GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGN STEEL STRUCTURE

i. DESIGN CRITERIA
The proposed standard design criteria for steel structure shall conform to the AISC specification for the design.

ii. MATERIAL
The steel material used in solar mountings and accessories conform to the following.
- Structural Members Pipe JIS G 3101 Grade SS400 or Equivalent
- Structural Members Square Tube ASTM A656 Grade Gr 50 or Equivalent
- Steel plate JIS G 3101 Grade SS400 or Equivalent
- Bolt ISO grade 8.8 or Equivalent
- Nut ISO grade 8.8 or Equivalent
- Plain washer JIS or Equivalent

All structure members’ material shall be hot-rolled steel

Modulus of elasticity Es = 205000 Mpa
Steel pipe shall conform to JIS G 3101 Grade SS400 or Equivalent
Yield strength Fy = 245 Mpa
Ultimate tensile strength Fu = 400 Mpa
Square tube shall conform to ASTM A656 Grade Gr 50 or Equivalent
Yield strength Fy = 345 Mpa
Ultimate tensile strength Fu = 450 Mpa

iii. ALLOWABLE STRESS ALLOWED IN DESIGN

a) Tension
On the net section, except pin holes:
Ft = 0.60Fy
Ft = allowable tensile stress (kg/cm2)
Fy = minimum yield point (kg/cm2)
On the net section at pin holes:
Ft = 0.45Fy
b) Shear
On the gross section:
Fv = 0.5Fy
Fv = allowable shear stress (kg/cm2)
c) Compression
On the gross section of axially loaded compression members when kl/r is less than Cc
Fa = A / B
A = Qs*[1 – (kl/r)2 / 2Cc2] * Fy
B = 5/3 + 3(kl/r)/8Cc – (kl/r)3 / 8Cc3

Where:
Cc = sqrt [(2*π2*E) / (Qs*Fy)]
Qs = 1.340 – 0.00447 (b/t) sqrt (Fy/70.3)
; When 76.0/sqrt (Ft/70.3) <b/t<155/sqrt (Fy/70.3)
Qs = 15,500 / sqrt [Fy/70.3) * (b/t)2]
; When b/t > 155 / sqrt (Fy/70.3)
 Qs = 1.00
; When b/t < 76.0/sqrt (Fy/70.3)
Fa = allowable compressive stress (kg/cm2)
Qs = unstiffened compression element factor
K = in trusses, the effective length factor, k for the compression members shall be taken as unity,
unless analysis show that a smaller value may be used
I = actual unbraced length (cm)
r = governing radius of gyration (cm)
E = modulus of elasticity of steel (kg/cm2)
b = width of unstiffened compression element (cm)
t = thickness of unstiffened compression element (cm)
On the gross section of axially loaded compression members when kl/r is exceeds Cc
Fa = [12π2 * E / (23*(kl/r)2]
d) Bending
Tension and compression on extreme fibers
Fb = 0.75Fy
Fb = allowable bending stress (kg/cm2)
e) Bearing (on the contract area)
Milled surface, including bearing stiffeners and pins in reamed, drilled of bored holes
Fp = 0.90Fy
Fp = allowable bending stress (kg/cm2)
When parts in contract have different yield stresses, Fy shall be the smaller value
f) Tension on bolts
Ft = 0.33Fu
Ft = allowable tensile stress (kg/cm2)

g) Shear on bolts
Fv = 0.22Fu (Bearing type connections)
Fv = allowable Shear stress (kg/cm 2)
h) Bearing on bolts
Fp = 1.20Fu
Fp = allowable bearing stress (kg/cm2)
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING PLAN
BORING LOG SUMMARY
 TORSION RESISTANCE CALCULATION

Check Hollow Pipe

Tmax = Tr/J

Where; T = Torsional Moment or Torque (kg.m)

J = Polar Moment of Inertia (cm4)

= for Solid Pipe

( )
= for Hollow Pipe

Input Data

Pipe Diameter = 220 mm

Pipe Thickness = 6 mm

Torque = 10000 Nm = 100000 kg.cm

Fy (SS400) = 245 Mpa

Fu (Grade 8.8) = 830 Mpa

Convert Data

Pipe Outer Radius = 110 mm = 11 cm

Pipe Inner Radius = 104 mm = 10.4 cm

Output Data

( ) ( . )
J = = = 4619.6 cm4
 Tmax = Tr/J = 500000(11)/4619.6 = 1150.58 kg/cm2

Tmax = 119 Mpa

Tallow = 0.5Fy = 123 Mpa > 119 Mpa ------------------------ OK

Check Bolt
F = Tr/∑r2

∑r2 = r12 + r22 + r32 + r42

r12 = 0.112 = 0.0121 m2

r22 = 0.112 = 0.0121 m2

r32 = 0.112 = 0.0121 m2

r42 = 0.112 = 0.0121 m2

∑r2 = 0.0121 + 0.0121 + 0.0121 + 0.0121 = 0.0484 m2

F = (5)(0.11)/0.0484 = 11.363 tons

Allowable shear force in bolt M24 = 0.22Fu(A) = 0.22(830x10)(πx1.22)

= 8256 kg

= 8.25 tons

Use 4 bolt M24

Then these bolt can withstand shear force = 8.25x4

= 33 tons

Factor of Safety = 33/11.363 = 3 ------------------------ OK

 BUCKLING ANALYSIS
Pcr = UcrEpIp/R2

R = (EpIp/khd)1/4

Imax= L/R

Where; Pcr = Critical Buckling Load

Ep = Modulus of Elasticity of Foundation Shaft

Ip = Moment of Inertia of Foundation Shaft

kh = Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

d = Foundation Shaft Diameter

L = Foundation Shaft Length over which kh is taken as Constant

Ucr = Dimensionless Ratio

Input Data

Shaft Diameter = 220 mm

Shaft Thickness = 6 mm

Modulus of Elasticity = 205000 Mpa

Moment of Inertia = 2311 cm4

Length of unsupported = 2 m

kh = 20

*Pined – pined end condition assumed

Convert Data

Shaft Diameter = 8.66 in

Modulus of Elasticity = 30000000 psi

Moment of Inertia = 55.5 in4

Length of unsupported = 6.56 ft

Output Data

R = (EpIp/khd)1/4 = [(30000000 x 55.5)/(20 x 8.66)]1/4 = 55.69

Imax = khL/R = (20)6.56/55.69 = 2.36 in4

Ucr = 2 (from graph above)

Pcr = UcrEpIp/R2 = (2 x 30000000 x 55.5)/(55.692 x 1000) = 1074 kips

= 487 tons

Compression Load Test (Ultimate Load = 80 tons)

Then Factor of Safety = 487/80 = 6 ---------------------- OK

STATIC LOAD TEST
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DEEP FOUNDATION UNDER STATIC AXIAL
COMPRESSIVE TEST

Standard Test Method

Step
Percent of Compression Duration (Min) Cumulative Recording
Design Load (kg) time (Hour)

1 10% 4000 4 4 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

2 20% 8000 4 8 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

3 30% 12000 4 12 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

4 40% 16000 4 16 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

5 50% 20000 4 20 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

6 60% 24000 4 24 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

7 70% 28000 4 28 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

8 80% 32000 4 32 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

9 90% 36000 4 36 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

10 100% 40000 4 40 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

11 110% 44000 4 44 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

12 120% 48000 4 48 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

13 130% 52000 4 52 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

14 140% 56000 4 56 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

15 150% 60000 4 60 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

16 160% 64000 4 64 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

17 170% 68000 4 68 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

18 180% 72000 4 72 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

19 190% 76000 4 76 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

20 200% 80000 4 80 Every 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 min

21 160% 64000 4 84 Every 1, and 4 min

22 120% 48000 4 88 Every 1, and 4 min

23 80% 32000 4 92 Every 1, and 4 min

24 40% 16000 4 96 Every 1, and 4 min

25 0% 0 15 111 Every 1, 4, 8, and 15 min

 TEST APPARATUS
1) Reaction Load: The steel girders H 600x200x11x17 shall be laid across test pile head and firmly fastened
with support system to withstand the maximum test load.

2) Hydraulic Jack: The Hydraulic Jack which have sufficient capacity, shall be installed on test pile head for
load applying on the test pile against reaction girders. The calibration is attached in Appendix.

3) Ball Bearing: The ball bearing shall be inserted between the girder and hydraulic jack to eliminate the
moment transfer.

4) Dial Gauge: Two (2) dial gauges shall be installed on test pile head by magnetic stands, mounted on
reference beams, to measure the test pile head movement. The gauges have the travel length of 25 mm. and a
precision of 0.01mm.

5) Reference Beam: Two steel H beam H 100x100x6x8 mm. are cross-connected and laid on the support
firmly embedded in ground, one ends fixed and the other are on roller.

6) Surveyor’s Level: The relative movement of test pile head, reference beam and reaction system are
determined by take readings from surveyor level on scales mounted on each target.

7) Piano Wire: The piano wire shall be tautened across the mirror-mounted scale to measure the pile head
movement.

TEST RESULT
The interpretation of test results shall comprise of

1. Pile Description

2. Tabulation of test data; time, load and movement of test pile head.

3. Load-Settlement curve

4. Time-Load curve

5. Time-Settlement curve

6. Conclusion

7. Etc.