Lecture (3)

kg lbm
Density: is the ratio of mass per unit volume as for example m3 or ft3
.

*Densities for liquids and solids do not change significantly at ordinary conditions with
pressure but they do change with temperature.

Where:

ρ = density.

m = mass.

V = volume.

cm3 f3
Specific volume: is the inverse of density with units such as , and .
g lbm

Figure: densities of liquid H2O and NH3 as a function of temperature.

Lecture (3)

Example: What is the volume of 90 g n-propyl alcohol which have a density of 0.804 g/cm3 ?
mass m
ρ= =
volume V
m 90 g
∴V= = = 112 cm3
ρ 0.804 g
cm3

Specific gravity: it is the ratio of the density of a certain material to that of a refrence
substance.

*The refrence substance for liquid and solids is water which have a density of
𝐠 𝐤𝐠 𝐥𝐛𝐦
𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟑 , 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝟑 , or 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝐟𝐭 𝟑
at 4 ℃.

*The refrence substance for gases is usually air at room temperature (25 oC) and
𝐤𝐠
atmosphereic pressure 1 atm which is 1.205 𝐦𝟑 .

ρsubstance
sp. gr = speci�ic gravity =
ρrefrence

*In petroleum industry the specific gravity of petroluem products is often reported in terms
of a hydrometer scale called oAPI.
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Example: if a 70% solution of glycerol has a specific gravity of 1.184 at 15 oC, what is the
density of the solution in:

(a)g/cm3

(b)lbm/ft3

(c)kg/m3
ρsubstance
sp. gr = speci�ic gravity =
ρrefrence
g g
(a)ρglycerol = sp. gr ∗ ρrefrence = 1.184 ∗ 1 cm3 = 1.184 cm3

lbm lbm
(b) ρglycerol = sp. gr ∗ ρrefrence = 1.184 ∗ 62.4 = 73.9
ft3 ft3

kg kg
(c) ρglycerol = sp. gr ∗ ρrefrence = 1.184 ∗ 1000 m3
= 1.184 ∗ 103 m3

Moles: is a certain amount of material corresponding to a specific number of molecules,

atoms, electrons, or any other specified types of particles.

mass m
n = number of moles = =
molecular weight M. wt

Where:

n= number of moles.

m.wt = molecular weight.

Example: if a bucket holds 2 lbm of NaOH how many

(a)pound moles of NaOH does it contains?

(b)Gram moles of NaOH does it contains?

Given: M.wtNaOH = 40 lbm/lbmol = 40 g/gmol

Lecture (3)

mass m 2 lbm
n = number of moles = = = = 0.05 lbmol
molecular weight M. wt 40 lbm
lbmol

(b)

454 gmol
nNaOH = 0.05 lbmol ∗ � � = 22.7 gmol
1 lbmol

Example: how many pounds of NaOH are in 7.5 gmol of NaOH?

Given: M.wtNaOH = 40 lbm/lbmol = 40 g/gmol

mass m
n = number of moles = =
molecular weight M. wt
g
mass = n ∗ M. wt = 7.5 gmol ∗ 40 = 300 g
gmol

1 lbm
nNaOH = 300 g ∗ � � = 0.6607 lbm
454 g

Mole fraction: is simply the number of moles of a particular compound in a mixture or a

solution divided by the total number of moles in the mixture or solution.

mole of A
mole % of A = total moles ∗ 100

Moles fraction of A + mole fraction of B + mole fraction of C + .............. = 1

Mass (weight) fraction: is simply the mass (weight) of a particular compound in a mixture or
a solution divided by the total mass (weight) in the mixture or solution.

mass of A
mass (weight) % of A = ∗ 100
total mass
Lecture (3)

Mass fraction of A + Mass fraction of B + Mass fraction of C + .............. = 1

*In order to convert from mole fraction to weight fraction and vice versa the following
equations can be used:

Example: an industrial drain cleaner contains 5 kg of water and 5 kg of NaOH. What are the
mass (weight) fraction and mole fractions of each component in the drain cleaner
container?

Given: M.wtH2O = 18 kg/kgmol, M.wtNaOH = 40 kg/kgmol

Mass of H2O = 5 kg

Mass of NaOH = 5 kg

Total mass = mass of H2O + mass of NaOH = 5 + 5 = 10 kg

massH2 O 5
mass fraction of H2 O = = = 0.5
total mass 10
massNaOH 5
mass fraction of NaOH = = = 0.5
total mass 10
mass 5 kg
n H2 O = = = 0.27 kgmol
M. wt kg
18
kgmol

mass 5 kg
nNaOH = = = 0.125 kgmol
M. wt kg
40
kgmol

ntotal = nH2 O + nNaOH = 0.27 + 0.125 = 0.395 kgmol

Lecture (3)

n H2 O 0.27
mole fraction of H2 O = = = 0.683544
total mole 0.395
nNaOH 0.125
mole fraction of NaOH = = = 0.316455
total mole 0.395
Total mole fraction = mole fraction of H2O + mole fraction of NaOH

Total mole fraction = 0.683544 + 0.316455 = 0.9999 ≅ 1

Another solution

mass (weight)fraction
mole fraction = M. wt
mass (weight)fraction
∑
M. wt
0.5
mole fractionH2 O = 18 = 0.689655
0.5 0.5
18 + 40
0.5
mole fractionNaOH = 40 = 0.310344
0.5 0.5
18 + 40

Total mole fraction = 0.689655 + 0.310344= 0.9999 ≅ 1

Concentration: generally refers to the quantity of some substance per unit volume, but
other related measures of the amount of material frequently occur such as below:

*Parts per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb), a method of expressing the concentration
of extremely dilute solutions: ppm is equivalent to a mass (weight) fraction of solids and
liquids because the total amount of material is of much higher order of magnitude than the
amount of solute.

*Parts per million by volume (ppmv) and parts per billion by volume (ppbv).
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*Other methods of expressing concentration with which may be familiar are molarity (g
mol/L), molality (mole solute/kg solvent), and normality (equivalents/L).

Example: the current OSHA 8-hour limit for HCN in air is 10 ppm. A lethal dose of HCN in air
is 300 mg/kg of air at room temperature. How many mg HCN/kg air is 10 ppm? What
fraction of the lethal dose is 10 ppm?

Given: M.wtHCN = 27.03 g/g mol

The amount of HCN is negligible in comparsion to the amount of air.

mass
n=
M. wt
mass = n ∗ M. wt

g 1000 mg
∴ massHCN = 10g mol ∗ 27.03 = 270.3 g ∗ � � = 2.7 ∗ 105 mg
g mol 1g

g 1 kg
massair = 106 g mol ∗ 29 = 29 ∗ 106 g ∗ � � = 2.9 ∗ 104 kg
g mol 1000 g

massHCN 2.7 ∗ 105 mg HCN mg HCN

= = 9.32
massair 2.9 ∗ 104 kg air kg air

Or//

9.32
Fraction of lethal dose = = 0.031
300

Example: A solution of HNO3 in water has a spesific gravity of 1.1 at 25 oC. The
concentration of HNO3 is 15 g/L of solution. What is the

(a)Mol fraction of HNO3 in the solution?

(b)Ppm of HNO3 in the solution?

Lecture (3)

Given: M.wtHNO3 = 63.02 g/g mol

(a)
ρsubstance
sp. gr = speci�ic gravity =
ρrefrence
g g
ρHNO3 = sp. gr ∗ ρrefrence = 1.1 ∗ 1 3
= 1.1 3
cm cm
g 1L g HNO3
concentrationsolution = 15 ∗� 3
� = 15 ∗ 10−3
L 1000cm cm3
g HNO3
g HNO3 15 ∗ 10−3
= cm3 = 0.01364 g HNO3
g solution g g solution
1.1 3
cm
For 1 g solution

The mass of water in the solution = 1 – 0.0134 = 0.9866 g H2O

massHNO3 0.01364 g
nHNO3 = = = 2.164 ∗ 10−4 g mol
M. wt HNO3 63.02 g
g mol

massH2 O 0.9866 g
n H2 O = = = 0.05481 g mol
M. wt H2 O 18 g
g mol

ntotal = nHNO3 + nH2 O = 2.164 ∗ 10−4 + 0.05481 = 0.0550

nHNO3 2.164 ∗ 10−4

mole fractionHNO3 = = = 0.00393
ntotal 0.0550

nH2 O 0.05481
mole fractionH2 O = = = 0.9965
ntotal 0.0550

total mole fraction = mole fractionHNO3 + mole fractionH2 O = 0.00393 + 0.9965 ≅ 1

13640
(b) 106
= 13640 ppm