In 1889 Robert Manning (an Irish civil engineer, 1816-1897) presented his formula relating the velocity
of flow in a sewer to the sewer gradient and the hydraulic radius (Manning, 1890). The formula is
commonly, but improperly, known as the Manning equation; as pointed out by Williams (1970) and
Chanson (1999), it should be known as the Gauckler-Manning equation since Philippe Gauckler (a French
civil engineer, 1826-1905) published the same equation 22 years earlier (Gauckler, 1867 and 1868). The
Gauckler-Manning equation (see Appendix 1) is: v = (1/n) r 2/3 i 1/2 (2.13) where v = velocity of flow at
d/D, m/s n = Ganguillet-Kutter roughness coefficient, dimensionless (but see Appendix 1) r = hydraulic
radius at d/D, m i = sewer gradient, m/m (i.e. dimensionless) Since flow = area × velocity, q = (1/n) a r
2/3 i 1/2 (2.14) where q = flow in sewer at d/D, m 3 /s Using equations 2.9 and 2.10, equation 2.14
becomes: q = (1/n) ka D 2 (kr D) 2/3 i 1/2 (2.15) The usual design value of the Ganguillet-Kutter
roughness coefficient, n is 0.013. This value is used for any relatively smooth sewer pipe material
(concrete, PVC or vitrified clay – but see Appendix 3) as it depends not so much on the roughness of the
material itself, but on the roughness of the bacterial slime layer which grows on the sewer wall. 2.4
TRACTIVE TENSION Tractive tension (or boundary shear stress) is the tangential force exerted by the
flow of wastewater per unit wetted boundary area. It is denoted by the symbol τ (the Greek letter tau)
and has units of N/m 2 (i.e. Pascals, Pa). As shown in Figure 2.2, and considering a mass of wastewater of
length l m and cross-sectional area a m 2 , which has a wetted perimeter of p m, the tractive tension is
given by the component of the weight (W, Newtons) of this mass of wastewater in the direction of flow
divided by its corresponding wetted boundary area (i.e. the are In 1889 Robert Manning (an Irish civil
engineer, 1816-1897) presented his formula relating the velocity of flow in a sewer to the sewer
gradient and the hydraulic radius (Manning, 1890). The formula is commonly, but improperly, known as
the Manning equation; as pointed out by Williams (1970) and Chanson (1999), it should be known as the
Gauckler-Manning equation since Philippe Gauckler (a French civil engineer, 1826-1905) published the
same equation 22 years earlier (Gauckler, 1867 and 1868). The Gauckler-Manning equation (see
Appendix 1) is: v = (1/n) r 2/3 i 1/2 (2.13) where v = velocity of flow at d/D, m/s n = Ganguillet-Kutter
roughness coefficient, dimensionless (but see Appendix 1) r = hydraulic radius at d/D, m i = sewer
gradient, m/m (i.e. dimensionless) Since flow = area × velocity, q = (1/n) a r 2/3 i 1/2 (2.14) where q =
flow in sewer at d/D, m 3 /s Using equations 2.9 and 2.10, equation 2.14 becomes: q = (1/n) ka D 2 (kr D)
2/3 i 1/2 (2.15) The usual design value of the Ganguillet-Kutter roughness coefficient, n is 0.013. This
value is used for any relatively smooth sewer pipe material (concrete, PVC or vitrified clay – but see
Appendix 3) as it depends not so much on the roughness of the material itself, but on the roughness of
the bacterial slime layer which grows on the sewer wall. 2.4 TRACTIVE TENSION Tractive tension (or
boundary shear stress) is the tangential force exerted by the flow of wastewater per unit wetted
boundary area. It is denoted by the symbol τ (the Greek letter tau) and has units of N/m 2 (i.e. Pascals,
Pa). As shown in Figure 2.2, and considering a mass of wastewater of length l m and cross-sectional area
a m 2 , which has a wetted perimeter of p m, the tractive tension is given by the component of the
weight (W, Newtons) of this mass of wastewater in the direction of flow divided by its corresponding
wetted boundary area (i.e. the are
