 cm) in nominal inside
diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a vacuum and pressure relief device or there shall be an
approved flame arrester located in the vent line at the outlet or within the approved distance from the
outlet.

(B) Size of vents. Each tank shall be vented through piping adequate in size to prevent blow-back of vapor
or liquid at the fill opening while the tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall be not less than 1 1/4 inch (3.175
cm) nominal inside diameter.

Table F-11_Vent Line Diameters

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pipe length \1\
Maximum flow GPM (L) --------------------------------------------------------
50 feet (15.2 m) 100 feet (30.4 m) 200 feet (60.8 m)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inches (cm) Inches (cm) Inches (cm)

1 1 1 1 100 (378.5)................................ 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/4\ (3.175)

200 (757).............................................. 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/4\ (3.175)
300 (1,135.5).......................................... 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/2\ (3.81)
400 (1,514)............................................ 1\1/4\ (3.175) 1\1/2\ (3.81) 2 (5.08)
500 (1,892.5).......................................... 1\1/2\ (3.81) 1\1/2\ (3.81) 2 (5.08)
600 (2,271)............................................ 1\1/2\ (3.81) 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08)
700 (2,649.5).......................................... 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08)
800 (3,028)............................................ 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08) 3 (7.62)
900 (3,406.5).......................................... 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08) 3 (7.62)
1,000 (3,785).......................................... 2 (5.08) 2 (5.08) 3 (7.62)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Vent lines of 50 ft. (15.2 m), 100 ft. (30.4 m), and 200 ft. (60.8 m) of pipe plus 7 ells.

(C) Location and arrangement of vents for Class II or Class III liquids. Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II
or Class III flammable liquids shall terminate outside of the building and higher than the fill pipe opening.
Vent outlets shall be above normal snow level. They may be fitted with return bends, coarse screens or other
devices to minimize ingress of foreign material.

(D) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with paragraph (3)(iv)(C) of this section. Vent pipes shall
be so laid as to drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They shall be located
so that they will not be subjected to physical damage. The tank end of the vent pipe shall enter the tank
through the top.

(E) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure
limitations of the system, the vapors they may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are filled
simultaneously.

(v) Tank openings other than vents. (A) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or liquid tight.

Page 16
(B) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid-tight cap or
cover. If inside a building, each such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor
release by means of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.

(C) Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only through the top. Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.

(D) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so
designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity by terminating within 6
inches (15.24 cm) of the bottom of the tank.

(E) Filling and emptying connections which are made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a
location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) away from any building opening.
Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. The connection shall be properly identified.

(4) Installation of tanks inside of buildings -- (i) Location. Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings
except as provided in paragraphs (e), (g), (h), or (i) of this section.

(ii) Vents. Vents for tanks inside of buildings shall be as provided in paragraphs (i)(2) (iv), (v), (vi)(B), and
(3)(iv) of this section, except that emergency venting by the use of weak roof seams on tanks shall not be
permitted. Vents shall discharge vapors outside the buildings.

(iii) Vent piping. Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.

(iv) Tank openings other than vents. (A) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or liquidtight.
Vents are covered in paragraph (i)(4)(ii) of this section.

(B) Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided
with an internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank. Such valves, when
external, and their connections to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteristics of the
liquid stored are incompatible with steel. When materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be
suitable for the pressures, structural stresses, and temperatures involved, including fire exposures.

(C) Flammable or combustible liquid tanks located inside of buildings, except in one-story buildings designed
and protected for flammable or combustible liquid storage, shall be provided with an automatic-closing heat-
actuated valve on each withdrawal connection below the liquid level, except for connections used for
emergency disposal, to prevent continued flow in the event of fire in the vicinity of the tank. This function
may be incorporated in the valve required in paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(B) of this section, and if a separate valve,
shall be located adjacent to the valve required in paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(B) of this section.

(D) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe (see paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(F) of this section),
shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. Each such opening shall be protected against liquid
overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.

(E) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so
designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity by terminating within 6
inches (15.24 cm) of the bottom of the tank.

(F) The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to avoid excessive vibration of the pipe.

Page 17
(G) The inlet of the fill pipe shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition
and not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) away from any building opening. The inlet of the fill pipe shall be closed
and liquidtight when not in use. The fill connection shall be properly identified.

(H) Tanks inside buildings shall be equipped with a device, or other means shall be provided, to prevent
overflow into the building.

(5) Supports, foundations, and anchorage for all tank locations -- (i) General. Tank supports shall be
installed on firm foundations. Tank supports shall be of concrete, masonry, or protected steel. Single wood
timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than
12 inches (30.48 cm) high at their lowest point.

(ii) Fire resistance. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected by materials having a fire resistance
rating of not less than 2 hours, except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches (30.48
cm) high at their lowest point. Water spray protection or its equivalent may be used in lieu of fire-resistive
materials to protect supports.

(iii) Spheres. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as spheres shall receive special
engineering consideration.

(iv) Load distribution. Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the excessive concentration of loads on
the supporting portion of the shell.

(v) Foundations. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of concrete, masonry, piling, or
steel. Tank foundations shall be designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to
minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the foundation.

(vi) Flood areas. Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected to flooding, the applicable
precautions outlined in this subdivision shall be observed.

(A) No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a flammable or combustible liquid shall be located so
that the allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established maximum flood stage, unless the tank
is provided with a guiding structure such as described in paragraphs (i)(5)(vi) (M), (N), and (O) of this
section.

(B) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided at locations where there is no ample and
dependable public water supply available for loading partially empty tanks with water.

(C) In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank so located that more than 70 percent, but less than
100 percent, of its allowable liquid storage capacity will be submerged at the established maximum flood
stage, shall be safeguarded by one of the following methods: Tank shall be raised, or its height shall be
increased, until its top extends above the maximum flood stage a distance equivalent to 30 percent or more
of its allowable liquid storage capacity: Provided, however, That the submerged part of the tank shall not
exceed two and one-half times the diameter. Or, as an alternative to the foregoing, adequate
noncombustible structural guides, designed to permit the tank to float vertically without loss of product, shall
be provided.

(D) Each horizontal tank so located that more than 70 percent of its storage capacity will be submerged at
the established flood stage, shall be anchored, attached to a foundation of concrete or of steel and concrete,
of sufficient weight to provide adequate load for the tank when filled with flammable or combustible liquid
and submerged by flood waters to the established flood stage, or adequately secured by other means.

Page 18
(E) [Reserved]

(F) At locations where there is no ample and dependable water supply, or where filling of underground tanks
with liquids is impracticable because of the character of their contents, their use, or for other reasons, each
tank shall be safeguarded against movement when empty and submerged by high ground water or flood
waters by anchoring, weighting with concrete or other approved solid loading material, or securing by other
means. Each such tank shall be so constructed and installed that it will safely resist external pressures due
to high ground water or flood waters.

(G) At locations where there is an ample and dependable water supply available, underground tanks
containing flammable or combustible liquids, so installed that more than 70 percent of their storage capacity
will be submerged at the maximum flood stage, shall be so anchored, weighted, or secured by other means,
as to prevent movement of such tanks when filled with flammable or combustible liquids, and submerged by
flood waters to the established flood stage.

(H) Pipe connections below the allowable liquid level in a tank shall be provided with valves or cocks located
as closely as practicable to the tank shell. Such valves and their connections to tanks shall be of steel or
other material suitable for use with the liquid being stored. Cast iron shall not be permitted.

(I) At locations where an independent water supply is required, it shall be entirely independent of public
power and water supply. Independent source of water shall be available when flood waters reach a level not
less than 10 feet (3.04 m) below the bottom of the lowest tank on a property.

(J) The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so located or so designed that pumping into tanks
may be carried on continuously throughout the rise in flood waters from a level 10 feet (3.04 m) below the
lowest tank to the level of the potential flood stage.

(K) Capacity of the pumping unit shall be such that the rate of rise of water in all tanks shall be equivalent to
the established potential average rate of rise of flood waters at any stage.

(L) Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically to insure that it is in satisfactory operating
condition.

(M) Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their foundations shall be so designed that there will
be no resistance to the free rise of a tank, and shall be constructed of noncombustible material.

(N) The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist lateral movement of a tank subject to a
horizontal force in any direction equivalent to not less than 25 pounds per square foot (1.05 kg m 2) acting
on the projected vertical cross-sectional area of the tank.

(O) Where tanks are situated on exposed points or bends in a shoreline where swift currents in flood waters
will be present, the structures shall be designed to withstand a unit force of not less than 50 pounds per
square foot (2.1 kg m 2).

(P) The filling of a tank to be protected by water loading shall be started as soon as flood waters reach a
dangerous flood stage. The rate of filling shall be at least equal to the rate of rise of the floodwaters (or the
established average potential rate of rise).

(Q) Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be available at all times to insure adequate power to fill
all tankage with water.

Page 19
(R) All valves on connecting pipelines shall be closed and locked in closed position when water loading has
been completed.

(S) Where structural guides are provided for the protection of floating tanks, all rigid connections between
tanks and pipelines shall be disconnected and blanked off or blinded before the floodwaters reach the bottom
of the tank, unless control valves and their connections to the tank are of a type designed to prevent
breakage between the valve and the tank shell.

(T) All valves attached to tanks other than those used in connection with water loading operations shall be
closed and locked.

(U) If a tank is equipped with a swing line, the swing pipe shall be raised to and secured at its highest
position.

(V) Inspections. The Assistant Secretary or his designated representative shall make periodic inspections of
all plants where the storage of flammable or combustible liquids is such as to require compliance with the
foregoing requirements, in order to assure the following:

(1) That all flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are in compliance with these requirements and so
maintained.

(2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly posted.

(3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instructions are thoroughly
informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these
requirements.

(vii) Earthquake areas. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and connections shall be designed
to resist damage as a result of such shocks.

(6) Sources of ignition. In locations where flammable vapors may be present, precautions shall be taken to
prevent ignition by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition. Sources of ignition may include open
flames, lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, hot surfaces, frictional heat, sparks (static, electrical, and
mechanical), spontaneous ignition, chemical and physical-chemical reactions, and radiant heat.

(7) Testing -- (i) General. All tanks, whether shop built or field erected, shall be strength tested before they
are placed in service in accordance with the applicable paragraphs of the code under which they were built.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code stamp, American Petroleum Institute (API)
monogram, or the label of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., on a tank shall be evidence of compliance
with this strength test. Tanks not marked in accordance with the above codes shall be strength tested before
they are placed in service in accordance with good engineering principles and reference shall be made to the
sections on testing in the codes listed in paragraphs (i)(1) (iii)(A), (iv)(B), or (v)(B) of this section.

(ii) Strength. When the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is such that when filled with liquid the static
head imposed upon the bottom of the tank exceeds 10 pounds per square inch (68.94 kPa), the tank and
related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a pressure equal to the static head thus imposed.

(iii) Tightness. In addition to the strength test called for in paragraphs (i)(7) (i) and (ii) of this section, all
tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness. Except for underground tanks, this tightness test shall
be made at operating pressure with air, inert gas, or water prior to placing the tank in service. In the case of
field-erected tanks the strength test may be considered to be the test for tank tightness. Underground tanks

Page 20
and piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use, shall be tested for tightness hydrostatically, or
with air pressure at not less than 3 pounds per square inch (20.68 kPa) and not more than 5 pounds per
square inch (34.47 kPa).

(iv) Repairs. All leaks or deformations shall be corrected in an acceptable manner before the tank is placed
in service. Mechanical caulking is not permitted for correcting leaks in welded tanks except pinhole leaks in
the roof.

(v) Derated operations. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design pressure may be tested by the
applicable provisions of paragraphs (i)(7) (i) or (ii) of this section, based upon the pressure developed under
full emergency venting of the tank.

(j) Piping, valves, and fittings -- (1) General -- (i) Design. The design (including selection of materials)
fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection of piping systems containing flammable or combustible liquids
shall be suitable for the expected working pressures and structural stresses. Conformity with the applicable
provisions of Pressure Piping, ANSI B31 series and the provisions of this paragraph, shall be considered
prima facie evidence of compliance with the foregoing provisions.

(ii) Exceptions. This paragraph does not apply to any of the following:

(A) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any piping connected directly thereto.

(B) Motor vehicle, aircraft, boat, or portable or stationary engines.

(C) Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and pressures vessel code.

(iii) Definitions. As used in this paragraph, piping systems consist of pipe, tubing, flanges, bolting, gaskets,
valves, fittings, the pressure containing parts of other components such as expansion joints and strainers,
and devices which serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing, metering, or
controlling flow.

(2) Materials for piping, valves, and fittings -- (i) Required materials. Materials for piping, valves, or fittings
shall be steel, nodular iron, or malleable iron, except as provided in paragraphs (j)(2) (ii), (iii) and (iv) of
this section.

(ii) Exceptions. Materials other than steel, nodular iron, or malleable iron may be used underground, or if
required by the properties of the flammable or combustible liquid handled. Material other than steel, nodular
iron, or malleable iron shall be designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as good
engineering practices for the material used.

(iii) Linings. Piping, valves, and fittings may have combustible or noncombustible linings.

(iv) Low-melting materials. When low-melting point materials such as aluminum and brass or materials that
soften on fire exposure such as plastics, or non-ductile materials such as cast iron, are necessary, special
consideration shall be given to their behavior on fire exposure. If such materials are used in above ground
piping systems or inside buildings, they shall be suitably protected against fire exposure or so located that
any spill resulting from the failure of these materials could not unduly expose persons, important buildings
or structures or can be readily controlled by remote valves.

(3) Pipe joints. Joints shall be made liquid tight. Welded or screwed joints or approved connectors shall be
used. Threaded joints and connections shall be made up tight with a suitable lubricant or piping compound.

Page 21
Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics of combustible materials for mechanical continuity of
piping shall not be used inside buildings. They may be used outside of buildings above or below ground. If
used above ground, the piping shall either be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting or the piping
system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from such disengagement could not unduly expose
persons, important buildings or structures, and could be readily controlled by remote valves.

(4) Supports. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage and
excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion, or contraction.

(5) Protection against corrosion. All piping for flammable or combustible liquids, both aboveground and
underground, where subject to external corrosion, shall be painted or otherwise protected.

(6) Valves. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the system properly and to
protect the plant. Piping systems in connection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves to
control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation and in the event of physical damage. Each connection
to pipelines, by which equipments such as tankcars or tank vehicles discharge liquids by means of pumps
into storage tanks, shall be provided with a check valve for automatic protection against backflow if the
piping arrangement is such that backflow from the system is possible.

(7) Testing. All piping before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use shall be hydrostatically tested to 150
percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110 percent of the
maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not less than 5 pounds per square inch gage at the
highest point of the system. This test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to complete visual inspection
of all joints and connections, but for at least 10 minutes.

(k) Marine service stations -- (1) Dispensing. (i) The dispensing area shall be located away from other
structures so as to provide room for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fueled. Dispensing units shall in all
cases be at least 20 feet (6.08 m) from any activity involving fixed sources of ignition.

(ii) Dispensing shall be by approved dispensing units with or without integral pumps and may be located on
open piers, wharves, or floating docks or on shore or on piers of the solid fill type.

(iii) Dispensing nozzles shall be automatic-closing without a hold-open latch.

(2) Tanks and pumps. (i) Tanks, and pumps not integral with the dispensing unit, shall be on shore or on a
pier of the solid fill type, except as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) (ii) and (iii) of this section.

(ii) Where shore location would require excessively long supply lines to dispensers, tanks may be installed on
a pier provided that applicable portions of paragraph (b) of this section relative to spacing, diking, and piping
are complied with and the quantity so stored does not exceed 1,100 gallons (4,163.5 L) aggregate capacity.

(iii) Shore tanks supplying marine service stations may be located above ground, where rock ledges or high
water table make underground tanks impractical.

(iv) Where tanks are at an elevation which would produce gravity head on the dispensing unit, the tank
outlet shall be equipped with a pressure control valve positioned adjacent to and outside the tank block
valve specified in §1926.152(c)(8) of this section, so adjusted that liquid cannot flow by gravity from the
tank in case of piping or hose failure.

(3) Piping. (i) Piping between shore tanks and dispensing units shall be as described in paragraph (k)(2)(iii)
of this section, except that, where dispensing is from a floating structure, suitable lengths of oil-resistant

Page 22
flexible hose may be employed between the shore piping and the piping on the floating structure as made
necessary by change in water level or shoreline.

Table F-19_Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas_Service Stations

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class I
Location Group D Extent of classified area
division
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underground tank:
Fill opening............... 1 Any pit, box or space below
grade level, any part of
which is within the Division
1 or 2 classified area.
2 Up to 18 inches (45.72 cm)
above grade level within a
horizontal radius of 10 feet
(3.04 m) from a loose fill
connection and within a
horizontal radius of 5 feet
(1.52 m) from a tight fill
connection.
Vent_Discharging upward.... 1 Within 3 feet (0.912 m) of
open end of vent, extending
in all directions.
2 Area between 3 feet (0.912 m)
and 5 feet (1.52 m) of open
end of vent, extending in
all directions.
Dispenser:
Pits....................... 1 Any pit, box or space below
grade level, any part of
which is within the Division
1 or 2 classified area.
Dispenser enclosure........ 1 The area 4 feet (1.216 m)
vertically above base within
the enclosure and 18 inches
(45.72 cm) horizontally in
all directions.
Outdoor.................... 2 Up to 18 inches (45.72 cm)
above grade level within 20
feet (6.08 m) horizontally
of any edge of enclosure.
Indoor:
With mechanical ventilation 2 Up to 18 inches (45.72 cm)
above grade or floor level
within 20 feet (6.08 m)
horizontally of any edge of
enclosure.
With gravity ventilation... 2 Up to 18 inches (45.72 cm)
above grade or floor level
within 25 feet (7.6 m)
horizontally of any edge of
enclosure.
Remote pump_Outdoor........ 1 Any pit, box or space below
grade level if any part is
within a horizontal distance
of 10 feet (3.04 m) from any
edge of pump.
2 Within 3 feet (0.912 m) of
any edge of pump, extending
in all directions. Also up
to 18 inches (45.72 cm)
above grade level within 10
feet (3.04 m) horizontally
from any edge of pump.
Remote pump_Indoor......... 1 Entire area within any pit.
2 Within 5 feet (1.52 m) of any
edge of pump, extending in
all directions. Also up to 3

Page 23
 feet (3.04 m) above floor or
grade level within 25 feet
(6.08 m) horizontally from
any edge of pump.
Lubrication or service room 1 Entire area within any pit.
2 Area up to 18 inches (45.72
cm) above floor or grade
level within entire
lubrication room.
Dispenser for Class I 2 Within 3 feet (0.912 m) of
liquids. any fill or dispensing
point, extending in all
directions.
Special enclosure inside 1 Entire enclosure.
building per §
1910.106(f)(1)(ii).
Sales, storage and rest (\1\ )
If there is any opening to
rooms. these rooms within the
extent of a Division 1 area,
the entire room shall be
classified as Division 1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Ordinary.

(ii) A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from shore shall be provided in each pipeline at or near
the approach to the pier and at the shore end of each pipeline adjacent to the point where flexible hose is
attached.

(iii) Piping shall be located so as to be protected from physical damage.

(iv) Piping handling Class I liquids shall be grounded to control stray currents.

(4) Definition; as used in this section: Marine service station shall mean that portion of a property where
flammable or combustible liquids used as fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment on shore,
piers, wharves, or floating docks into the fuel tanks of self-propelled craft, and shall include all facilities used
in connection therewith.

[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 51 FR 25318, July 11, 1986; 58 FR 35162, June 30, 1993; 63 FR 33469,
June 18, 1998]

§1926.153 Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas).

(a) Approval of equipment and systems. (1) Each system shall have containers, valves, connectors, manifold
valve assemblies, and regulators of an approved type.

(2) All cylinders shall meet the Department of Transportation specification identification requirements
published in 49 CFR Part 178, Shipping Container Specifications.

(3) Definition. As used in this section, Containers -- All vessels, such as tanks, cylinders, or drums, used for
transportation or storing liquefied petroleum gases.

(b) Welding on LP-Gas containers. Welding is prohibited on containers.

Page 24
(c) Container valves and container accessories. (1) Valves, fittings, and accessories connected directly to the
container, including primary shut off valves, shall have a rated working pressure of at least 250 p.s.i.g. and
shall be of material and design suitable for LP-Gas service.

(2) Connections to containers, except safety relief connections, liquid level gauging devices, and plugged
openings, shall have shutoff valves located as close to the container as practicable.

(d) Safety devices. (1) Every container and every vaporizer shall be provided with one or more approved
safety relief valves or devices. These valves shall be arranged to afford free vent to the outer air with
discharge not less than 5 feet horizontally away from any opening into a building which is below such
discharge.

(2) Shutoff valves shall not be installed between the safety relief device and the container, or the equipment
or piping to which the safety relief device is connected, except that a shutoff valve may be used where the
arrangement of this valve is such that full required capacity flow through the safety relief device is always
afforded.

(3) Container safety relief devices and regulator relief vents shall be located not less than 5 feet in any
direction from air openings into sealed combustion system appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes.

(e) Dispensing. (1) Filling of fuel containers for trucks or motor vehicles from bulk storage containers shall
be performed not less than 10 feet from the nearest masonry-walled building, or not less than 25 feet from
the nearest building or other construction and, in any event, not less than 25 feet from any building opening.

(2) Filling of portable containers or containers mounted on skids from storage containers shall be performed
not less than 50 feet from the nearest building.

(f) Requirements for appliances. (1) LP-Gas consuming appliances shall be approved types.

(2) Any appliance that was originally manufactured for operation with a gaseous fuel other than LP-Gas, and
is in good condition, may be used with LP-Gas only after it is properly converted, adapted, and tested for
performance with LP-Gas before the appliance is placed in use.

(g) Containers and regulating equipment installed outside of buildings or structures. Containers shall be
upright upon firm foundations or otherwise firmly secured. The possible effect on the outlet piping of settling
shall be guarded against by a flexible connection or special fitting.

(h) Containers and equipment used inside of buildings or structures. (1) When operational requirements
make portable use of containers necessary, and their location outside of buildings or structures is
impracticable, containers and equipment shall be permitted to be used inside of buildings or structures in
accordance with paragraphs (h)(2) through (11) of this section.

(2) Containers in use means connected for use.

(3) Systems utilizing containers having a water capacity greater than 2 1/2 pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas
capacity) shall be equipped with excess flow valves. Such excess flow valves shall be either integral with the
container valves or in the connections to the container valve outlets.

(4) Regulators shall be either directly connected to the container valves or to manifolds connected to the
container valves. The regulator shall be suitable for use with LP-Gas. Manifolds and fittings connecting
containers to pressure regulator inlets shall be designed for at least 250 p.s.i.g. service pressure.

Page 25
(5) Valves on containers having water capacity greater than 50 pounds (nominal 20 pounds LP-Gas capacity)
shall be protected from damage while in use or storage.

(6) Aluminum piping or tubing shall not be used.

(7) Hose shall be designed for a working pressure of at least 250 p.s.i.g. Design, construction, and
performance of hose, and hose connections shall have their suitability determined by listing by a nationally
recognized testing agency. The hose length shall be as short as practicable. Hoses shall be long enough to
permit compliance with spacing provisions of paragraphs (h)(1) through (13) of this section, without kinking
or straining, or causing hose to be so close to a burner as to be damaged by heat.

(8) Portable heaters, including salamanders, shall be equipped with an approved automatic device to shut off
the flow of gas to the main burner, and pilot if used, in the event of flame failure. Such heaters, having
inputs above 50,000 B.t.u. per hour, shall be equipped with either a pilot, which must be lighted and proved
before the main burner can be turned on, or an electrical ignition system.

Note: The provisions of this subparagraph do not apply to portable heaters under 7,500 B.t.u. per hour
input when used with containers having a maximum water capacity of 2 1/2 pounds.

(9) Container valves, connectors, regulators, manifolds, piping, and tubing shall not be used as structural
supports for heaters.

(10) Containers, regulating equipment, manifolds, pipe, tubing, and hose shall be located to minimize
exposure to high temperatures or physical damage.

(11) Containers having a water capacity greater than 2 1/2 pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity)
connected for use shall stand on a firm and substantially level surface and, when necessary, shall be secured
in an upright position.

(12) The maximum water capacity of individual containers shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds LP-Gas
capacity).

(13) For temporary heating, heaters (other than integral heater-container units) shall be located at least 6
feet from any LP-Gas container. This shall not prohibit the use of heaters specifically designed for
attachment to the container or to a supporting standard, provided they are designed and installed so as to
prevent direct or radiant heat application from the heater onto the containers. Blower and radiant type
heaters shall not be directed toward any LP-Gas container within 20 feet.

(14) If two or more heater-container units, of either the integral or nonintegral type, are located in an
unpartitioned area on the same floor, the container or containers of each unit shall be separated from the
container or containers of any other unit by at least 20 feet.

(15) When heaters are connected to containers for use in an unpartitioned area on the same floor, the total
water capacity of containers, manifolded together for connection to a heater or heaters, shall not be greater
than 735 pounds (nominal 300 pounds LP-Gas capacity). Such manifolds shall be separated by at least 20
feet.

(16) Storage of containers awaiting use shall be in accordance with paragraphs (j) and (k) of this section.

Page 26
(i) Multiple container systems. (1) Valves in the assembly of multiple container systems shall be arranged so
that replacement of containers can be made without shutting off the flow of gas in the system. This provision
is not to be construed as requiring an automatic changeover device.

(2) Heaters shall be equipped with an approved regulator in the supply line between the fuel cylinder and
the heater unit. Cylinder connectors shall be provided with an excess flow valve to minimize the flow of gas
in the event the fuel line becomes ruptured.

(3) Regulators and low-pressure relief devices shall be rigidly attached to the cylinder valves, clyinders,
supporting standards, the building walls, or otherwise rigidly secured, and shall be so installed or protected
from the elements.

(j) Storage of LPG containers. Storage of LPG within buildings is prohibited.

(k) Storage outside of buildings. (1) Storage outside of buildings, for containers awaiting use, shall be
located from the nearest building or group of buildings, in accordance with the following:

Table F-3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance
Quantity of LP-Gas stored (feet)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
500 lbs. or less............................................ 0
501 to 6,000 lbs............................................ 10
6,001 to 10,000 lbs......................................... 20
Over 10,000 lbs............................................. 25
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) Containers shall be in a suitable ventilated enclosure or otherwise protected against tampering.

(l) Fire protection. Storage locations shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher
having a rating of not less than 20-B:C.

(m) Systems utilizing containers other than DOT containers -- (1) Application. This paragraph applies
specifically to systems utilizing storage containers other than those constructed in accordance with DOT
specifications. Paragraph (b) of this section applies to this paragraph unless otherwise noted in paragraph
(b) of this section.

(2) Design pressure and classification of storage containers. Storage containers shall be designed and
classified in accordance with Table F-31.

Page 27
 Table F-31
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum design pressure of
container, lb. per sq. in. gage
-------------------------------------
For gases with 1949 edition of ASME
vapor press. Not Code (Par. U-200, U-
to exceed lb. 1949 and 201); 1950, 1952,
Container type per sq. in. gage earlier 1956, 1959, 1962,
at 100 °F. editions of 1965, and 1968
(37.8 °C.) ASME Code (Division 1)
(Par. U-68, U- editions of ASME
69) Code; All editions
of API-ASME Code \3\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ 80 \1\ 80 \1\ 80 \1\ 100
100 100 100 125
125 125 125 156
150 150 150 187
175 175 175 219
\2\ 200 215 200 250
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ New storage containers of the 80 type have not been authorized since
Dec. 31, 1947.
\2\ Container type may be increased by increments of 25. The minimum
design pressure of containers shall be 100% of the container type
designation when constructed under 1949 or earlier editions of the
ASME Code (Par. U-68 and U-69). The minimum design pressure of
containers shall be 125% of the container type designation when
constructed under: (1) the 1949 ASME Code (Par. U-200 and U-201), (2)
1950, 1952, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, and 1968 (Division 1) editions of
the ASME Code, and (3) all editions of the API-ASME Code.
\3\ Construction of containers under the API-ASME Code is not authorized
after July 1, 1961.

(3) Containers with foundations attached (portable or semiportable b containers with suitable steel "runners"
or "skids" and popularly known in the industry as "skid tanks") shall be designed, installed, and used in
accordance with these rules subject to the following provisions:

(i) If they are to be used at a given general location for a temporary period not to exceed 6 months they
need not have fire-resisting foundations or saddles but shall have adequate ferrous metal supports.

(ii) They shall not be located with the outside bottom of the container shell more than 5 feet (1.52 m) above
the surface of the ground unless fire-resisting supports are provided.

(iii) The bottom of the skids shall not be less than 2 inches (5.08 cm) or more than 12 inches (30.48 cm)
below the outside bottom of the container shell.

(iv) Flanges, nozzles, valves, fittings, and the like, having communication with the interior of the container,
shall be protected against physical damage.

(v) When not permanently located on fire-resisting foundations, piping connections shall be sufficiently
flexible to minimize the possibility of breakage or leakage of connections if the container settles, moves, or is
otherwise displaced.

(vi) Skids, or lugs for attachment of skids, shall be secured to the container in accordance with the code or
rules under which the container is designed and built (with a minimum factor of safety of four) to withstand

Page 28
loading in any direction equal to four times the weight of the container and attachments when filled to the
maximum permissible loaded weight.

(4) Field welding where necessary shall be made only on saddle plates or brackets which were applied by the
manufacturer of the tank.

(n) When LP-Gas and one or more other gases are stored or used in the same area, the containers shall be
marked to identify their content. Marking shall be in compliance with American National Standard Z48.1-
1954, "Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers To Identify the Material Contained."

(o) Damage from vehicles. When damage to LP-Gas systems from vehicular traffic is a possibility,
precautions against such damage shall be taken.

[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 35170, June 30, 1993]

§1926.154 Temporary heating devices.

(a) Ventilation. (1) Fresh air shall be supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain the health and safety of
workmen. Where natural means of fresh air supply is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be provided.

(2) When heaters are used in confined spaces, special care shall be taken to provide sufficient ventilation in
order to ensure proper combustion, maintain the health and safety of workmen, and limit temperature rise
in the area.

(b) Clearance and mounting. (1) Temporary heating devices shall be installed to provide clearance to
combustible material not less than the amount shown in Table F-4.

(2) Temporary heating devices, which are listed for installation with lesser clearances than specified in Table
F-4, may be installed in accordance with their approval.

Table F-4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum clearance, (inches)
------------------------------
Heating appliances Chimney
Sides Rear connector
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Room heater, circulating type............ 12 12 18
Room heater, radiant type................ 36 36 18
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Heaters not suitable for use on wood floors shall not be set directly upon them or other combustible
materials. When such heaters are used, they shall rest on suitable heat insulating material or at least 1-inch
concrete, or equivalent. The insulating material shall extend beyond the heater 2 feet or more in all
directions.

Page 29
(4) Heaters used in the vicinity of combustible tarpaulins, canvas, or similar coverings shall be located at
least 10 feet from the coverings. The coverings shall be securely fastened to prevent ignition or upsetting of
the heater due to wind action on the covering or other material.

(c) Stability. Heaters, when in use, shall be set horizontally level, unless otherwise permitted by the
manufacturer's markings.

(d) Solid fuel salamanders. Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings and on scaffolds.

(e) Oil-fired heaters. (1) Flammable liquid-fired heaters shall be equipped with a primary safety control to
stop the flow of fuel in the event of flame failure. Barometric or gravity oil feed shall not be considered a
primary safety control.

(2) Heaters designed for barometric or gravity oil feed shall be used only with the integral tanks.

(3) [Reserved]

(4) Heaters specifically designed and approved for use with separate supply tanks may be directly connected
for gravity feed, or an automatic pump, from a supply tank.

§1926.155 Definitions applicable to this subpart.

(a) Approved, for the purpose of this subpart, means equipment that has been listed or approved by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Factory Mutual Engineering Corp., or Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc., or Federal agencies such as Bureau of Mines, or U.S. Coast Guard, which issue approvals
for such equipment.

(b) Closed container means a container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor
vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.

(c) Combustible liquids mean any liquid having a flash point at or above 140 °F. (60 °C.), and below 200 °F.
(93.4 °C.).

(d) Combustion means any chemical process that involves oxidation sufficient to produce light or heat.

(e) Fire brigade means an organized group of employees that are knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the
safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations.

(f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified time and under conditions of a standard heat
intensity, it will not fail structurally and will not permit the side away from the fire to become hotter than a
specified temperature. For purposes of this part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard
Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, NFPA 251-1969.

(g) Flammable means capable of being easily ignited, burning intensely, or having a rapid rate of flame
spread.

Page 30
(h) Flammable liquids means any liquid having a flash point below 140 °F. and having a vapor pressure not
exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100 °F.

(i) Flash point of the liquid means the temperature at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable
mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used as determined by appropriate
test procedure and apparatus as specified below.

(1) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity less than 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) at 100 °F. (37.8
°C.) and a flash point below 175 °F. (79.4 °C.) shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method
of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D-56-69.

(2) The flash point of liquids having a viscosity of 45 Saybolt Universal Second(s) or more at 175 °F. (79.4
°C.) or higher shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the
Pensky Martens Closed Tester, ASTM D-93-69.

(j) Liquefied petroleum gases, LPG and LP Gas mean and include any material which is composed
predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons, or mixtures of them, such as propane, propylene,
butane (normal butane or iso-butane), and butylenes.

(k) Portable tank means a closed container having a liquid capacity more than 60 U.S. gallons, and not
intended for fixed installation.

(l) Safety can means an approved closed container, of not more than 5 gallons capacity, having a flash-
arresting screen, spring-closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve internal
pressure when subjected to fire exposure.

(m) Vapor pressure means the pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (absolute), exerted by a
volatile liquid as determined by the "Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid
Method)." (ASTM D-323-58).

Page 31