CHE 131 COMPILATION (REVIEWER)

By: Giselle A. Lisondra

Assumptions:

 Steady state conditions apply

 One-dimensional conduction
 Constant properties
 No internal heat generation
KNOWN: A spherical shell
with prescribed geometry
and surface temperatures.
FIND: Sketch temperature
distribution and explain
shape of the curve.

ASSUMPTIONS:
(1) Steady-state conditions,
(2) One-dimensional conduction in x-direction,
(3) No internal heat generation.
 2.7 A solid, truncated cone serves as a support for a system that maintains the
top

(truncated) face of the cone at a𝑥temperature T1, while the base of the
cone is at a temperature T2<T1.The
thermal conductivity of the solid
depends on temperature according
to the relation k= k0 - aT, where a is
a positive constant, and the sides of
the cone are well insulated. Do the
following quantities increase,
decrease, or remain the same with
increasing x: the heat transfer rate

𝑞𝑥, the heat flux “𝑞′′, the thermal

conductivity k, and the temperature

gradient dT/dx?

Given: End-face temperatures and temperature dependence of k for a

truncated cone. Assumptions: (1) One-dimensional conduction in x (negligible
temperature gradients in

the r direction), (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Adiabatic sides, (4) No

internal heat generation.

Analysis: it follows the conservation of energy Eq. 1.12c, that for a

differential control volume, Ein = Eout or qx=qx+dx

So, qx I independent of x. With increasing x, A(x) also increases. Therefore it decreases the
heat flux “qx” since it follows that qx”= qx/ A(x).
Since T decreases with increasing x, k increases with increasing x. It follow the relation given
in the problem that k=k0-aT.
From Fourier’s Law, qx”= -kdT/dx it follows that | dT/dx | decreases with increases x.

2.10 A one-dimensional plane wall of thickness 2L=100 mm experiences uniform

Assumptions:
thermal energy generation of q=1000W/m 3 and is convectively cooled at x = ±50
1. Steady-state
mm by an ambient fluid characterized T͚ =20°C. If the steady-state temperature
2. One-dimensional
Conduction
3. Constant Properties
4. Negligible radiation
distribution within the wall is T(x) = a(L 2 - x2)+b where a =10℃/m2 and b =
30℃, what is the thermal conductivity of the wall? What is the value of the
convection heat transfer coefficient, h?

Given:
Wall Thickness : 2L=1000m
Thermal Energy Generation : q=1000W/m3
Ambient fluid: T͚ =20°C
Temperature Distribution:  T(x) = a(L2 - x2)+b
 ∂T
∧∂ T
Find: ∂ x at surface B
∂y

Assumptions:

1. Steady-state conditions and no heat generation in the material

itself

2. Two-dimensional conduction

3. 3Constant properties

Analysis:

at surface A,

∂T K
=30
∂y m
 given from the schematic,

∂T K
=0
∂x m

First law of thermodynamics

∆ E st =E ¿−E out + E g

0=E¿ −Eout

E¿ =E out

Fourier’s law in terms of vector quantity,

q  =-k∇T = -k(i {∂T} over {∂x} +j {∂T} over {∂y} +k {∂T} over {∂z}

q '' =i q'x' + j q'y' + k q'z'

∂T '' ∂T
q ''x =−k , q y =−k
∂x ∂y

Substituting to first law of thermodynamics equation

E¿ =E out

−k i ( ∂∂ Tx ) −k ( j ∂T∂y ) =−k (i ∂∂Tx ) −k ( j ∂T∂y )

A A B B

Given from the schematic of surface B,

( ∂∂ Ty ) =0 Km
B

We can infer that,

−k j ( ∂T∂y ) =−k ( i ∂T∂x )

A B

W K W ∂T
(
− 10
mK ) ( ) (
(2 m ) 30 =− 10
m mK
( 1 m)
∂x ) ( ) B
( ∂∂Tx ) =60 Km
B
Assumptions:
 Steady state conditions apply
 One-dimensional heat transfer
at x
 Constant thermal conductivities
 

 
ASSUMPTIONS:
(1) One-dimensional conduction in the r direction,
(2) Uniform generation, and
(3)Steady-state for q1 = 5x10 W/ m .
KNOWN:
W
k =50
m∙K

T ( ℃ )=a+b x 2
℃
a=200 ℃ ,b=−2000
m2

ASSUMPTIONS
1. Steady-state conditions
2. One-dimensional heat
flow
3. Constant properties
SOLUTION:

a.

∂ ∂T
q̇=−k ( )
∂x ∂x

∂ ∂
q̇=−k (
∂x ∂x
a+b x 2 )
∂
q̇=−k [ 2bx ]
∂x

q̇=−2 bk

℃ W
(
q̇=−2 × −2000
m 2 )( )
× 50 2
m

W
q̇=2.0 ×105
m3

b.

q ' ' x =−k ( ∂∂ Tx )

q '' x ( x )=−k ( ∂∂x a+b x )
2

q '' x ( x )=−2 kbx

 q ' ' x ( 0 ) =0

W ℃
q '' x ( L )=−2 ×50 2
×−2000 2 × ( 0.05 mm )
m m

W
q '' x ( L )=10,000
m2

Relationship:

Ė¿ − Ė out + Ė g=0

For a unit area,

q '' x ( 0 ) −q' ' x ( L ) + q̇ L=0

q̇=[q¿¿ ' ' ¿¿ x ( L ) −q' ' x ( 0 ) ]/ L ¿ ¿

Substituting, we can get q̇

W W

q̇=
[ 10,000
m 2
−0 2
m ]
0.05 m

W
q̇=20,000
m3
Problem 2.32

A plane wall of thickness 2L = 40 mm and thermal conductivity k = 5

W/m∙K experiences uniform volumetric heat generation at a rate q, while

convection heat transfer occurs at both of its surfaces (x = -L, + L), each of which

is exposed to a fluid of temperature T ∞= 20 ℃. Under steady-state conditions,

the temperature distribution in the wall is of the form T(x) = a+ bx +cx 2 where a

= 82.0 ℃, b = -210 ℃/m, c= -2 *104 ℃/m2 , and x is in meters. The origin of the

x-coordinate is at the mid plane of the wall.

a) Sketch the temperature distribution and identify significant physical

features.

b) What is the volumetric rate of heat generation in the wall?

c) Determine the surface heat fluxes, and how are these fluxes related to the

heat generation rate?

d) What are the convection coefficients for the surfaces at x= -L and x=+L?

e) Obtain an expression for the heat flux distribution. Is the heat flux zero at

any location? Explain any significant features of the distribution.

f) If the source of the heat generation is suddenly deactivated, what is the

rate of change of energy stored in the wall at this instant?

g) What temperature will the wall eventually reach with? How much energy

must be removed by the fluid per unit area of the wall (J/m 2) to reach this

state? The density and specific heat of the wall material are 2600 kg/m 3

and 800 J/kg ∙ K, respectively.

Known:
 Analytical expression for the steady-state temperature distribution

of the plane wall experiencing uniform volumetric heat generation q

while convection occurs at both of its surfaces.

Assumption:

1. Steady-state conditions,

2. Uniform volumetric heat generation,

3. Constant properties.

FIND:

(a) Sketch the temperature distribution, T(x), and identify significant physical

features,

(b) Determine q ,

(c) Determine the surface heat fluxes, q”x(- L ) and q”x (+L); how are these

fluxes related to the generation rate;

(d) Calculate the convection coefficients at the surfaces x = L and x = +L,

(e) Obtain an expression for the heat flux distribution, q” x; explain significant

features of the distribution;

(f) If the source of heat generation is suddenly deactivated ( q = 0), what is

the rate of change of energy stored at this instant;

(g) Determine the temperature that the wall will reach eventually with q=0;

determine the energy that must be removed by the fluid per unit area of

the wall to reach this state.

 Solution:

a) Temperature distribution using the analytical expression in the

Workspace of IHT.

T(-L) = 78.2C and T(+L) = 69.8C

b) Rate of volumetric heat generation

d dT q
( )+ =0 where T ( x )=a+bx +c x 2
dx dx k

d q q
( 0+b+ 2 cx ) + =( 0+2 c )+ =0
dx k k

℃ W
(
q̇=−2 ck =−2 −2 x 10 4
m 2)(
5
m∙ K )
W
q̇=2 x 105
m3

c) Heat fluxes

dT
q x ( x ) =−k
dx

q x (−L )=−k [ 0+b +2 cx ] x=−L =− [ b−2 cL ] k

 ℃ 4℃ W
[
q x (−L )=− −210
m ( ) ]
−2 −2 x 10 2 ( 0.020 m ) (5 2 )
m m

W
q x (−L )=−2950
m2

q x (+ L )=−[ b+2 cL ] k

W
q x (+ L )=5050
m2

d) Convection Coefficients

q } rsub {conv, l} =  {q x (−L)

W
hl [ T ∞−T (−L ) ]=hl [ 20−78.2 ] K =−2950
m2

W
hl =51
m2 ∙ K

q } rsub {conv, r} =  {q x (+ L)

W
hr [ T (+ L )−T ∞ ]=h r [ 69.8−20 ] K =5050
m2
 W
hr =101
m2 ∙ K

e) Expression for heat flux distribution

q } rsub {x} left (x right ) = -k {dT} over {dx} = -k[0+b+2cx ¿

q } rsub {x} left (x right ) = -5 {W} over {m∙K} [-210 {℃} over {m} +2(-2 x  {10} ^ {4} {℃} over {{m

q } rsub {x} left (x right ) = 1050+2 x  {10} ^ {5} ¿

W
−1050
m2
x max =
W
2 x 105 3
m

x max =−5.25 x 10−3 m=−5.25 mm

f) Rate of energy storage per unit volume

∂ ∂T ∂T
k ( )=ρ c p
∂ x ∂x ∂x

E } rsub {st} =k {∂} over {∂x}   left [0+b+2cx right ] =k[0+2c ¿

E } rsub {st} =5 {W} over {m∙K} [2 left (-2 x  {10} ^ {4}   {℃} over {{m} ^ {2}} right ) ¿

E } rsub {st} =-2 x {10} ^ {5} {W} over {{m} ^ {3}} ¿

g) Energy removed from the wall

E } rsub {in} - {Eout =∆ E } rsub {st} = {Ef −E } rsub {i ¿

With E } rsub {in} =¿

E } rsub {out} = ρ {c} rsub {p} int from {-L} to {+L} {left ({T} rsub {i} - {T} rsub {∞} right ) dx¿

E } rsub {out} = ρ {c} rsub {p} int from {-L} to {+L} {left (a+bx+2cx- {T} rsub {∞} right ) dx ¿

E } rsub {out} =ρ {c} rsub {p} [ax+ {b {x} ^ {2}} over {2} + {c {x} ^ {3}} over {3} - {T} rsub {∞} x] b

E } rsub {out} =ρ {c} rsub {p} left [2aL+0+ {2cL} over {3} -2 {T} rsub {∞} L right ¿

E } rsub {out} =2600 {kg} over {{m} ^ {3}}  x 800 {J} over {kg∙K}   left [stack { 2 x 82℃ x 0.020m+ {

E } rsub {out} =4.94 x  {10} ^ {6} {J} over {{m} ^ {2}¿

3.2 A new building to be located in a cold climate is being designed with a basement

that has an L=200-mm-thick wall. Inner and outer basement wall temperatures are

T i=20 ℃ and T o=0 ℃ , respectively. The architect can specify the wall material to

be either aerated concrete block with k ac=0.15W /m⋅ K , or stone mix concrete. To

reduce the conduction heat flux through the stone mix wall to a level equivalent to

that of the aerated concrete wall, what thickness of extruded polystyrene sheet must

be applied onto the inner surface of the stone mix concrete wall? Floor dimensions of

the basement are 20 m x 30 m, and the expected rental rate is $ 50/ m2/month. What is

the yearly cost, in terms of lost rental income, if the stone mix concrete wall with

polystyrene insulation is specified?

Known:

 Thickness of the basement wall; L=200 mm

 Inner and outer temperature of the basement wall; T i=20 ℃ and T o=0 ℃

 Thermal conductivity of aerated concrete; k ac=0.15W /m⋅ K

 Floor dimensions of the basement; 20 m x 30 m

 Rental rate; $ 50/ m2/month

Assumption:

4. Steady-state conditions,

5. One-dimensional conduction

6. Constant properties

7. Contact resistance is negligible

Properties:

W
o Stone mix concrete (300 K): k smc=1.4
m∙K
 W
o Rigid extruded polystyrene (285 K, ρ = 35 kg/m3): k ps =0.027
m∙ K

o Aerated concrete: k ac=0.15W /m⋅ K

FIND:

(h) Thickness of polystyrene sheet(t) needed: q”(smc) = q”(ac)

(i) Lost annual rental income if the stone mix concrete wall with polystyrene

insulation is specified.

Schematic:

Solution:

i. Aerated Concrete:

L=0.200 m

q = - {k∆T} over {L}    (Fourier's Law

q = {0.15  {W} over {m⋅K} left (20℃-0℃ right )} over {0.200 m

q =15  {W} over {{m} ^ {2}

ii. Stone Mix Concrete:

 W
q ( smc)=q ( ac )=15
m2

q = {{T} rsub {i} - {T} rsub {o}} over {left ({t} over {{k} rsub {ps}} right ) + left ({L} over {{k

t=k ps ¿

W 20 ℃−0 ℃ 0.200 m
t=0.027
m∙ K
[ W
15 2
m
−
1.4
W
m∙ K ]
t=0.032 m=32 mm

Area occupied by polystyrene:

A=( 20 m x 30 m )−(20 m−2 t)(30 m−2 t)

30
m

20
m

A=( 20 m x 30 m )−(20 m−2(0.032 m))(30 m−2(0.032 m))

A=3.2m 2
Lost annual rate income=¿

Lost annual rate income=$ 1920 / year

3.5 A dormitory at a large university, built 50 years ago, has exterior walls
constructed of Ls = 25-mm-thick sheathing with a thermal conductivity of ks =
0.1 W/m*K. To reduce heat losses in the winter, the university decides to
encapsulate the entire dormitory by applying an Li = 25-mm-thick layer of
extruded insulation characterized by ki = 0.029 W/m*K to the exterior of the
original sheathing. The extruded insulation is, in turn, covered with an Lg = 5-
mm-thick architectural glass with kg = 1.4 W/m*K. Determine the heat flux
through the original and retrofitted walls when the interior and exterior air
temperatures are T͚ ,i = 22 ℃ and T͚ ,o = 2-0 ℃, respectively. The inner and outer
convection heat transfer coefficients are hi = 5 W/m2 *K and ho = 25 W/m2 *K,
respectively.

Known: Ls = 25-mm; ks = 0.1 W/m*K (original wall)

Li = 25-mm; ki = 0.029 W/m*K (insulation layer)

Lg = 5-mm; kg = 1.4 W/m*K (glass layer)

T͚ ,i = 22 ℃ ; T͚ ,o = -20 ℃

hi = 5 W/m2 *K ; ho = 25 W/m2 *K
Find: qx” = ?
Schematic:
KNOWN: Curing of a transparent film by radiant heating with substrate and film surface
subjected to known thermal conditions.
Lf=0.25mm
Kf=0.025 W/m*K
Ls=1.0mm
Ks=0.05 W/m*K
FIND: (a) Thermal circuit for this situation, (b) Radiant heat flux, q’’o (W/m2), to maintain bond
at curing temperature, To, (c) Compute and plot q’’o as a function of the film thickness for 0 ≤ Lf
≤ 1 mm, and
(d) If the film is not transparent, determine q’’o required to achieve bonding; plot results as a
function of Lf.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat flow, (3) All the radiant
heat flux q’’o is absorbed at the bond, (4) Negligible contact resistance.
 
PROBLEM 3.11

Determine the thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotube of Example 3.4

when the heating island temperature is measured to be Th = 332.6 K, without

evaluating the thermal resistances of the supports. The conditions are the same as in

the example.

EXAMPLE 3.4

The thermal conductivity of a D = 14-nm-diameter carbon nanotube is

measured with an

instrument that is fabricated of a wafer of silicon nitride at a temperature of T∞ =300

K. The

20-μm-long nanotube rests on two 0.5-μm-thick,10μm× 10 μm square islands that

are separated by a distance s = 5 μm. A thin layer of platinum is used as an

electrical resistor on the heated island (at temperature Th) to dissipate q = 11.3 μW

of electrical power. On the sensing island, a similar layer of platinum is used to

determine its temperature, Ts. The platinum’s electrical resistance, R(Ts) = E/I, is

found by measuring the voltage drop and electrical current across the platinum layer.

The temperature of the sensing island, Ts, is then determined from the relationship of

the platinum electrical resistance to its temperature.

Each island is suspended by two Lsn = 250-μm-long silicon nitride beams

that are wsn =3 μm wide and tsn = 0.5 μm thick. A platinum line of width wpt = 1 μm

and thickness tpt = 0.2 μm is deposited within each silicon nitride beam to power the

heated island or to detect the voltage drop associated with the determination of Ts.
The entire experiment is performed in a vacuum with Tsur = 300 K and at steady state,

Ts = 308.4 K. Estimate the thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotube.

KNOWN:

 Heating Island temperature Th = 332.6 K

 D = 14-nm-diameter carbon nanotube

 L= 20-μm-long nanotube

 Two 0.5-μm-thick, 10μm× 10 μm square islands

 Surrounding Silicon Nitride Wafer Temperature, T∞ =300 K

 Distance, S = 5 μm

 q = 11.3 μW of electrical power

 Platinum’s Electrical Resistance, R(Ts) = E/I

 Two Lsn = 250-μm-long silicon nitride beams

 wsn =3 μm wide and tsn = 0.5 μm thick

  Platinum line of width wpt = 1 μm and thickness tpt = 0.2 μm

 Tsur = 300 K and at steady state

 Ts = 308.4 K

FIND:

The thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotube, kcn, for the conditions of

the problem statement and Th = 332.6 K, without evaluating the thermal resistances

of the supports.

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:

(1) Steady-state conditions

(2) Constant properties

(3) One-dimensional heat transfer

(4) Isothermal heating and sensing islands

(5) Negligible radiation and convection effects.

ANALYSIS:

Excess Temperature, θ ≡ T - T∞
Rtot = combined effects of the two beams that support either the heated island or the

sensing island

T h −T ∞ T s−T ∞ θ h−θ s
q=q h +q s= + =
Rtot Rtot Rtot

θh −θs
Rtot =
q

Conduction through the supporting beams of the heated island, and through the

carbon nanotube:

T h −T ∞ T h−T s
+
Rtot θ θh−θ s
S /(k ¿ ¿ cn A cn )= h + ¿
Rtot S /(k ¿ ¿ cn A cn ) ¿

Cross-Sectional Area of Carbon Nanotube, Acn

2
π D2 ( π × 14 ×10 )
−9
Acn = = =1.54 ×10−16 m2
4 4

Substituting the expression for Rtot into the preceding equation, and rearranging the

resulting expression yields

θh 1 sq
k cn= 1−
[ ][ ]
θ h+ θs θ h−θ s A cn

32.6 K 1 5× 10−6 m× 11.3 ×10−6 W

¿ 1−[ 32.6 K +8.4 K ][ 32.6 K−8.4 K ] 1.54 × 10−16 m2

W
¿ 3113 .K
m
3.13
3.26
3.52 A thin electrical heater is inserted between a long circular rod and a
concentric tube with inner and outer radii of 20 and 40 mm. The rod (A) has a
thermal conductivity of kA = 0.15 W/m K, while the tube (B) has a thermal
conductivity of kB = 1.5 W/m K and its outer surface is subjected to convection
with a fluid of temperature T∞=15 ℃ and heat transfer coefficient 50 W/m 2 K.
The thermal contact resistance between the cylinder surfaces and the heater is
negligible. (a) Determine the electrical power per unit length of the cylinders
(W/m) that is required to maintain the outer surface of cylinder B at 5 ℃. (b)
What is the temperature at the center of cylinder A?

Known: kA = 0.15 W/m K

kB = 1.5 W/m_x0001_ K

T∞=15 ℃

h = 50 W/m2 K

Find: (a)Electrical power required to maintain outer surface @ 5 ⁰C,

(b)Temperature at the center

Schematic:
 Known:

Ts1 = 500K h = 25
W/m2*K
T = 300K kA = 2 W/m*K
r1 = .05 m kB = 0.25 W/m*K
r2 = 0.1 m
Find:

a.) Sketch of the thermal circuit of the system

b.) Total heat loss and Ts2(A) & Ts2(B)

Assumptions:

 Steady State Conditions

 One dimensional Conduction
 Infinite Contact Resistance
 Constant Properties

Analysis:

a.) The Thermal Circuit

RcondA Ts2(A) Rconv

Ts1 T

Ts2(B)
q’
RcondB Rconv

Rconv = 1/hA = 1/r2h RcondA = ln (r2/r1)/ kA RcondB = ln (r2/r1)/ kB

b.) Total heat loss and outer surface temperatures

T s 1−T ❑ T s 1−T ❑
q'A = q ' B=
RcondA + Rconv RcondB + Rconv
 T s 1−T ❑ T s 1−T ❑
q'A = q ' B=
r2 r2
ln ln
r1 1 r1 1
+ +
k A r2 h k B r2 h
500−300 500−300
q'A = q ' B=
.1 .1
ln ln
.05 1 .05 1
+ +
(2) ( .1 )( 25 ) ( .25 ) ( .1 ) ( 25 )
W W
q ' A =841.6 q ' B=198.05
m m
' ' '
q =q A + q B

q ' =841.6+198.05

W
q ' =1,039.65
m

T s 1−T s 2( A) T s 1−T s 2(B )

q'A = q ' B=
R condA R condB
r2 r2

T s 2 ( A )=T s 1−( q ¿ ¿ ' ¿ ¿ A) ( )

ln

kA
r1
¿¿ T s 2 (B )=T s 1−(q ¿ ¿ ' ¿ ¿ B) ( )
ln

kB
r1
¿¿

.1 .1
T s 2 ( A ) =500− ( 841.6 )

T s 2 ( A )=407.16 K
( )
ln
.05
(2)
T s 2 ( A )=500− (198.05 )

T s 2 ( A )=325.21 K
( )
ln
.05
(.25 )
Problem 3.100a
A high-temperature, gas-cooled nuclear reactor consists of a composite cylindrical
wall for which a thorium fuel element (k = 57 W/m ∙ K) is encased in graphite (k = 3
W/m∙K) and gaseous helium flows through an annular coolant channel. Consider
conditions for which the helium temperature is T=600 K and the convection coefficient at
the outer surface of the graphite is h=2000 W/m2 ∙ K.
A. If thermal energy is uniformly generated in the fuel element at a rate q= 108
W/m3, what are the temperatures T1 and T2 at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively, of the fuel element?
Known: 
 radius of each layer, 
 thermal conductivities,
 helium flow temperature and 
 convection coefficient 
Find:  T1 and T2 
Schematic:

Assumptions: 
i. steady state conditions, 
ii. one-dimensional heat transfer, 
iii. constant properties, 
iv. no contact resistance and radiation
Analysis:
 To find T2
 q'=(T2-T)/Rtot'
 Solving for R'tot
Rtot'=(ln r3r2) / 2πk+1/2πr3h
Rtot'=(ln 1411)/ 2π(3W/m∙K) +1/2π(0.014m)2000W/m∙K
Rtot'=0.0185KW 
 Solving for q'
q'=qA
q'=q∙π(r22-r12)
q'=10.8W/m3[π∙0.0112-0.0182]m2
q'=17,907W/m
 To find T2
T2=q'(Rtot')+T
T2=17,907Wm0.0185KW+600K
T2=931K