MYSQL REVISION
TOUR
Introduction
Database
Collection of data
Contains information about one particular
enterprise
Disadvantages
Data Redundancy (duplications of data)
Data inconsistency
Unsharable data
Unstandardized data
Insecure data
Incorrect data
Database Management
System
Advantages of Database System
Reduces data redundancy
Control Data Inconsistency
Sharing of data
Enforces standards
Centralized databases ensures data security
Integrity can be maintained throughout
the databases
Relational Data Model
Data model
set of concepts to describe the structure
of a database and certain constraints that
the database should obey.
Most commonly used data model
relational data model
Terms in Relational Model
Relation View
Stores logically related data Virtual Table
Data must be atomic in a cell Derived from one or more
underlying base table(s).
Domain
Pool of valyes in a column Primary Key
Set of one or more attributes that
Tuple
uniquely identifiy tuples(Rows) in a
Row of relation table
Attribute Candidate Key
Column of a relation All attribute combination that can
serve as Primary Key
Degree
Number of Alternate Key
attributes(Column) A Candidate key that is not a
primary key
Cardinality
Number of Tuples (Row) Foreign Key
Non key attribute whose values are
derived from primary key of some
other table.
Referential Integrity
It is a system of rules that a DBMS uses
to ensure the relationship between
records in related tables.
MySQL
It is a freely available open source
RDBMS that uses SQL
Information is stored in Tables
Fast, reliable and scalable
MySQL database refers to the
combination of MySQL server instance
and a MySQL Database
Client/Server Architecture
MySQL and SQL
Set of commands that is recognized by
nearly all RDBMSs.
Structured Query Language
Language that enables us to create and
operate on relational databases,
which are sets of related information stored in
tables
Classification of SQL
Statements
Data Definition Transaction Control
Language (DDL) Language(TCL)
Perform tasks related Manage and control
to data definition transactions
Creating, altering, Making changes to
dropping database
Granting and revoking Undoing changes to
privilages and roles database
Maintenance Creating savepoints
commands Setting properties for
Data Manipulation current transactions
Language(DML)
Perform data
manipulation
Retrieval
Insertion
Deletion
Modification
Common MySQL DataTypes
Data Type Spec
CHAR
VARCHAR String (0-255)
TINYTEXT
TEXT
String(0-65535)
BLOB
MEDIUMTEXT
String(0-16777215)
MEDIUMBLOB
LONGTEXT
String(0-4294967295)
LONGBLOB
TINYINT Integer(-128 to 127)
SMALLINT Integer(-32768 to 32767)
MEDIUMINT Integer(-8388606 to
8388607)
Data Type Spec
INT Integer(-2147483648 to
2147483647)
BIGINT Integer(-
9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807)
FLOAT Decimal precise to 23 digits
DOUBLE Decimal (24 to 53 digits)
DECIMAL “DOUBLE”stored as string
DATE YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SS
TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
TIME HH:MM:SS
ENUM One of preset options
SET Selection of preset options
Difference between Char and
Varchar
Char Varchar
Fixed length Variable length
Blank spaces are Value stored exactly as
you give.
given to the extra
No blank spaces for
spaces after the
remaining length
given value.
Occpies only the
Occupies entire required spaces and
length specified frees out the memory
Accessing database
Before making queries, or even create a
table., a database has to be used.
The command used is
USE<database name>;
Creating Tables in MySQL
Tables are defined using CREATE TABLE
command.
Viewing Structure of a Table
DESC table-name;
CREATE TABLE table-name
Ø (column-name datatype size,
Ø column-name datatype size,
Ø column-name datatype size ......);
Creating Table with
Constraints
Constraint is a condition or check
applicable on a field or set of fields.
Common types of constraints:
S.No Constraints Description
1 NOT NULL A column cannot have NULL value.
Default value for a column when none is
2 DEFAULT
specified
3 UNIQUE All are values in a column are different
4 CHECK Makes the criteria for the values
5 Primary Key Uniquely identify a row in a table
6 Foreign Key Ensure referential integrity of the data
Create a table with the
following constraints:
Column name Type Constraint
Exam_Numbe Integer Primary Key
r
Student_ID Variable Unique
Character
Last_Name Variable Should not be a NULL value
Character
First_Name Variable
Character
Age Integer Also it should be within the range
16-19
Class Variable Set the Value “Grade-12” if no
character value is given
CREATE TABLE Student (
-> ExamNo Integer PRIMARY KEY,
-> StudId Varchar(10) UNIQUE,
-> LastName Varchar (20) NOT NULL,
-> FirstName Varchar(20),
-> Age Integer CHECK ((Age>=16) AND
(Age<=19)),
-> Class Varchar(10) DEFAULT 'Grade-
11');
Creating Foreign Key
Relating 2 tables.
Create table marks
Ø ( MID integer,
Ø ExNo integer,
Ø Total integer,
Ø Result varchar(5),
Ø Foreign Key(ExNo) references STUDENT
(Exam_Number) );
Adding a Foreign Key to the
existing Table
A new Foreign Key can be added to the
existing Table with the ALTER TABLE
command,
ALTER TABLE <table-name> ADD
FOREIGN KEY (<colum name that has to
be designated as foreign key> )
references <master-table> (primary key
of the master table) );
Inserting data into Value
Rows are added to relations using INSERT
command of SQL.
INSERT INTO table-name [<column-list>]
VALUES (<value-list>);
If the column order is well-known then the
column list can be omitted
INSERT INTO table-name VALUES (<value-
list>);
Dates are by default entered as
‘YYYY-MM-DD’
SELECT Command
Selecting all data
SELECT * FROM table-name;
Selecting particular rows
SELECT * FROM table-name WHERE conditions;
Selecting particular columns
SELECT <column-name(s)> FROM table-name;
Eliminating Redundant Data
The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate
results from the result
SELECT DISTINCT column-name FROM table-name;
Selecting from All the Rows
If DISTINCT is replaced with the keyword ALL ,
then the result retains he duplicate output rows.
SELECT ALL <column-name> FROM <table-name>;
Performing Simple
Calculations
To perform simple calculations, write
the expression/formula.
SELECT 3*9*6;
SELECT curdate();
Using Column Aliases
The columns that are selected in a query
can have different names for the output
purposes
Syntax:
SELECT<column-name> AS <alias-name>
FROM <table-name>;
Condition based on a Range
BETWEEN is used to define a range of
values taht the column must fall in to
make the condition TRUE.
SELECT* FROM table-name
WHERE column-name BETWEEN start
AND end;
Condition based on a List
IN and NOT IN operator is used
SELECT * FROM table-name WHERE
<column-name> IN (‘value1’, ‘value2’,
‘value3’);
SELECT * FROM table-name WHERE
<column-name> NOT IN (‘value1’, ‘value2’,
‘value3’);
Condition Based on Pattern
matches
String matching operator LIKE
Percent(%) matches any substring
SELECT * FROM table-name WHERE name
LIKE ‘%y’;
Ending with y
Underscore(_ ) the _ character matches
any character
Searching for NULL
The NULL value in a column can be
searched in a table using IS NULL, in
the WHERE Clause.
SELECT* FROM table-name WHERE
column-name IS NULL;
Modifying Data in Table
Data can be modified in the table using
UPDATE command
UPDATE <table name> SET <column name> =
<value>;
This command will change the entire column
with the given value
To change the value of the column for a
particular column alone, then
WHERE clause and the new data using SET
keyword, can be used
UPDATE <table name> SET <column name> =
<value> WHERE (conditions);
Deleting data from Tables
To delete some data from tables, use
DELETE commands.
It removes rows from a table
Not individual field values
DELETE FROM <tablename> WHERE
<condition>;
To remove all the contents of the table
DELETE FROM <tablename>;
Dropping tables
To delete the entire table existence, it
has to DROPped.
DROP TABLE <tablename>;
Todrop the table from the database after
checking the existence of the same.
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS <tablename>;
Altering Tables
It changes the definition of existing
tables.
ALTER TABLE command is used:
To add a column
ALTER TABLE <table> ADD <columnname>
<datatype><size> [constraint];
To add an integrity constraint
To redefine a column(datatype, size,
default value)
