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Experiment 4: Aim: Theory

1) The document describes an experiment to measure phase difference using an XOR gate by varying resistor R. 2) An operational amplifier circuit acts as a zero crossing detector and another as an all-pass filter to compare the phase difference between a reference signal and output signal using the XOR gate. 3) Calculations show that higher resistor values are needed to achieve higher phase differences, and the experimental results validate a linear relationship between phase difference and resistance.

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69 views7 pages

Experiment 4: Aim: Theory

1) The document describes an experiment to measure phase difference using an XOR gate by varying resistor R. 2) An operational amplifier circuit acts as a zero crossing detector and another as an all-pass filter to compare the phase difference between a reference signal and output signal using the XOR gate. 3) Calculations show that higher resistor values are needed to achieve higher phase differences, and the experimental results validate a linear relationship between phase difference and resistance.

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rosestrikes
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Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

Experiment 4
AIM: To measure the phase difference using EX-OR gate by varying the resistor R.
THEORY:
Phase Difference is used to describe the difference in degrees or radians when two or more
alternating quantities reach their maximum or zero values. The phase difference or phase shift
as it is also called of a waveform is the angle Φ (Greek letter Phi), in degrees or radians that the
waveform has shifted from a certain reference point along the horizontal zero axis. In other
words phase shift is the lateral difference between two or more waveforms along a common
axis and sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency can have a phase difference.

The phase difference, Φ of an alternating waveform can vary from between 0 to its maximum
time period, T of the waveform during one complete cycle and this can be anywhere along the
horizontal axis between, Φ = 0 to 2π (radians) or Φ = 0 to 360 degrees depending upon the
angular units used.
In the circuit diagram, operational amplifier U1 is acting as zero crossing detector. U2 functions
as an all pass filter. It is a filter that passes all frequencies equally in gain but changes the phase
relationship among various frequencies. Magnitude of transfer function = 1 for an all pass filter.
The main function is to check the phase difference between a reference provided by U1 and
compare it using an XOR gate U4 with the output of U3. In this experiment, this is checked using
various resistor values to check its dependency.
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CALCULATIONS:
C = 0.1uF F = 1kHz
Φ = -2tan-1(wRC)
Thus, tan(Φ/2) = wRC
R = (tan(Φ/2)) / (w*C)
1. Φ = 30 => R = 426 ohm
2. Φ = 45 => R = 659 ohm
3. Φ = 60 => R = 918 ohm
4. Φ = 90 => R = 1.59k ohm
5. Φ = 120 => R = 2.75k ohm
6. Φ = 150 => R = 5.93k ohm
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

OBSERVATIONS:
A) Phi = 30 degrees:

B) Phi = 45 degrees:
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

C) Phi = 60 degrees:

D) Phi = 90 degrees:
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

E) Phi = 120 degrees:

F) Phi = 150 degrees:

Phi Resistor (Theoretical) Phi Resistor Error % error


(Theoretical) (in (in ohms) (Practical) (Practical)
degrees) (in degrees) (in ohms)
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

30 426 32.04 500 2.04 6.8

45 659 44.7 680 -0.3 -0.60%

60 918 66.24 1k 6.24 10.4

90 1590 87 1.5k -3 -3.33%

120 2753 118.08 2.75k 1.92 1.60%

150 5939 154 6000 4 2.60%

Relationships:
A)

B)
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017) 10/9/2020

CONCLUSIONS:
We successfully implemented and simulated this experiment in Multisim software and have
observed a trend amongst our results. It is evident that to obtain a higher Phi value phase
difference, a higher value of resistor was needed. This shows a linear relationship between the
phase difference along with the resistance value of the resistor. The percentage error varied as
the resistor values applied in the simulation were standard usage resistors and not precise
values. We hereby conclude by stating that this electronics instrumentations circuit utilizing
XOR gate obtains the phase difference precisely.

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