Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust,

anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, and contempt. They can

occur as fast as 1/15 to 1/25 of a second.

Gottman states that there are four major emotional reactions that
are destructive to a marriage: defensiveness, stonewalling, criticism,
and contempt. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the
most important of them all.

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which

consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye
movements. Humans send and interpret such signals
subconsciously.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is

when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest.[citation
needed]
This can indicate that a person is putting up an
unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can
also indicate that the person's arms are cold, which would be
clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall
situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking
deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or
confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is
expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is
leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial
expression often indicates outright hostility.
 Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking
positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that
the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take
their eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate
negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety
disorders are often unable to make eye contact without
discomfort. Eye contact can also be a secondary and
misleading gesture because cultural norms about it vary
widely. If a person is looking at you, but is making the arms-
across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that
something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk
about it. Or if while making direct eye contact, a person is
fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it
could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also, there are three
 standard areas that a person will look which represent different
states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other
then to the forehead, it is a sign that they are taking an
authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other
then to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what
they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party
holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other
and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of
romantic feelings.[citation needed]
 Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the
ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being
convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably
wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.
[citation needed]

 Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the

eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly
unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or
Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems
in the listener.[citation needed]
 Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye
contact, such as standing and listening properly. [citation needed]
 Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be
indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive
blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying.
Recently, evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking
can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than
excessive blinking.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Kinesics is the non-verbal behaviour related to movement,

either of any part of the body, or the body as a whole. In short
all communicative body movements are generally classified as
kinesic. There are basically five different types of kinesics;
emblems, regulators, illustrators, affective display and
adaptors.

 Emblems:

 Emblems are non-verbal cues that have a verbal

counterpart.For example, the British sign for Victory (forefinger
and middle finger erect) symbolises the letter V, a sign for
victory often seen painted onto house walls during WWII.
 However, the same movement may symbolise the number two
in the US and may be seen as insulting in Australia.
Another example is the “ok” sign made by forming a circle with
your thumb and forefinger and streching out the rest of the
three fingers. This may be seen as an indication for zero or the
number three in some countries. It is considered obscene in
Australia though. Emblems as such are a bewildering array of
different meanings. The list of possible interpretations and
different meanings is, unfortunately, sheer endless. In short,
emblems are signs used to refer to certain words. Its
interpretation may vary across different cultures and groups of
people.

 Regulators:

 Regulators are non-verbal signs that regulate, modulate and

maintain the flow of speech during a conversation. These can
be both kinesic, such as the nodding of a head, as well as
nonkinesic, such as eye movements. They are often used as
feedback to find out if one is clear of the instructions given or if
the audience is intrested in the speech. Different cultures use
different forms of regulators to show confusion or
understanding of a certain information. For example, the white
american students may use sounds such as “uh-huh” followed
by nodding of the head to indicate understanding. However,
the black american students use silence to
show understanding. Therefore, it may lead to confusion for
the white americans as to whether the black students
understand what is being said. Regulators may also modulate
the flow of speech when someone who wishes to interrupt with
a point, he/she raises up his/her hand to indicate that he/she
has something to say. This action is a form of regulator as it
controls the flow of speech by an interuption and changes it
flow towards a new speaker.

 Illustrators:

 Illustrators are used more consistently to illustrate what is

being said. For example pointing to something that you are
discussing about. It reinforces what you are saying. Again, the
usage and the amount of illustrators used is different from
culture to culture. For example Latin cultures in general make
more use of illustrators than Anglo-Saxon cultures. And again,
 Anglo-Saxon cultures make more use of illustrators than many
Asian cultures. In Asian culture, the use of illustrators show
lack of intelligence while the absence of illustrators, indicate
lack of intrest in the Latin culture.

 Affective Display:


Affective Displays are body, or more frequently facial,
movements that display a certain affective state, i.e. emotions.
A lack of such affective displays may well be understood as a
lack of emotion, which in turn is probably wrong. Different
cultures may practice the displaying of emotions differently.
Although two people may be feeling just as angry, their display
of anger may be totally different. One may blow up in the face
while the other may use silence to show displeasure.
Therefore the lack of display may not indicate the  lack of
emotions.
 

 Adaptors:

 Adaptors include postural changes and other movements at a

low level of awareness, frequently made to feel more
comfortable or to perform a specific physical function. Because
adaptors are usually carried out a low level of awareness, they
have been hailed as the secret to understanding what your
conversation partner really thinks. A slumped posure indicates
that you have low spirits, fatigued or that you feel
inferior.Whereas, an erect posture shows high spirits and
confidence. If you lean foward it implies that you are open and
interested. Leaning away shows disinterest and
defensiveness. Maintaining a rigid posture may mean that you
are defensive, while a relaxed posture may translate to
openess. Crossed legs and arms shows unwillingness to listen
while uncrossed arms and leg indicates that you are
approcahable.

 I hope you have gotten a better view of this topic. It is actually

not that difficult after all. Enjoy your weekend!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kinesics - body movements are an important part of public speaking.

Kinesics is the study of body movements and gestures as a form of nonverbal
communication. There are several types.

Ekman and Freisen divided kinesics - body movements into 5 categories.

Emblems-Body Movements

These have direct translation to words: Some gestures are related to culture. Some
of these cultural gestures or hand signals have a commonly acceptable use and
meaning in one part of the world and can be obscene in other parts of the world, such
as the index finger touching the thumb and making the OK sign.

Likewise a wave of the arm with fingers pointed up is common in many areas in
North America. In some South American cultures the same gesture is considered rude
and crude. The more appropriate gesture is for the hand to be pointed to the ground,
as if an inverted version of the aforementioned.

Illustrator-Accent

These emphasize or reinforce words and are also known as gestures.

Gestures, both descriptive and emphatic, are movements of the body or body parts
to express an idea or meaning or convey feelings or intentions.

Gestures can both communicate with and with out words.

Regulators

Regulators control the back and forth flow of speaking and listening.
 O'Conner found that frequent gesturing is highly correlated with people who were
perceived by others to be leaders in small groups.

Those who were leaders tended to use more shoulder and arm gestures.In a group
setting, people may adapt similar poses to those in the group that they agree with.

Counselors often help clients self-disclose by adopting similar postures to those of

their clients. This is believed to establish open communication.

Display of Feelings

Feelings can be displayed with or shown through face and body motions

Ekman and Friesan studies that feet and legs often reveal true feeling. Liars have
learned to control facial expressions.

Mehrabian's Immediacy Principle states that open body and arm position, leaning
forward relaxed posture, and touching increases perceived liking.

People who attempt to persuade others often use these immediacy contacts.

Adapter

Way of adjusting to communication situation: Twist hair, tap pen.

People of higher status take a more relaxed body posture.

Other Related Body Language

Posture

People of higher status take a more relaxed body posture

 Postures just like gestures are often used to indicate attitudes, status, affective
moods, approval, deception, warmth, and other emotions related to personal
interaction.

Ekman and Friesen (1967) suggested that posture can convey gross or overall
affect or liking. Specific emotions are communicated by more discreet, facial and body
movements. Included in these are movements now known as micro movements.

Body Language and Posture

Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research on
body language has grown significantly since the 1970’s, but popular media have
focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-
crossing, especially after the publication of Julius Fast’s book Body Language.

This is only the basics on Kinesics - Body Movements. Hopefully it will open the
doors of your mind for more research.

Facial Action Coding System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Muscles of head and neck.

Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial

expressions, originally developed by Paul Ekman in 1976.[1] It is a common standard to
systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful
to psychologists and to animators.

[edit] Uses
Using FACS, human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial
expression, deconstructing it into the specific Action Units (AU) and their temporal
segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation,
they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of
basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment.
The FACS manual is over 1000 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Dr.
Ekman's interpretation of their meaning.

FACS defines 32 AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It
also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors
of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished
specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs.

For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[2]

 Insincere and voluntary Pan American smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone
 Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior
part of orbicularis oculi.

Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have
had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus
quickly identify emotions[3]. Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or
Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units.

The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression[4], and the
measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally[5].

FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number
of sources[6], including manuals and workshops[7], and obtain certification through
testing[8]. A variant of FACS has been developed to analyze facial expressions in
chimpanzees[9].

[edit] Codes for action units

See also: List of muscles in the human body#The muscles of the head

For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide
any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle
activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have
been added here for the benefit of the reader.

Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A-E (for minimal-maximial

intensity) to the Action Unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU
1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person).

For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent
certified FACS encoders.

The following is a list of Action Units (AUs with underlying facial muscles). Action
Descriptors (ADs) do not have specific underlying muscle action.
 0 Neutral face
 1 Inner Brow Raiser -- Frontalis (pars medialis)
 2 Outer Brow Raiser -- Frontalis (pars lateralis)
 4 Brow Lowerer -- Depressor glabellae, Depressor supercilii, Corrugator supercilii
 5 Upper Lid Raiser -- Levator palpebrae superioris
 6 Cheek Raiser -- Orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis)
 7 Lid Tightener -- Orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
 9 Nose Wrinkler -- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
 10 Upper Lip Raiser -- Levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis
 11 Nasolabial Deepener -- Zygomaticus minor
 12 Lip Corner Puller -- Zygomaticus major
 13 Sharp Lip Puller -- Levator anguli oris (also known as Caninus)
 14 Dimpler -- Buccinator
 15 Lip Corner Depressor -- Depressor anguli oris (also known as Triangularis)
 16 Lower Lip Depressor -- Depressor labii inferioris
 17 Chin Raiser -- Mentalis
 18 Lip Pucker -- Incisivii labii superioris and Incisivii labii inferioris
 19 Tongue Out
 20 Lip stretcher -- Risorius w/ platysma
 21 Neck Tightener -- Platysma
 22 Lip Funneler -- Orbicularis oris
 23 Lip Tightener -- Orbicularis oris
 24 Lip Pressor -- Orbicularis oris
 25 Lips part -- Depressor labii inferioris or relaxation of Mentalis, or Orbicularis oris
 26 Jaw Drop -- Masseter, relaxed Temporalis and internal pterygoid
 27 Mouth Stretch -- Pterygoids, Digastric
 28 Lip Suck -- Orbicularis oris
 29 Jaw Thrust
 30 Jaw Sideways
 31 Jaw Clencher -- Masseter
 32 Lip Bite
 33 Cheek Blow
 34 Cheek Puff
 35 Cheek Suck
 36 Tongue Bulge
 37 Lip Wipe
 38 Nostril Dilator
 39 Nostril Compressor
 41 Lid Droop
 42 Slit
 43 Eyes Closed—Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris; Orbicularis oculi (pars
palpebralis)
 44 Squint
 45 Blink—Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris; Orbicularis oculi (pars
palpebralis)
 46 Wink—Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris; Orbicularis oculi (pars
palpebralis)
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body posture,
gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such
signals subconsciously.

John Borg attests that human communication consists of 93 percent body language and
paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves[1];
however, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose 1960s work is the source of these
statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings[2] (see
Misinterpretation of Mehrabian's rule). Others assert that "Research has suggested that
between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior."[3]

Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For
example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure,
amusement, and intoxication, among many other cues.

Contents

[edit] Understanding body language

The technique of "reading" people is used frequently. For example, the idea of
mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews.
Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.[citation
needed]

Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would
keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers
clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions. Examples would
include yawning (sleepiness), showing lack of interest (sexual interest/survival interest),
attempts to change the topic (fight or flight drivers).

[edit] Physical expression

Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of
nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as
kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has
shown[citation needed], it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult."
Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example,
gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great
interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.[4]

 One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses
his or her arms across the chest.[citation needed] This can indicate that a person is putting up
an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the
person's arms are cold, which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling.
When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply
about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can
mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is
 leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates
outright hostility.
 Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the
speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker
enough to "take their eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity.
On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye
contact without discomfort. Eye contact can also be a secondary and misleading
gesture because cultural norms about it vary widely. If a person is looking at you, but is
making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that
something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while
making direct eye contact, a person is fiddling with something, even while directly
looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also, there are three
standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the
person looks from one eye to the other then to the forehead, it is a sign that they are
taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other then to the
nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level
conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to
the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.
[citation needed]

 Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the
chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention
invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period. [citation needed]
 Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at
the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck
or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener. [citation
needed]

 Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing
and listening properly.[citation needed]
 Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching
the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone
who is lying. Recently, evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking can also
represent lying as a more reliable factor than excessive blinking. [1]

Some people use and understand body language differently, or not at all.[citation needed]
Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of
normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations
(especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be
stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.

[edit] How prevalent is non-verbal communication in

humans?
Some researchers[who?] put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of
all communication when it could be at around 50-65 percent. Different studies have
found differing amounts, with some studies showing that facial communication is
believed 4.3 times more often than verbal meaning, and another finding that verbal
communication in a flat tone is 4 times more likely to be understood than a pure facial
expression.[citation needed] Albert Mehrabian is noted for finding a 7%-38%-55% rule,
supposedly denoting how much communication was conferred by words, tone, and body
language. However he was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes.
[edit] Body language and space
Main article: Personal space

Interpersonal space refers to the psychological "bubble" that we can imagine exists
when someone is standing too close to us. Research has revealed that there are four
different zones of interpersonal space.

 The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about eighteen
inches (46 cm) apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we reserve for
lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends, and also pet animals.
 The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length away;
starting around eighteen inches (46 cm) from our person and ending about four feet
(122 cm) away. We use personal distance in conversations with friends, to chat with
associates, and in group discussions.
 The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area that
ranges from four to eight feet (1.2 m - 2.4 m) away from you. Social distance is
reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances.
 The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything more than
eight feet (2.4 m) away from you. This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater;
essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences. [5]

[edit] Unintentional gestures

Recently, there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be
useful for developing an interactive and adaptive human-machine system. Unintentional
human gestures such as making an eye rub, a chin rest, a lip touch, a nose itch, a head
scratch, an ear scratch, crossing arms, and a finger lock have been found conveying
some useful information in specific context. Some researchers[who?] have tried to extract
such gestures in a specific context of educational applications.[citation needed] In poker
games, such gestures are referred to as "tells" and are useful to players for detecting
deception or behavioral patterns in an opponent(s).

Posture psycholog

Primarily, posture is a reflex to keep the body upright. The concept behind this is also
one of the important types of information in the field of nonverbal communication. This
article applies to the second understanding of the term in this sense meaning:

 how the body is positioned in relation to another person or group of persons (for
example, leaning stance, posture, standing, sitting, etc.) and how they are positioned
relative to each other various body parts (eg leg imposed on the leg, hand in pocket,
etc.)
 physique, that is how the body looks like (for example, whether it is large, has a broad
back, weak legs, large head, etc.)
[edit] Communication expressed posture
Representatives of various animal species, especially social animals, they must
exchange information and messages. Non-verbal communication developed in humans
earlier than verbal communication. In humans, one of the means of communication such
as its position in the hierarchy of the group or attitude toward others is the appropriate
attitude gain (in addition to facial expressions, personal distances, gestures and body
movements). Posture conveys information about:

 attitudes of interpersonal relations - for example I like - I do not like, want to avoid,
etc. Also the animals communicate in this way, attitudes toward another individual
 personality traits - such as confidence, submissiveness, openness, the need
 social standing - social origin, position in the social hierarchy (particularly if it is
analyzed in the context of postures callers)
 current emotional states - fear, a sense of security, relaxation, tension
 and frustrations of developmental traits or character, mental injuries (traumas), etc.
 characteristics of temperament - according to the theory of Hippocrates, Kretschmer,
Sheldon.

[edit] Analysis of posture

Posture inform both the enduring characteristics of the person (character, temperament,
etc.), and of its current internal states (emotions, attitudes that have been raised, etc.).
Therefore, posture can be considered in the context of a given situation, and
independently of it.

It should be noted, however, that people assume certain postures in a habitual manner.
Although at the time of manufacture habit usually posture is a reflection of inner states,
it is a habit may lose the function of inducing or suppressing relevant experience and
experience.[1]

During the analysis of posture and other non-verbal communication, it is easy to

commit a fundamental attribution error - that is subject to the illusion that informs the
attitude of permanent human internal characteristics and not the reactions caused by
situational factors.
[edit] Changing states and habitual postures

Paul Cézanne. For a closed ideal attitude is missing only the jacket buttoned to the neck and
chin slightly lowered

Posture as information about the current state of the internal should be analyzed in the
context of other messages, both verbal and nonverbal as well as cultural norms and
social, that apply to your situation.

The same body position in different contexts may carry other information. It was found,
for example, that the greater the enslavement of a social group, the stronger the
tendency of its members to express courtesy.[2]

[edit] Open and closed body posture

An open posture. Spread out his hand, palm visible, shirt undone at the neck, the foot
extended toward the viewer. Image of openness and friendliness
The actors and researchers distinguish these two opposing attitudes. People with an
open posture are perceived as friendly and positive attitude, creating a sense of security
around him. People with a closed body posture gives the impression of detached,
uninterested contact, hostile.

 Closed posture is one in which part of the body most susceptible to trauma are
obscured. These body parts are: throat, stomach and genitals. They are easily
damaged and the damage could have fatal consequences. Damage to the genitals
prevents the transfer of their genes to future generations, and is synonymous with the
death of the "point of view of the gene" [3] (see also: Theory of matching the total and
William Donald Hamilton). Therefore, both humans and animals trying to protect those
vulnerable to injury part. In humans, have similar behavior: the enclosure of the neck
by leaving or propping up the chin, tilting the head, arms weaving on the chest or
abdomen, hands clasped obscure the genitals ("the attitude of the Soviet dignitary"),
crossing the legs. Also, clothing may close stance: buttoned suit, golf, handbag or
briefcase held in front of you, etc.
 An open posture is one in which they are exposed: genitals, abdomen and neck (see
photo above). The open character of the body raised the head, draped jacket, shirt
undone at the neck, loosened his tie, bag on shoulder or in hand, slightly raised hips,
which are also signal sexual abuse<- reference please.

An important element of the closing or opening position of the body are the hands.
Shown palms read as openness, friendliness, willingness to contact, especially if the
hand is relaxed - that is, his fingers gently touch each other. Showing the back of your
hand, gripping them, hiding the thumb is a signal closure (see also: the gestures and
body movements).

Hands clasped behind his back after the close of the posture, even though its front is
exposed. They call because the caller with the impression of hiding something. Hands
are the most frequently touched the body zone, and their "hide" can be read as resistance
to closer contact.

Closed and open posture also applies to the seat. Attaching feet, clinching the legs, arms
crossing the closure body. Slightly bending forward, head hanging, showing the palms
open position.

[edit] Interpersonal attitudes

Slightly bending the head, left hand based on the table, as though seeking support, parted lips:
to encourage contact, grooming, and perhaps prone to. Straight silhouette, straight neck: a
signal of well-being, good self-esteem. Hidden hand carries an element of mystery and anxiety,
curious, intrigued

Interpersonal attitudes (sympathy-disapproval, acceptance, trust, etc.) are communicated

through:

 the inclination of the body. During the conversation lean slightly toward the caller's
trunk or tilted slightly away from him. It is usually unconscious behavior. The
inclination "towards" is an expression of sympathy and acceptance. Reverse Buckling
occurs along with the survival of dislike and disapproval or desire to break the
relationship. Similar importance is slight, or postponing the ejection head.
 Similarity. During the conversation, people have an unconscious tendency to imitate
their behavior. This happens when the conversation runs seamlessly and is enjoyable
for both parties. This approximation of the attitudes and gestures and body
movements indicate the emergence of a bond and sympathy. Lack of synchronization
behavior leads to a sense that this contact is artificial, forced and unpleasant.
 orientation of the body. Usually, people talk directed toward each other, but not in
the position of "face to face," a confrontational attitude (see also: territoriality ).
Therefore, the body usually callers are turned toward each other, but are set at an
angle. When you ignore someone, we tend to ignore or avoid contact - set the side
(shoulder) - this happens for example in a crowded elevator (more on this see: the
theory of intimacy).
 closed or open body position.

[edit] The social

Nonchalant attitude of the body, occupying much space (extended elbow) providing a fixed
social position and self-confidence
The posture is highly dependent on cultural patterns.

Expressing respect by bending the body in half and tilt their heads in the Japanese
culture has a different meaning than in Western culture.

Also, in certain environments, apply the unwritten norms gain postures. The gang
members, soldiers, supporters take other items. In this way, the attitude of the body
discloses information about the social origin and nationality, and the environment in
which the unit was raised.

Finally, the body can tell you about the position in the social hierarchy. Otherwise,
move, stand and sit aristocrats, otherwise used. Characteristic is a step, which moves in
the power, the ruler sits differently than a subordinate.

 If two people of different social standings and talk to each other, it usually has a higher
position takes a more relaxed attitude. Her body is arranged rather unbalanced and
may appear nonchalant attitude, such as legs on a table, hand in your pocket or under
his jacket, etc.
 A person with a lower position becomes symmetrical position (eg both hands on your
lap or desk, and if it is - hands at your sides, possibly founded on his stomach, held
clasped in front of you).
 Typically, a person with higher status first sits down and talks while sitting. A person of
lower status is not sitting, or sit as a second, usually also ask (for example, sight) for
permission.
 A person of lower social position is trying to deal with their attitude less space, for
example, in the right way involves crossed his legs, holding your elbows close to the
body, etc.

An open and confident heading George Bush. His broad gesture, legs firmly apart, torso bent
slightly toward the camera and smiling face, express and arouse sympathy. Bush takes his
stance considerably more space than Ehud Olmert, which suggests that he feels confident. The
left hand freely based on the knee. Straight back and seizing a large space create an aura of a
man confident and likeable at the same time. Arrangement of chairs makes Olmert must adopt
a closed attitude and stoop to Bush. It makes the feel of a less open and matching the caller -
massively. His body from the need to take less space, which also suggests that sub-issue and a
lower position in the social hierarchy. Olmert can not express an attitude (inclination) liking to
the observers because of the right hand immobilized, and therefore despite the smiles and
legs apart and is perceived as a more closed and distant. Finally, we perceive Bush as host

[edit] Wellbeing

Attitude energized in a woman on the left side, however, with locked legs at the knees (see
further - the nature of oral sex). Depressed in the second position: shoulders and head
lowered, looking down, back rounded, immobile diaphragm, shallow breathing

Mood influences on muscle tone, energy level, sense of well-being internal. Thus, body
posture (e.g. head raised or hunched shoulders) reveals the current state of mind.

 Experiencing stress is manifested, among others: zgarbieniem back and shoulders

leaning towards each other, the willingness to carry weight on your toes or (more
rarely) on the heels, buttocks and anus tightening, tightening the jaw and mouth,
clenching. Also raises the general tone of the muscles, decreasing the peripheral
circulation of blood, resulting in quench the hands, feet, tip of nose, ears. Changing
their way of breathing is blocked skirt and tight abdominal muscles, there is a
tendency to shortness of breath, during which mainly move the ribs or collarbone.
 Well-being: back straight, raise your head.
 Malaise: Drooping shoulders, looking down, head bowed, also tilted at an angle to the
left or right.

In the popular literature has come to interpret the postures according to the assumptions
of psychoanalysis - such as protecting the breast and leg crossing would be a symptom
of a sexual complex.[4] These beliefs, however, have very limited support in systematic
research and experimentation. Thus, it is more likely that this type of behavior reflect a
certain style of self-presentation,[5] for example, "the man of God", "seductress",
"eccentric artist", rather than unconscious conflicts and complexes.
[edit] Example analysis of postures

Before reading the caption analyze the picture below.

The woman in the red dress is clearly on guard (emotionally): Closed posture - her crossed
arms and legs - the right leg pointing away from the speaking woman (flight response). Her
body is slightly tilted back and her dangling hands show a lack of sympathetic resonance and
emotional disapproval.

The woman in the green top is clearly interested: Her torso leans toward the speaker, the head
is up. Looking at the speaker indicates interest in the conversation. Her raised foot reveals an
emotional response to the conversation. Her body position is very similar to the speaker,
reflecting an emotional resonance and intense interest. This was probably a non-verbal signal
to the speaker to direct her words to the woman.

The woman in the sleeveless white top is interested but tense: a closed body posture. Left and
right hand protect the body and neck, legs closed tightly, protecting the genital area, a bag
protects the stomach and may act as a shield. The inclination of the body is partly a function of
protection and shielding the abdomen, but is also partly an expression of interest e.g. the tilt
of the head. It is worth noting that the woman expressing the strongest disapproval is also very
unlike the other three. Similarity is one of the key factors in sympathy
[edit] The posture and stable personality traits

The term "posture" means sometimes the appearance of the body. In psychology , there
are several concepts involving the appearance of the permanent characteristics of
individuals. Some habitual position may also reflect stable characteristics of "the inner
man". None of the concepts has any basis on the ground of modern science.

[edit] Personality

The self-confidence, openness, a sense of security is expressed through posture.

 Confident person is habitually more relaxed, resulting in frequent gain both

asymmetrical posture when sitting and standing. This happens primarily in situations
that do not enforce and standardize the behavior (see also: conformity).
 Sense of security affects the alignment of the body in a dream. Some French saying
has it that: "The king is sleeping on his back, the wise man on the side, and a rich man
on his stomach." "King's position" (upside-down position, arms at your sides your legs
straight and slightly open) takes by people feeling safe. In this position, using about
12% of people. Parts of "soft" (neck, abdomen, genital area) are not enclosed.

[edit] Nature

Figure anatomy of the Encyclopedia great French of a muscle man

Wilhelm Reich, a student of Freud, first drew attention to the relationship between a
shallow breath and blocked traffic and the difficulty in experiencing sexual pleasure and
emotional disorders, especially neuroses.
This concept was developed by Alexander Lowen, founder of bioenergetics. He is also
author of the concept of block of muscle. Lowen noted that when people do not want to
experience certain emotions, then tighten certain muscles.[6] For example, when the boy
did not want to cry, it can tighten the jaws, which suppresses the tears. The stress and
anger tightens the muscles along the spine and thigh muscles, which can manifest itself
in pain in those body parts, if the stress was prolonged.

According to Lowen some tensions become chronic: in progress continuously,

regardless of the circumstances. This is called chronic tension blocks of muscle. There
was also a notion of "muscular armor" as a metaphor of armor, which is designed to
protect against unwanted emotional experience.

Muscular block affects the posture and the way we move, and also reduces the
experience of feelings and awareness, including awareness of one's body. (See also:
denial). Certain experiences influence the formation of specific blocks of muscle, and
thus its appearance, structure and attitude, so you can read some past experience of
human imprinted in his body, "just as one can read or summer was warm by the
observations of tree rings".[7]

This idea is reformulated by American psychotherapist Stephen M. Johnson in his

theory of style, character. According to Johnson, muscle tension occur early in a child's
life (see also: psycho-sexual development) and affect the specific appearance of the
body. In these periods of life comes to the formation of certain psychological
characteristics of human ways of thinking and experiencing the world, causing the
appearance goes hand in hand with the specified character. Thus was born the concept
of "style of character."

According to this theory, there is the following characteristic types of body building and
associated psychological characteristics:[8]

 Schizoid nature - in the first months after birth there are strong tensions in the vicinity
of joints, resulting in very stiff and then limp joints. The body gives the impression of
undernourished, frail, very thin, poorly developed, often small. Is noticeable shortness
of breath, chest very slim and very moving diaphragm. Blocks are present in the neck
muscles and tension around the eyes. These people often have problems with their
eyesight and wear glasses.
o A person with a schizoid feel insecure in social situations, has the feeling that it
is unwanted by others. Avoids physical contact and does not like it, well my
body feels weak and is often dissatisfied with it, bad it feels. It is "detached
from the earth," which results in a specific way of walking - a light, as if on
tiptoe. Often, such people are creative and have developed abstract thinking.
 Oral nature - sunken chest, where the arms bend toward each other, very shallow
breathing, sunken abdomen and stiff knees. Rzepka knees are raised up, which means
that the legs are bent at the knees as if to back. Sometimes the knee converge toward
each other ("x's feet"), head pushed forward. Often such persons are poorly developed
lower jaw, poor teeth.
o Oral types tend to relate the extreme dependency: make easily from humans,
the substance of certain activities (eg computer games). They feel that alone
will not give you advice and continuous desire to close others. They behave as
if they needed continuous assistance, guidance and support of other people,
even in small things. At the same time tend to have well-developed social
 skills. The nature of oral sex may result in the denial of dependency needs.
Such a person feels confident that no one needs to be happy, yet afraid of the
situation of dependence on others and have needs. An example might be a
mountain climber, who spent two weeks going through the snow and not feel
the need odezwania to someone.
 narcissistic (psychopathic) nature - weak legs and feet, poor grounding (the term
derived from bio-energy), pulled upwards stomach and inflated chest.
o These persons are very afraid of humiliation and ridicule. They want to
dominate and inspire fear in others (see also: ingracjacji techniques), they
want to control other people. It is easy to cope with difficult situations, but
they are not capable of a long commitment and effort. They are prone to
exploitation and use of others.
 Masochistic nature - very strong legs, thighs and overgrown muscle fat around the
thighs, rounded, hunched backs, bent head, the folds of fat on the neck.
o Masochists have problems with their free will, they feel deprived of
spontaneity, and controlled by others. They have a large shipment of passive
aggression and resistance. The apparent humility agree with adversity, while
having in themselves a large portion of suppressed anger.
 Character edypalny (rigid) - the body leaning slightly forward, shoulders pulled back,
wypięta chest, buttocks wypięte. The body is rather smooth, but with very tight,
"prepared to act" muscles. Sometimes it is said also of the hysterical variety of body
type (see also: the nature of hysterical) with strong tensions in the muscles of the
chest.
o Such persons are in constant activity, without a break doing something "not
forgiven myself," put on the achievements. They try to give my more and
more, even though they are never satisfied with himself until the end.

[edit] Features of temperament

Constitutional theories in psychology (eg, Sheldon, Kretschmer) emphasize the

relationship between body structure and temperament. Ever since Hippocrates thought
that the body structure goes hand in hand with the temperament and susceptibility to
certain diseases. These beliefs have become common knowledge - for example, there is
a conviction that "Chubs are benign and listless, while a person with an athletic body
types are more aggressive and active".

Scientific research on relationship of body appearance and temperament traits began in

the early twentieth century German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer. He studied the
relationship between body structure and the onset of psychosis. These tests are now to
the history of psychology. Broader their discussion - see The constitutional theory of
Kretschmer.

Presented here in brief is the theory of William Sheldon, the best set of systematic
research[9]. Sheldon distinguished three "dimensions" of body (he called them "types of
somatic"), which in different people can come in different intensity:

 Endomorphic - body, soft, rounded figure, poor development of bones and muscles, a
low ratio of body surface area to its mass. Are well developed digestive organs that
develop from the endoderm of the embryo - hence the name.
  Endomorphic correlates positively with the characteristics of temperament,
which Sheldon called wiscerotonią . This dimension of temperament
manifested a tendency to comfort, sociability, desire, food, people and
feelings. Such persons have a relaxed posture, slow reacting, they are
balanced, very easy to live with and tolerant. In moments of stress and tension
seek the company of other people.

 Mesomorphic - body structure is solid and angular, is dominated by muscle and bone.
The body is strong and hard, fault-tolerant and adapted to the physical effort. This
type of body develops from the mesoderm.

 Mesomorphic correlates of temperamental traits, which was named

somatotonia. manifested a propensity for adventure and risk, a strong need
for intense exercise and muscle exercise. Such persons are characterized by
relatively strong aggression , insensitivity to the feelings of others, a tendency
to dominance, power and action.

 Ectomorphic - slim and frail body, flat chest, delicate. Typically, such people are thin
and poorly muscled, unable to prolonged physical effort. The large area of the body in
relation to its mass. The largest is the brain and central nervous system.

 Ectomorphic goes with cerebrotonią as manifested by discomfort, shyness,

inhibition, fear of people. The reactions of these people are too fast, bad
dream. In moments of stress and tension they avoid humans.

Some researchers have argued that a strong relationship between body structure and the
type of temperament are associated with methodological shortcomings, and this
relationship is actually lower than shown by Sheldon[10]

[edit] The appearance of the body and the appeal of

authority
Main article: Physical attractiveness

Increase significantly correlated with the perception of a person with authority

The size of the body, especially the increase is an important factor influencing the
perception of a person as an authority and a tendency to succumb to it (see: the impact
of authority).

Men spend much more time on shaping the muscles of the chest and shoulders, while
women in the exercise the muscles of the thighs and the lap belt. It is related to the
effort of interpersonal attraction, one of whose major components is physical
attractiveness.

Hips wider than the waist

An attractive male body is one in which the arms are wider than the hips, while female
beauty formula contains the appropriate ratio of the circumference to hip circumference
of the waist. Deck must be narrower, but not too narrow. Perceived attractiveness of
such figures of the body is linked to evolutionary conditioning preferences in choosing a
partner and the amount of sex hormones - testosterone and oestrogen.