Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media
Roberto Sierra Castro
203058_49
1108762281
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
Exercises development
Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
line of sight spread:
Direct propagation occurs when there is a visual between the sender and
receiver. This mode of propagation is the most efficient, since there is no loss
of energy by reflection.
propagation by terrestrial reflection:
for this mode of propagation the
The plane of the earth acts as an equipotential, that is, a reflective surface
propagation by atmospheric reflection:
the different layers of the atmosphere, due to their different density and
ionization level, reflect as surfaces conductive signals in medium and high
frequencies (MF-HF-VHF). Waves of frequencies Higher, such as UHF and
higher, are no longer reflected, so they are not spread by this type of
reflection.
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
When the angle of incidence is greater than the limit angle, there is no refracted
ray, so it is said that there is total reflection.
3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
This happens when the electromagnetic wave is transmitted from one medium
to another without losing or reflecting it.
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of
waves?
Snell's law is used to calculate the angle of refraction of light as it passes through
the separation surface between two means of propagation of an electromagnetic
wave with different refractive index.
𝜂1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1) = 𝜂2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2)
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.
Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
GG=49
CCC=281
𝑓 = 49𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂2 = (281 + 10)𝛺 = 291𝛺 𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
Coeficiente de reflexión.
𝜂2 − 𝜂1 291𝛺 − 120𝜋 𝛺
𝛤= = = −0.1287 = 0.1287 < 180°
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 291𝛺 + 120𝜋 𝛺
Reflectancia.
𝑅 = |𝛤|2 = |0.1287|2 = 0.016 = 1.6%
Transmitancia.
𝛵 = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 0.016 = 0.984 = 98.4%
120𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃1− = 0.016 2
= 1.92 2
𝑚 𝑚
120𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃2+ = 0.984 2
= 118.08 2
𝑚 𝑚
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+.
the results show that almost the entire signal was transmitted 𝑃2+ ., only a small
percentage was reflected 𝑃1−
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a
wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm
away.
Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.
a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
Ґ1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 tan (𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂1
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan (𝛽𝑥)
2𝜋𝑓𝜂0 2𝜋 ∗ 49 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝛽= = = 1.3295 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑐0 𝜂 108 𝑚
3 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ 291Ω
𝑟𝑎𝑑
120𝜋 + 𝑗291tan (1.3295 ∗ 0.2𝑚)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 291Ω 𝑚
𝑟𝑎𝑑
291Ω + j120πtan (1.3295 ∗ 0.2𝑚)
𝑚
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 360.12 − 47.80𝑖
(360.12 − 47.80𝑖 ) − 120𝜋
Ґ1 =
(360.12 − 47.80𝑖 ) + 120𝜋
Ґ1 = −0.0186 − 0.0660𝑖 = 0.0686 + 74.26°
Τ1 = 1 − |Ґ1|2 = 1 − |0.0686|2 = 0.9952
Τ1 = 99.52%
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒−𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
Ґ2 =
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
120𝜋 − 291
Ґ2 = = 0.1287
120𝜋 + 291
Τ2 = 1 − |Ґ2|2 = 1 − |0.1287|2 = 0.9834
Τ𝑇 = T1 ∗ T2 = 0.9952 ∗ 0.9834
Τ𝑇 = 0.9786
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
P𝑇 = 97.86%
P𝑇 = 117.43 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
the results indicate that almost all the power sent is transmitted 97.86%, and
only 2.14% is reflected.
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.
Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
𝜃𝑎 = 44.9
Impedances:
Ice=1.31
Air=1.00029
Glass=1.6
On point B
𝜃1 = 90° − 𝜃𝑎 = 90° − 44.9° = 45.1°
according to snell's law
𝜂1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1) = 𝜂2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2)
𝜂1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1)
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2) =
𝜂2
1.31𝑠𝑒𝑛(45.1)
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2) =
1.00029
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2) = 0.92766
(𝜃2) = sin−1 0.92766
(𝜃2) = 68.07°
On point C; again we use snell's law
𝜂2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2) = 𝜂3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃3)
we find 𝜃3 to determine 𝜂3
𝜃3 = 90° − 𝜃2 = 90° − 68.07° = 21.93°
𝜂2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2)
𝜂3 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃3)
1.00029𝑠𝑒𝑛(68.07)
𝜂3 = = 2.4845
𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93)
On point D; we again use snell's law to determine 𝜃4
𝜂2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃3) = 𝜂3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃4)
𝜂3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃3)
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃4 =
𝜂4
2.4910𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93)
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃4 =
1.6
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃4 = 0.58145
𝜃4 = sin−1 0.58145
𝜃4 = 35.55°
To determine the distance (d), we add the distances traveled in each medium.
𝑑 = 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + 𝑑4
Encontramos d2
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 =
291
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 ∗ 291 = tan (68.07) ∗ 291𝑚𝑚
𝑥 = 722.79𝑚𝑚
Encontramos d3
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃3 =
291
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃3 ∗ 291 = tan (21.93) ∗ 291𝑚𝑚
𝑥 = 117.15𝑚𝑚
Encontramos d4
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃4 =
291
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃4 ∗ 291 = tan (35.55) ∗ 291𝑚𝑚
𝑥 = 207.95𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 722.79𝑚𝑚 + 117.15𝑚𝑚 + 207.95𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 1047.89𝑚𝑚 = 1.04789𝑚
According to the results obtained we can determine that the medium with the
refractive index closest to the one obtained is diamond.
𝜂3 = 2.4910
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 = 2.42
Application example
Example:
Video link
URL: https://youtu.be/xKINHmSdFUo
References
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:
Academic Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http:/
/search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1
17152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
• Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation.
Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http:/
/search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=145
05422&lang=es&site=ehost-live
