Signals and Systems I (2016506) - 2018-1
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Tutorial 2 - Systems
Teaching assistants: Sergio Andrés Dorado-Rojas, Laura Rosero
({sadorador,lsroseroz}@unal.edu.co)
Some of these exercises will be developed in class. It is strongly recommended that
students develop all the solutions on their own and afterwards validate their answers using
software packages as MATLAB/Simulink and/or Mathematica.
1 systems classification
1. Consider a CT system whose input and output are related by Equation (1). Show that
the system satisfies the homogeneity property but not the additivity property. Thus,
the homogeneity property does not imply the additivity property.
x2 (t)
(
x ( t −1)
x ( t − 1) 6 = 0
y(t) = (1)
0 x ( t − 1) = 0
2. Show that if T { x1 + x2 } → {y1 + y2 } = T { x1 } + T { x2 }, then
na o a a
T x1 → T { x1 } = y1
b b b
Thus, the additivity property implies T {αx1 } = αT { x1 } for any rational number α. In
other words, the additivity property almost implies the homogeneity property. Why
do we say “almost”?
3. Classify the following systems:
a) as linear/nonlinear, time/varying or time-invariant
i. y [n] = { x [n]}2
ii. y [n] = nx [n]
iii. y [n] = 3x [n] + 5u [n]
Rt
iv. y (t) = 0 x (τ ) dτ
Rt
v. y (t) = t−1 x (τ ) dτ
vi. y (t) = t x (t) + 5
vii. d
dt [y (t)] + y (t) = [ x (t)]2
d 2 2
viii. t2 dt 2 [ y ( t )] + [ y ( t )] = x ( t )
d
ix. dt [y (t)] + 4y (t) + 1 = x (t)
d4 3
x. dt4
[y (t)] − 5 dtd 3 [y (t)] + 2 dtd [y (t)] − y (t) = d
dt [ x (t)] − 4x (t)
b) as causal or noncausal, memoryless or with memory
i. y [n] = x [n] − 21 x [n − 1] + 14 x [n − 2]
ii. y [n + 1] = −y [n] − x [n] + x [n + 1]
√
2 jn!
iii. y [n] = π x [n] + jx [n − 1] − n! x [ n + 1]
iv. y [n] = x [n] u [n]
v. y (t) = e x(t) sin t
Rt
vi. y (t) = 0 τ x (τ ) dτ
4. Given is the following system: q
y (t) = x (t)
a) Show that the system is nonlinear
b) Linearize the system about the working point x = 1
2 computer problems
1. Testing time invariance of CT systems
Three different systems are described below through their input-output relationships:
y (t) =5x (t)
y (t) =3 cos [ x (t)] (2)
y (t) =3 cos (t) x (t)
Let the test signal x (t) be
x (t) = e−0.5t u (t)
a) Complete the following code in order to create a vector t of time instants and
develop a function for the test signal x (t).
1 % ???
2 % Function for test signal
3 x = @ ( t ) exp ( -0.5* t ) .*( t >=0) ;
4
5 % Complete these lines to program the provided systems input - output
relationship
6 % sys_a = @ ( x ) ??;
7 % sys_b = @ ( x ) ??;
8 % sys_c = @ ( x ) ??;
9
10 plot (t , y1 , ’b - ’ ,t , y2 , ’r : ’) ;
11 title ( ’ Responses to x ( t ) and x (t -2) ’) ;
12 xlabel ( ’t ( sec ) ’) ;
13 ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
14 legend ( ’ Sys \{ x ( t ) \} ’ , ’ Sys \{ x (t -2) } ’) ;
b) Use your program to conclude about the time invariance of the three systems
2. Nonlinearity in control systems
CT LTI lumped systems can be characterized by a transfer function, an equivalent repre-
sentation to the differential equation input-output relationship as of now we have been
dealing with. Use the file “T2_LinearitySystems.slx” (found in the Moodle site) to solve
the following tasks:
a) Complete the simulation with the missing blocks and compute graphically the
responses of the system to the following inputs. Conclude about the linearity of
the system:
i. x (t) = u(t)
ii. x (t) = 2u(t)
iii. x (t) = u (t) + 2u (t)
b) A common nonlinearity in dynamic systems is saturation, which can be defined
mathematically as:
u(t)
umin < u(t) < umax
y(t) = umin u(t) < umin
umax u > umax
i. Add a saturation block to the main path with umin = −1 and umax = 1.
ii. Obtain the system response for x (t) = u(t)
iii. Obtain the system response for x (t) = 2u (t)
iv. Add graphically the results of paragraphs ii and iii (Hint: export the simulation
data to the MATLAB Workspace using the block “To Workspace” and make
the addition in the given “T2_LinearitySystems.m” file. Plot your results and
compare)
v. Obtain the system response for x (t) = u (t) + 2u (t). Is this response the sum
of the responses obtained in paragraphs ii and iii? Justify your answer
vi. If the two blocks on the main loop are black-boxed (i.e., they are packaged into
one single module with access only to the input and output terminals) will be
the system linear?
