Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

MRIIRS
Faridabad (Haryana)

Subject: Internal combustion Engine and

Gas Turbines
Subject Code: M-621
Third Year – Sixth Semester
1 Academic Session: January- May 2019
 MRIIRS
(Deemed to be University under section 3 of the UGC
Act 1956)

Periods/week Credits: MAX. MARKS: 150

L: 4 T: 0 4 Internal: 50
Duration of Ext. Exam: 3 Hrs External : 100
Pre-requisites: Thermal Engineering-1, Thermal Engineering-2
Course Type : Program Core
Course Coordinator/Co-Coordinator: Joydeep Chakraborty

Course outcome:
M-621.1 Students will able to understand and derive thermodynamic relations, and apply the basic
principles of Thermodynamics for finding engine efficiencies.
M-621.2 Student will be familiar with the design and operating characteristics of modern internal
combustion engines
M-621.3 Student will learn the thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction and other factors
affecting engine power, efficiency and emissions.
M-621.4 Students will be introduced to the environmental and fuel economy challenges facing the
internal combustion engine.
M-621.5 Students will be equipped with broad based knowledge to support problem solving skills
such that the basics learned from the course can be used to deal with engineering challenges and
research used for testing and performance parameters of SI engines.
M-621.6 Student will be able to understand and acquire knowledge of Power Plant based on oil and
gas. The student will be able to work as team member or leader in Thermal and Gas turbine plants.

2 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Course Articulation Matrix
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO P0 PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO Statement
(M-621)

M-621.1
3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 3 2 -

M-621.2
2 1 3 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 3 3 2 1

M-621.3
3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 - - 3 3 3 1

M-621.4
- - 1 1 - 3 3 2 - - 1 2 3 1 -

M-621.5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 3 3 1

M-621.6
2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 -

3 Department of M.E./ F.E.T/MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Syllabus : INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES and GAS Part-A
Unit 1: Air Standard Cycles: TURBINES
Internal and external combustion engines; classification of I.C. Engines, Cycles of operation in four stroke and two
stroke I.C. Engines, Wankel Engines, Assumptions made in air standard cycle; Otto cycle; diesel cycle, dual
combustion cycle, comparison of Otto, diesel and dual combustion cycles; sterling and Ericsson cycles; air standard
efficiency, specific work output, specific weight; work ratio; mean effective pressure; deviation of actual engine
cycle from ideal cycle.
Unit 2: Carburetion, Fuel Injection and Ignition Systems:
Mixture requirements for various operating conditions in S.I. Engines; MPFI, Requirements of a diesel injection
system; types of inject systems; petrol injection, Requirements of ignition system; types of ignition systems ignition
timing; spark plugs.
Unit 3: Combustion in I.C. Engines:
S.I. engines; Ignition limits; stages of combustion in S.I. Engines; Ignition lag; velocity of flame propagation;
detonation; effects of engine variables on detonation; theories of detonation; octane rating of fuels; pre-ignition; S.I.
engine combustion chambers, Stages of combustion in C.I. Engines; delay period; variables affecting delay period;
knock in C.I. engines, Cetane rating; C.I. engine combustion chambers. Pollutants from S.I. and C.I. Engines, Methods
of emission control.
Part-B
Unit 4: Lubrication and Cooling Systems:
Functions of a lubricating system, Types of lubrication system; mist, wet sump and dry sump systems; properties of
lubricating oil; SAE rating of lubricants, engine performance and lubrication, Necessity of engine cooling;
disadvantages of overcooling; cooling systems; air-cooling, water cooling; radiators.
Unit 5: Engine Testing and Performance:
Performance parameters: BHP, IHP, mechanical efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and indicative mean
effective pressure, torque, volumetric efficiency; specific fuel consumption (BSFC, ISFC), thermal efficiency; heat
balance; Basic engine measurements; fuel and air consumption, brake power, indicated power and friction power,
heat lost to coolant and exhaust gases; performance curves.
Unit 6: Gas Turbine:
Brayton cycle; Components of a gas turbine plant; open and closed types of gas turbine plants; Optimum pressure
ratio; Improvements of the basic gas turbine cycle; multi stage compression with inter-cooling; multi stage
expansion with reheating between stages; exhaust gas heat exchanger, Applications of gas turbines.
4 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad
 Unit 6
GAS
TURBINE

5
Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad
 Lecture
Lecture PlanTopic
No.
Brayton cycle, Components of a gas turbine plant
41

Open and closed types of gas turbine plants.

42

Optimum pressure ratio, improvement of the basic gas turbine

43
cycle.
Multi stage compression with inter-cooling.
44

45 Multi stage expansion with reheating between stages

46 Exhaust gas heat exchanger, Application of gas turbines.

47 Problems
Problems
48
6 Department of M.E./ F.E.T/MRIIRS/ Faridabad
 Lecture Topic
No.
Brayton cycle, Components of a gas turbine plant
41

7 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 The Brayton Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression;
2-3 Constant-pressure heat
addition;
3-4 Isentropic expansion;
4-1 Constant-pressure heat
rejection.

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 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/
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 Lecture Topic
No.
Open and closed types of gas turbine plants.
42

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 A Gas turbine is a Turbo-machine and basically similar to steam
turbine regarding its working principle

The first turbine to produce useful work was probably a wind mill,
where no compression and no combustion exist

Now a days gas turbine include a compression process and

combustion process.

Joule and brayton independently proposed the cycle that is the

ideal prototype

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11 Faridabad
 Classification of Gas turbine

Combustion Action of
process Path of Gases
Gases

Const. Const.
volume pressure
Impulse-
Impulse
Reaction
Turbine
Turbine

Open Cycle GT Closed Cycle GT Semi Closed Cycle

GT

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 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/
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 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/
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 Compare Open cycle and Closed cycle Gas turbines

Open cycle:
1. Warm-up time. Once the turbine is brought up to the rated speed by the starting
motor and the fuel is ignited, the gas turbine will be accelerated from cold start to
full load without warm-up time.
2. Low weight and size. The weight in kg per kW developed is less.
3. Open cycle plants occupy comparatively little space.
4. Open-cycle gas turbine power plant, except those having an intercooler, does not
require cooling water.
5. The part load efficiency of the open cycle plant decreases rapidly as the
considerable percentage of power developed by the turbine is used to drive the
compressor.
6. The open-cycle gas turbine plant has high air rate compared to the other cycles,
therefore, it results in increased loss of heat in the exhaust gases.

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 Closed cycle:
1. The machine can be smaller and cheaper than the machine used to
develop the same power using open cycle plant.
2. The closed cycle avoids erosion of the turbine blades due to the
contaminated gases and fouling of compressor blades due to dust.
Therefore, it is practically free from deterioration of efficiency in service.
3. The need for filtration of the incoming air which is a severe problem in
open cycle plant is completely eliminated.
4. The maintenance cost is low and reliability is high due to longer useful
life.
5. The system is dependent on external means as considerable quantity
of cooling water is required in the pre-cooler.
6. The response to the load variations is poor compared to the open-
cycle plant

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 Lecture Topic
No.
Optimum pressure ratio, improvement of the basic gas
43 turbine cycle.

17 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Thermal Efficiency
The energy balance for a steady-flow process can
be expressed, on a unit–mass basis, as

The heat transfers to and from the working fluid

are:

The thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle,

Constant specific heats

where is the pressure ratio.

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 Parameters Affecting Thermal
Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton
cycle depends on the pressure ratio, rp of
the gas turbine and the specific heat ratio,
k of the working fluid.
The thermal efficiency increases with
both of these parameters, which is also
the case for actual gas turbines.
A plot of thermal efficiency versus the
pressure ratio is shown in Fig. for the
case of k =1.4.

Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/

19 Faridabad
 Improvements of Gas Turbine’s Performance
The early gas turbines (1940s to 1959s) found only limited use despite their
versatility and their ability to burn a variety of fuels, because its thermal
efficiency was only about 17%. Efforts to improve the cycle efficiency are
concentrated in three areas:

1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures.

The turbine inlet temperatures have increased steadily from about 540°C in
the 1940s to 1425°C and even higher today.
2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-machinery components (turbines,
compressors).
The advent of computers and advanced techniques for computer-aided design
made it possible to design these components aerodynamically with minimal
losses.
3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (intercooling, regeneration or
recuperation, and reheating).
The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by
incorporating intercooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating.

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 Lecture Topic
No.
Multi stage compression with inter-cooling.
44

21 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Compression with Intercooling

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• the work required to compress in a steady flow
device can be reduced by compressing in stages
• cooling the gas reduces the specific volume and in
turn the work required for compression by itself
compression with intercooling does not provide a
significant increase in the efficiency of a gas
turbine because the temperature at the
combustor inlet would require additional heat
transfer to achieve the desired turbine inlet
temperature

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23 Faridabad
 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/
24 Faridabad
 Lecture Topic
No.
Multi stage expansion with reheating between stages
45

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 total work is increased
but additional heat input is required
net efficiency may or may not increase

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 Brayton Cycle With Regeneration
Temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine is
higher than the temperature of the air leaving the
compressor.
The air leaving the compressor can be heated by the
hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger
(a regenerator or recuperator) – a process called
regeneration.
The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases
due to regeneration since less fuel is used for the
same work output.

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28 Faridabad
 Brayton Cycle With Intercooling,
Reheating, & Regeneration
The net work output of a gas-turbine cycle
can be increased by either:
a) decreasing the compressor work, or
b) increasing the turbine work, or
c) both.
The compressor work input can be decreased by
carrying out the compression process in stages
and cooling the gas in between using
multistage compression with intercooling.

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29 Faridabad
 Physical arrangement of an ideal two-stage gas-turbine cycle with
intercooling, reheating, and regeneration is shown in Fig

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 Lecture Topic
No.
Exhaust gas heat exchanger, Application of gas turbines.
46

31 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Applications

● Gas turbine power plants are used to supply

peak loads in steam or hydro-plants.
● They are used as standby plants for hydro-
electric power plants.
● Gas turbines are used in jet, aircra and ships.

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 Advantages

● Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating

engines.
● Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power
rating.
● Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a
reciprocating engine.
● Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
● Greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained
high power output is required

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 Contd….
● Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the exhaust.
This results in a high temperature exhaust stream that is
very usable for boiling water in a combined cycle, or for
cogeneration.
● Low operating pressures.
● High operation speeds.
● Low lubricating oil cost and consumption.
● Can run on a wide variety of fuels.
● Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC due to excess air,
complete combustion and no "quench" of the flame on cold
surfaces.
Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav
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Faridabad
 Disadvantages

● Cost is very high

● Less efficient than reciprocating engines at
idle speed
● Longer startup than reciprocating engines
● Less responsive to changes in power demand
compared with reciprocating engines
● Sophisticated techniques are used for
making turbine blades

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35 Faridabad
 Lecture Topic
No.
Problems
47

36 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/
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Process 1-2, isentropic compression

Process 3-4, isentropic expansion

Consider 1kg of heat supply,

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Faridabad
Heat rejection

Net work output

Cycle efficiency
Net work output per second

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Faridabad
 Lecture Topic
No.
Problems
48

41 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

 Example
A gas turbine power plant operating on an ideal
Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas
temperature is 300K at compressor inlet and
1,300K at turbine inlet. Utilizing the air standard
assumption, determine :
a) The gas temperature at exit of the compressor
and turbine
b) the back work ratio
c) The thermal efficiency

Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/ Faridabad

Solution
Process 1-2, isentropic compression on ideal gas

T 2 = at compressor
exit

Process 3-4, isentropic expansion on ideal gas

T 4 = at Turbine exit
A gas turbine power plant
operating on an Brayton cycle
has a pressure ratio of 8. the gas
temperature is 300K at
compressor inlet and 1,300K at
turbine inlet. Utilizing the air
standard assumption, and
assuming compressor efficiency
of 80% Department
and turbine efficiency is
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85%, regenerator
Faridabad
having
effectiveness of 80% is is install,
 qregen,act h5 –
Effectiveness, = h 2a =
qregen,max h 4a - h 2a

= 0.80, h 5 = 825.37kJ/kg

q in = h 3 - h 5 = 570.6kJ/kg

Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ MRIIRS/

Faridabad