Bus-Bar Modules

 The Bus-Bar modules are either with single phase or three phase enclosure. Three-phase enclosures
are compact and have lesser eddy current
  losses. Single phase Bus-Bars are necessary to suit other components having single phase enclosures.
The three Bus-Bars are conveniently
  staggered by a distance equal to centre spacing.
 The diameter of enclosure depends on rated voltage and internal clearance requirements.
 The main conductors are aluminum or copper tubes. The contact areas
 are silver plated. There is a provision of expansion joints which permits axial elongation at higher
temperatures. The tubular conductors are
 supported on epoxy resin cast insulators Fig (13) the shape of insulators is such that the field
distribution is uniform.
 The dimensions of conductor tubing depend upon the mechanical strength corresponding to short
circuits forces. The size so obtained is generally
 adequate for carrying normal current without excessive temperature rise.
 

Bus-Bar dismantling principle

1 - Bus-Bar Disconnector
2 - Removable contact
3 - Bellows
4 - Bus-Bar conductor
Modular components fitted in Bus-Bar lengths and bays.
Depending upon particular local requirements, the following standard
elements are included in the assembly Fig. below.
(a) Lateral mounting unit.
(b) Axial length compensator (for Bus-Bars of straight length)
(c) Parallel compensator (for joint between Bus-Bars at an angle)
(d) Bellow compensator
 

Axial length compensator (for Bus-Bars of straight length)

   2 - Fo

1- L - unit (9o° junction)

4 - Angle
j

3- T-unit with flange for Earthing switch

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Circuit Breaker
The Circuit Breakers are automatic Switches which can interrupt fault currents.
The part of the Circuit Breakers connected in one phase is called the pole.
A Circuit Breaker suitable for three phase system is called a ‘triple-pole
Circuit Breaker. Each pole of the Circuit Breaker comprises one or more interrupter or arc-
extinguishing chambers. www.sayedsaad.com
The interrupters are mounted on support insulators. The interrupter encloses
a set of fixed and moving contact's
The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links
of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the Circuit Breaker gives the
necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the Circuit Breakers.
The arc produced by the separation of current carrying contacts is interrupted by a suitable
medium and by adopting suitable techniques for arc extinction. The Circuit Breaker can be
classified on the basis of the arc extinction medium.
 
The Fault Clearing Process
During the normal operating condition the Circuit Breaker can be opened or closed
by a station operator for the purpose of Switching and maintenance.
During the abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close
the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker. Thereafter the Circuit Breaker opens.
The Circuit Breaker has two working positions, open and closed.
These correspond to open Circuit Breaker contacts and closed Circuit Breaker
contacts respectively.
The operation of automatic opening and closing the contacts is achieved by means
of the operating mechanism of the Circuit Breaker.
As the relay contacts close, the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism
of the Circuit Breaker starts the opening operation.
 The contacts of the Circuit Breaker open and an arc is draw between them.
The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c. wave.
The process of current interruption is completed when the arc is extinguished
and the current reaches final zero value. The fault is said to be cleared.
 
The process of fault clearing has the following sequence:
1- Fault Occurs. As the fault occurs, the fault impedance being low,
     the currents increase and the relay gets actuated.
     The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in the operating
     torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.
2 - Relay contacts close the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker closes and trip coil is energized.
3 - The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operation.
     The Circuit Breaker contacts separate.
4 - Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc is extinguished
      in the Circuit Breaker by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero
      as the arc is extinguished and does not restrict again.
 

The Trip-Circuit
Fig (1) below illustrates the basic connections of the Circuit Breaker control for the opening operation

STANDARD RATINGS OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND THEIR SELECTION

 
The characteristics of a Circuit Breaker including its operating devices and
auxiliary equipment that are used to determine the rating are:
(a) Rated characteristics to be given for all Circuit Breakers.
1. Rated voltage.
2. Rated insulation level.
3. Rated frequency.
4. rated current.
5. Rated short Circuit Breaking current.
6. Rated transient recovery voltage for terminal faults.
 7. Rated short circuit making current.
8. Rated operating sequence.
9. Rated short time current.
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(b) Rated characteristics to be given in the Specific cases given below:
         1 - Rated characteristics for short line faults for
                    three pole Circuit Breakers rated at 72.5 kV and
                    above, more than 12.5 kA rated short circuit breaking
                    current and designed for direct connection to overhead
                    transmission lines.
        2 - Rated line charging breaking current, for three pole
                   Circuit Breakers rated at 72.5 kV and above and intended
                   for Switching over- head transmission lines.
        3 - Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices, where applicable.
        4 - Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devices, where applicable.
        5 - Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for operation and
             Interruption, where applicable.
 
(c) Optional rated characteristics:
1. Rated out of phase breaking current.
2. Rated line charging breaking current, for three pole
        Circuit Breakers rated at less than 72.5 kV and for single
        pole Circuit Breakers.
3. Rated cable charging breaking current.
4. Rated single capacitor bank breaking current.
5. Rated small inductive breaking current.
6. Rated supply voltage of auxiliary circuits.
7. Rated supply frequency of auxiliary circuits
 
The type of the Circuit Breaker
The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc extinction. The
classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
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(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or
      Double Pressure).
 
Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity
1 – Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric pressure (430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA
Breaker (3.6-12) KV -  500 MVA
2 – Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric pressure (430-600 ) V
3 – Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV
4 – Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
5 – Air Blast CB. Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
(20 – 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
6 – SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA
36 KV , 2000 MVA
145 KV, 7500 MVA
 245 KV , 10000 MVA
7 – Vacuum  CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA
8 – H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

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 Bulk Oil Type Breaker

In Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker oil serves a two-fold purpose, i.e., as means of extinguishing
the arc and also for providing insulation between the live parts and the metallic tank.
This is the oldest amongst the three types having been developed towards close
of the nineteenth century.
In its simplest form the process of separating the current carrying contacts
was carried out under oil with no special control over the resulting arc
other than the increase in length caused by the moving contact's
As the power systems began to develop resulting in higher voltages and higher
fault levels, plain break type breaker could no longer keep pace with the requirements.
Various methods of controlling the breaking process were investigated and developed.

This led to the development of controlled break oil Circuit Breaker.

This employed pressure chamber and is still widely used because it is relatively
cheap to make and gives greatly improved performance in terms
of final extinction, gap length and arcing time, as against the plain break
oil Circuit Breaker. Various designs exist according to the preferences
and requirements of individual manufacturers and designations such
as ‘Cross Jet Type’, ‘Explosion Pot’ and ‘Baffle pot’, etc.
 
Many oil Circuit Breakers feature special arc control devices most of which are based
on the simple pressure chamber principle but incorporate certain modifications
 aimed at improving the breaking capacity.
Depending on the working principle of these special pressure chambers
the breakers are designated as: impulse oil Circuit Breakers deign grid breakers,
 breakers with double arc pressure chambers and axial jet pressure
chamber oil Circuit Breakers.
 
For general illustration, a view of the contact actuating mechanism of 33 kV,
type OKM, bulk oil breaker manufactured by M/s English Electric Co. is shown in Fig (1)
The contacts are actuated by a lever assembly L housed within the top-plate
and connected to the lifting bridge N by links M.
  
The beam lever assembly is pivoted on a shaft H fixed in bearings in the top-plate and is operated by a tie
rod G connected by an adjustable coupling J to the vertical pull-rod K from the Circuit Breaker operating
mechanism. An oil seal F is fitted to prevent leakage from top-plate and an indicator arm is operated by a
pin E on the driven end of the beam lever. The lifting bridge N which carries the lift rods Q and moving
contacts R moves vertically on guide I, rods D fixed in the top-plate, At the top end of each guide rod and
fastened to the top plate by clips A is an accelerating spring C.
These springs are compressed by the lifting bridge during the closing stroke and provide a throw off force
when the breaker is tripped open. The mechanism is prevented from over traveling the closed position by
adjustable stops B in the top-plate. At the lower end of each guide rod is an oil dashpot assembly P.

These oil buffers arrest the downward or contact opening movement. The working part of the breaker is
cylindrical chamber known as an interrupter pot. The view of the interrupter is shown in Fig (2) the
interrupter pot is screwed and locked on to an interrupter top block.  The interior of the chamber is fitted
with insulating dividing plates which form labyrinths and oil flow passages. Assembled in the top of the
chamber is the fixed spring loaded cluster type contact, the fingers of which are arranged in a circular
formation to engage with the moving contact which is of the solid rod of candle type.
Alternate cluster fingers are extended to form arcing contacts.
These parts carry the arc current and protect the normal current carrying parts from burning. The moving
contacts are clamped by pinch bolts at each end of a cross bar which is bolted to the lift rod.
The separation of the contacts and drawing out of the arc take place in the interrupter pot which almost
completely restricts the movement of the oil within it.
 
The internal space available for gas is thus little more than that swept out by the moving contact, and a
pressure is set up which depends upon the rate of gas production and its rate of flow through the vents.
 
The pressure rise and the condition resulting there from are believed to play a large part in giving this type
of oil Circuit Breaker a very much higher breaking capacity than the plain break type.

             Fig (1)www.sayedsaad.com

                            Fig (2)www.sayedsaad.com

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Small Oil Volume Breaker

 As the system voltages and fault levels increased the Bulk Oil Breakers required huge quantities of
insulating oil and
 became unwieldy in size and weight.
 This added enormously to the cost of a power system.  Simultaneously improvements were made in
the technique
 of ceramics.
 The function of oil as insulating medium in the Bulk Oil Breakers was transferred to the porcelain
containers.
 Only a small quantity of oil was used to perform its functions as arc quenching medium. This led to
the development
 of small oil volume or low oil content breakers in the continent of Europe.
 Like the Bulk Oil Breakers these have also since then passed through many stages of development
with varying designs
 of the arcing chambers. Today the small oil volume breakers are available for voltages up to 36 kV
and the fault levels
 associated therewith.
 Contrary to the operation of the impulse type Circuit Breaker, such as air blast Circuit Breaker, in
which arc extinction
  and dielectric  recovery
 are affected by means of an external quenching medium, the process of arc extinction in  the small
oil volume
 Circuit Breaker is of internal
 thermo- dynamic origin.
 During the tripping operation an arc strikes in oil between the moving contact and the fixed
contact's
 This arc is elongated vertically in the explosion pot until the distance traveled is sufficient to
withstand the
 voltage between contacts.
 The increase in internal pressure due to the Splitting up
 and vaporization of oil by the arc creates a rapid movement of the extinguishing
 medium round the arc This self-quenching effect causes a rapid cooling of the ionized column along
its whole
 Length due to partition of the explosion pot and the dielectric recovery is sufficiently rapid.
 To prevent the arc restricting after a natural Passage Through zero. The electric arc itself has,
therefore,
 Supplied the necessary energy for its own extinction. There are now numerous
 manufacturers of small oil volume breakers                                                                    
 However, to illustrate the principles of working, the sectional view of working portion of 170 kV
3500 MVA.
 Breakers of

Fig (4)

 M/s Delle France have been shown in Fig. (4) the most important part of the breaker is its
extinguishing chamber.
 This takes the form of an insulating cylinder containing oil, in the axis of which moves the contact
rod and within
 which breaking occurs.
 The arcing chamber is supported at its base by a casing enclosing a mechanism whose function is to
 move the contact rod  According to the impulses given by the control mechanism. In the on
position, the current flows from
 the Upper current terminal (1) to the contact fingers, (2) Follows the movable contact rod (7) and
reaches the current terminal (10)
 across the lower contact fingers (8). At the beginning of the stroke and before breaking, the contact
rod strongly pulled down.
 Wards by the tripping springs, starts a high speed opening motion.
 Then, an arc strikes between the contact rod tips (6) and the stationary
 Arcing ring (3) protecting the upper contact fingers.
 At this moment gases escape without hindrance towards top of the apparatus.
 The contact rod rapidly reaches a very high linear speed; it moves
 the arc downwards and forces it to enter the explosion pot (5) where it is maintained rectilinear
and is elongated in a direction opposite
 to the   release of gases towards fresh oil. Since the arc is as short as possible the arc voltage is
minimized and the energy dissipated is
   reduced.  
  Still, since the gases can no longer develop freely, they generate a considerable pressure in the
explosion pot (5), thus producing a violent
 upward  axial blast of oil vapor, exhausting the highly ionized gaseous mass.
 The optimum distance is thus obtained, the jet of oil causes the dielectric strength to be rapidly
increased, and at the
 following current zero, the arc is impeded from restricting and the breaking is thus achieved.
 The explosion pot (5) is intended to withstand high pressures.
 It is partitioned into several components by means of discs whose function is to retain a certain
quantity of fresh oil while the first break
 is proceeding; this allows a second break to occur with complete
 safety at the full short circuit current. The low oil content Circuit Breakers require separate
current Transformers of wound type. Still at
 all  voltages from 33 kV and above the costs of these breakers
 inclusive of current Transformers compete favorably with that of the Bulk Oil Breakers.
 

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In addition there are certain other advantages which may be summed up as under:
(I)   Light and reduced size rendering transport
(ii)  Simple construction making erection easy.
(iii) Quick and simple maintenance.
One of the limitations put forward against this class of breakers is frequent maintenance, owing to reduced
quantity of oil and consequent liability to quick carbonization, on circuits  susceptible to frequent
trappings because of too many faults.
Interruptions on lines carried on pin insulators are rather too many on account of poor workmanship,
inadequate
and improper maintenance.
However, for this reason alone, it may not be worthwhile to reject these breakers unless the difference in
cost
 with Bulk Oil Breakers is meager. For this very reason doubt was expressed about the ability of these
breakers
for rapid reclosing duty. However, low oil content breakers have been designed and constructed for rapid
reclosing duties by established makers of this class of breakers. Rated breaking capacities in general are
covered securely by a circuit breaking of any design but, depending on the arc extinguishing principles
employed,
difficulties are sometimes encountered in performing certain specific duties.
The situations where the small oil volume breakers are, presently,
considered at disadvantage are:
(I)  Switch unloaded lines.
(II) Evolving faults.
(III) Out of phase disconnection. 
The small oil volume breakers have distinct advantage over the air blast breakers under the following
conditions:
1 - Kilometric faults.
This is because the oil Circuit Breakers are much less
sensitive to the natural frequency of the restricting voltage.
2. Disconnection of Transformers on load.
The current chopping phenomenon which causes over voltages,
before natural zero, is not serious in this class of breakers as the arc extinguishing
Energy is always proportional to the broken current. Restricting voltage

        1 – Circuit Breaker pole

        2 – Mechanism housing
        2a – cover of mechanism housing
        3 – Pole head
        4 – Pole cylinder
        5 – Crank housing
        6 – Upper main terminal
      13 – Bottom main terminal
      22 – Vent housing
      23 – 0il level indicator
      39a – square on charging shaft
      47 – Spring condition indicator
      82 – off push - button
      88 – on push – button
      98 – Circuit Breaker indicator
      99 – Operation counter
      119 – Lifting hole for transport  

 Fig (5) Small Oil Volume Breaker type OD4 makes BBC

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 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Sectional view of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker, marketed by M/s Driescher Picnicker Madras is shown is
Fig. (6) the most important part is the vacuum interrupter, blown up view of which is given in Fig. (7)
When the contacts separate, the current to be interrupted initiates a metal vapor arc discharge and flows
through this plasma until the next current zero.
 
The arc is then extinguished and the conductive metal vapor condenses on the metal surfaces within a
matter of microseconds.
As a result, the dielectric strength in the break builds up very rapidly.
The self generated field causes the arc root to travel, thereby preventing local overheating when large
currents are being interrupted. Certain minimum current is necessary to maintain the metal vapor arc
discharge.
 
Current of a lesser value is chopped prior to current zero, causing unduly high voltages, as may happen
during interruption of no load magnetizing currents of unloaded Transformers.
The rapid build up of the dielectric strength in the break enables the arc to be safely extinguished even if
contact separation occurs immediately prior to current zero the maximum arcing time for the last pole to
clear is stated to be 15 ms.
 
Further the arc voltage developed in vacuum interrupter is low (say between 20 to 200 V) due to high
conductivity of metal vapor plasma.
 
For there reasons the arc energy developed in the break is very small. High Switching life is claimed on
this account. Performance is claimed to be immune to pollution because of interrupters being hermetically
sealed.
The manufacturing range of M/s Driescher Panicker covers Vacuum Circuit Breakers up to rated voltage
of 36 kV.
Vacuum Circuit Breakers are specially suited in industrial applications, where the Switching frequency is
high combined with high degree of pollution. www.sayedsaad.com

Fig (6)
1 - Vacuum Interrupter
2 - Terminal
3 - Flexible connection .
4 - Support insulators.
5 - Operating rod.
6 - Tie bar. www.sayedsaad.com
7 - Common operating shifts .
8 - operating corn .
9 - Locking cam.
10 - Making spring .
11 - Breaking spring.
12 - Loading spring.
13 - Main link.
 Fig (7)

1-  cast resin post insulator

2-  upper connection
3-  upper contact support
4- 5- fastening nuts
6- Rear pull strap
7- Front pull strap
8- vacuum Switching chamber
9- contact Switch with toroidal
    contact  Lower contact support
    Consisting of :-
10.1 transmission lever
10.2 burn-off indicator
10.3 actuation crank
10.4 actuation lever
10.5 telescope rod with contact spring
11    hook stick
 Fig (8)
Construction of the Switch pole type VA, VXC
 

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SF6 Circuit Breaker (GIS)

Construction
A triple-pole 8D.2 breaker is illustrated in Fig. (1) for example Used in 132 KV
Each breaker pole consists of a chamber 11. Containing an interrupter unit 22. Fig (1) an adapter housing
15. And an operating mechanism 14. Complete with oil tank 14.3.
The breaker chamber is sealed gas-tight by two bushings 29. Fig (2- Next page). the breaker thus forms an
independent gas filled compartment.
The gas pressure in the breaker poles is indicated by a gauge in the control and monitoring unit and is
monitored by a density monitor. www.sayedsaad.com
The control and monitoring unit is installed in the control cubicle. It contains the pump set, all the devices
for electrical and hydraulic control and monitoring of the breaker poles and also the terminal blocks.
The operating energy is produced by compressing nitrogen in a storage cylinder 13. Fig (1) each pole is
fitted with a rupture diaphragm 11.3 fig (2- Next page) as a protection against unduly high gas pressure.
A static filter 11.31 fig (2- Next page) is fitted in the breaker chamber. Its purpose is to absorb SF6
decomposition products and to keep the SF6 dry. Each pole rests on a ball-type support 11.4. Fig (2- Next
page) in this way, the flanged joints of the modular assemblies is relieved of strain. A section through a
breaker pole is shown in Fig (10)

 
 Fig (1) Type 8D.2 breaker
 Make SIEMENS.  www.sayedsaad.com
11. Breaker chamber
11.4 support.  www.sayedsaad.com
13. Hydraulic storage cylinder
14. Operating mechanism
14.3 Oil tank
15. Adapter chamber
22. Interrupter unit.
 www.sayedsaad.com
 
Each breaker pole consists of a chamber 11. Containing an interrupter unit 22. Fig (1) an adapter housing
15. And an operating mechanism 14. Complete with oil tank 14.3.
The breaker chamber is sealed gas-tight by two bushings 29. Fig (2- Next page). the breaker thus forms an
independent gas filled compartment.
The gas pressure in the breaker poles is indicated by a gauge in the control and monitoring unit and is
monitored by a density monitor.
The control and monitoring unit is installed in the control cubicle. It contains the pump set, all the devices
for electrical and hydraulic control and monitoring of the breaker poles and also the terminal blocks.
The operating energy is produced by compressing nitrogen in a storage cylinder 13. Fig (1) each pole is
fitted with a rupture diaphragm 11.3 fig (2- Next page) as a protection against unduly high gas pressure.
 A static filter 11.31 fig (2- Next page) is fitted in the breaker chamber. Its purpose is to absorb SF6
decomposition products and to keep the SF6 dry. Each pole rests on a ball-type support 11.4. Fig (2- Next
page) in this way, the flanged joints of the modular assemblies is relieved of strain. A section through a
breaker pole is shown in Fig (2- Next page)

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Fig (2) Section through an 8D.2 (one pole)

11. Breaker chamber
  .1 - Cover
  .3   - Rupture diaphragm
 .11 - Connection
 .12 - Connect ion
 .31 - Filter
14. - Operating mechanisms
3. - Oil tank
15. - Adapter chamber
22. - Interrupter unit
29. - Bushing
13. Storage cylinder
.1 Distributors
14.12.2 Venting valve
.13.1 HP pipe (Storage cylinder / pilot control valve)
.13.2 HP pipe (Storage cylinder/operating mechanism)
.49 HP pipe (Storage cylinder / pump)
.51 Oil monitoring pipe (Storage cylinder/control unit)
 Fig (3) Hydraulic storage cylinder
Interrupter unit
A section through an interrupter unit is shown in Fig (4) The current flows through top coupling contact
22.3.1, contact support 22.3, fixed contact tube 22.9, contact fingers 22.7.4 (arranged in a circle) in
moving contact 22.7, guide tube 22.11, terminal pad 22.21 and bottom coupling contact 22.21. 1.
 At the break, contact tube 22.9 and guide tube 22.11 are fitted with arc-quenching nozzles 22.9.1 and
22.11.1 of arc-resistant material which keeps contact wear to a minimum.
Guide 22.7 and blast cylinder 22.5 are rigidly coupled with each other and connected with operating rod
15.9 by connecting rod 22.17. The blast piston 22.13 is fixed to terminal pad 22.21 by stay bolts 22.1 3.8.
 The operating rod 15.9, which is connected with piston rod 14.7.1 of mechanism 14. Transmits the
operating energy in the vertical direction, i.e. to the interrupter unit (see under Electro hydraulic operating
mechanism).
 On opening of the contacts, the blast cylinder is moved to wards the fixed piston and the trapped SF6 is
thereby compressed. When the moving contact opens the break, the compressed SF6 flows through the
nozzle and extinguishes the arc. The opening operation is illustrated in Fig (5).
15.9 - Operating rod
22.3 - Contact support
  .3.1 - Top coupling contact
  .5 - Blast cylinders
  .7 - Guide (moving contact tube)
  .7.4 - Contact finger
  .9 - Fixed contact tube
  .9.1- Arc-quenching nozzle
  .11 - Guide tube
  .11.1 - Arc-quenching nozzle
  .13 - Blast piston
  .13.8. . Stay bolt
  .17 - Coupling rod
  .21 - Bottom terminal pad
  .21.1 Bottom coupling contact
 
 Fig (4)Interrupter unit

a) Closed position      b) Compression stage    c) Arc extinction       d) Open position

  Fig (5)Opening operation shown schematically

 22.5 - Blast cylinder.
 .7.4 - Contact finger
 .9.1 - Arc quenching nozzle *
  22.11.1 - Arc quenching nozzle
  .13 - Blast pistons Arc
 

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 Electro hydraulic operating mechanism

 The Electro hydraulic operating mechanism consists of cylinder 14.9 with piston rod 14.7.1, main valve
14.5 (mounted on the cylinder), an oil tank and a release block in the control and monitoring unit.
The operating cylinder, main valve and oil tank from a subassembly (Fig. 6) from the oil tanks, pipes run
to the low-pressure side of the pump in the control and monitoring unit. Heaters in the oil tank prevent
condensation.
 Fig (6) Electro hydraulic operating
mechanism
14.3   Oil tank
.3.1 Filter
.5 Main valves
.5.2 Sealing ring
.5.3  Sealing ring
.7.1 Piston rod
.9  Cylinder
.9.1 HP pipe (cylinder / main valve)
.9.2 sealing ring
.9.3 sealing ring
.9.4 sealing ring
.9.6 plug
.9.9 USIT ring
.10 Leakage oil pipe
.12 vent plug
.13.2 HP pipe (storage cylinder / operating mechanism)
.13.3 Pipe (pilot control valve / oil tank)
.13.5 control pipe (pilot control valve / main valve)
.31.1 pipe (oil tank / pump)

Fig (16) Fig (7) Release block for 1 -pole operation

 
Fig (17) Fig (8) Release block for 3-pole operation, coupled
With auxiliary Switch and On/Off indicator
The release block (Figs (7) and (8) contains all the valves necessary for pilot control. A closing solenoid
Y1 and one or two opening solenoids (Y 2, Y3) are mounted on the block. The closing and opening
solenoids are of identical design, each having two separate windings. www.sayedsaad.com
 The release block is connected with the 3 auxiliary Switches by couplers. The auxiliary Switch shafts are
provided with markings at their front ends to indicate the “On" and, “Off” positions.
 For 3-pole operation the release block is equipped with 1pilot control valve and 1 auxiliary Switch
actuator.
For 1-pole operation it is provided with 3 pilot control valves and 3 auxiliary Switch actuators.
 Fig (9)

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 Hydraulic System
          Y1 Closing solenoid
Y2 Opening solenoid
14.58 Auxiliary Switch actuator
15.7 On /off indicator
  .8 Auxiliary Switches

 Fig (10) Control and monitoring

unit for  Fig (11)control and monitoring unit
           1-pole Operation       for 3- pole Operation
     1 Frame.
2 Hydraulics set.
3 Contactor plate.
4 Oil-pressure monitoring facility.
5 SF6-pressure monitoring facility.
6 Terminals with on/off indicator.
7 Oil filter.
8 Release block.
9 Auxiliary Switch assembly.
10 SF6 monitoring facility for Switchgear compartments.
X2 ... X41 Plug connectors.
Hydraulic set (example for d.c.)
m l         Motor
S2, S3    Limit Switches
x 5         Plug connector
14.33     oil pump
.43     Gearing
.45     Cam disc

 
  Oil monitoring facility
14.37     Pressure release screw
    .39     Locking screw
    .41     Safety valve
    .53     HP-connection for
Hand-operated pump
B1. B2  Pressure monitor
M2        Measuring point, M 16 x 1.5       
x 2        Plug connector

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SF6-pressure monitoring facility

B4 Density monitor
M1 Measuring point 1/4 p.t.
R Coupling with non-return valve
v1 SF6 shut-off valve
W1 Maintenance connection 1 1/4 p.t.
 

Oil filter 14.31

14.31.1 Connection for oil return

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 Filling the Breaker with SF6 and checking the

operating values of the SF6 density monitor B4
This is best done by using a service unit, which contains all the fac
If a service unit is not available, the SF6 can be taken direct from
using the SF6 filling device.
A vacuum pump must then be available to evacuate the breaker pr
being filled in. Density monitors react to changes in pressure and t
To obtain accurate operating values both the pressure and the temperature
of the SF6 in the breaker must be measured.
In practice it will generally suffice to measure the breaker's ambient temperature.
As a result, the readings indicated by the density monitors may differ by a few
tenths of a bar from the reference curves shown in
     Fig (1) in addition. Check each of the indications at the control point.
However, the difference between the filling pressure and the operating
pressure for the "Loss of SF6" indication must never drop below 0.3 bar
and that between the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out" indications
below 0.1 5 bar If there is too little difference between the filling pressure
 and the operating pressure for the "Loss of SF6" indication,
but if the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out" indications are far enough
 Apart, the SF6 filling must be adjusted. Replace the density monitor
if the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out” indications are given too
close together. Readjustment at site is not possible.
Filling by using a service unit:
Connect the service unit' to the SF6 maintenance connection W1 on the control unit
Fig. (1) Open the valve in the control unit and evacuate the breaker to a level
of =< 20 mbar. Switch the service unit to filling. At a pressure of about 1 bar,
stop the pump and fit the test gauge 
to the measuring point 12.4. The required filling pressure and operating values
are dependent upon the temperature and can be taken from chart.
Stop filling at a pressure which is 0.2 bars above the operating point for
the General lockout. Gradually lower the pressure and check
 the "General lockout" indication.
Continue filling until the general lockout is cancelled. Raise the pressure above
the operating point of the "Loss of SF6" indication. Gradually release SF6 into
the service unit and check the operating point of the density monitor.
Fill the breaker to the nominal pressure and then prepare the electro
 hydraulic system for operation as described below.
Let the SF6 settle for twelve hours and then correct its pressure
by letting some of it escape or by replenishing the filling.
Fig (1)
M1   Measuring point SF6 1/4 p.t.
V      SF6 shut-off valves for other
gas-filled Sections
V1   SF6-Shut-Off Valve 1 1/4 P.t.
W1 Maintenance connection
 Fig (1) SF6 connection points
 and shut-off valves
Fig (2 ) 
Filling with SF6 from the gas cylinder
The complete SF6 filling device (A21 for checking the density monitors (84) and for
 filling the gas compartments from SF6 cylinders is shown in
Fig (2). to check the operating values of a density monitor, undo the SF6 pipe
at the SF6 monitoring unit and connect the gas cylinder to the density monitor via an adapter.
The operating values can be checked by raising the gas pressure
(on pressure reducer 6) or lowering it Fig. (2) SF6 filling device, W 294
(At distributor, using valve 2) as
Described under "Filling by using a service unit".
 

Legend to Figs. (2) and (3)

1.   Gas cylinder with connection 
2.   Distributor with valve
  .1 Connector    
3.   Adapter for density monitors B4
4.   High-accuracy pressure gauge with shut-off valve and vacuum protector
  .1 Bearing
5.   High-pressure measuring hose
6.   Pressure-reducing valve
12.4 SF6 measuring point
    .5 Connection point for test adapter  
 A, B and C SF6 control pipes to the poles
B4 Density monitor
V1 SF6 shut-off valve
W1 Service flange for SF6
Connect the vacuum pump to the service flange W1 and the vacuum gauge to
the measuring point M 1 on the control unit Fig, (1) Open the shut-off valve in the contor1 unit,
evacuate the breaker to a pressure of = < 20 mbar and reclose the Shut-off valve.
Detach the vacuum gauge; disconnect the vacuum pump from the service flange, connect up the gas
cylinder as shown in Fig. (3) And open the shut-off valve in the control unit.
Open the pressure-reducing valve on the gas cylinder only a little to prevent icing-up of the fittings. d I7
The filling pressure depends upon the temperature and can be taken from chart. Fill the breaker to a
pressure of 6.5 bars and prepare the hydraulic system for operation as described below.
Let the SF6 settle for twelve hours and then correct its pressure by letting some of it escape or by
replenishing the filling.

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 Checks before putting into Operation

Measuring the moisture content of the SF6 Before putting the breaker into operation check the moisture
content of the SF6.
This can be done with a conventional dew point measuring device.
 The maximum permitted dew point temperatures at operating pressure,
     Which correspond to the permitted moisture content is given below:
          - Critical limiting value:                                   Dew point -5 ° C
          - Maximum permitted moisture in operation:  Dew point -7 °C
          - Moisture on putting into operation:               Dew point -15 °C
 If the dew point is below -7 °C but not equal to, or below, -15 °C when the breaker is put into operation,
repeat the readings after two or three months in order to test the effect of the static filters. Replace the
filters if the moisture content is not noticeably lower
 Measuring the air content of the SF6
When filling the breaker. With fresh SF6 and after carrying out maintenance, the air content should not be
more than 5 %.
Operating values of the SF6 density monitor B4
 If the operating values of B4 were not checked oil filling in the SF6, such a check must be made before
putting the breaker into operation.
Connecting up a test gauge f o r checking the oil pressure
Connect up the test gauge (class =< 1 %) only when all pressure has been released from the hydraulic
system.
 
This is done by stopping the oil pump and opening the pressure release valve 14.37. When the pressure in
the storage cylinder has been discharged removes the plug sealing the measuring point M2 (M 16 x 1 5
mm) and connects up the test gauge
N2 - filling and the display of the "Loss of nitrogen" indication
Close the pressure release valve, disconnect the leads of limit contacts S2 and S3 and start the oil pump.
When the pointer has come to rest (shortly after the oil pump has been started), it indicates the priming
pressure (guide value: 200 bar at 20 °C). The relationship between the pressure and the temperature is
indicated in fig. (1)
 

   Fig (1)
       Checking to see that the indications are cancelled
Start the oil pump, and read off the values on the manometer when the indications “General lockout”,
“Minimum pressure lockout On” and “Auto-reclosure lockout” are cancelled The values are about 3 to 6
bar above those at which the indications are initiated.
Start the oil pump. When the “Loss of nitrogen” indication appears, the oil pump must stop and the General
lockout becomes effective. Open the pressure release valve 14.37 and lower the oil pressure gradually to
the nominal level.
Both the indication and the General lockout are cancelled by Switching off the control supply. Reconnect
the limit Switches S2 and S3 and Switch on the control supply.
Checking the pump control circuit
 Slowly reduce the oil pressure still further and check the test manometer to see at which value the oil pump
is started by the control circuit.
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Checking the auto-reclosure lockout
 Stop the pump motor and slowly reduce the oil pressure until the auto-reclosure lockout operates. Read off
the pressure on the test manometer, and check the indication and the effectiveness of the lockout.
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Checking the Minimum pressure lockout
Gradually lower the oil pressure still further until the indication appears. Read off the operating pressure
and test the effectiveness of the lockout: an electrical closing command must not be executed.
 
Enforced triple pole Operation feature.
Close all three poles of the breaker and open one of them by manually actuating the opening solenoid Y2.
After the time set or the enforced  www.sayedsaad.com
Triple-pole operation relay has elapsed the other two poles must also trip, Carry out this test in a similar
manner on the other two poles. Now dose one breaker pole by manually actuating the closing solenoid Y1
When the reset time has elapsed the pole must re-open. This check should be carried out on all three poles
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Checking the General lockout Start
The pump motor and let it operates until the lockout is cancelled. Close the breaker, stop the pump motor
and slowly reduce the oil pressure until the General lockout indication is initiated. Read off the pressure on
the test manometer and check the effectiveness of the lockout by imparting electrical off and Emergency
off commands:
The breaker must not trip.
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Removing the test manometer and reestablishing nominal pressure in the hydraulic system
      Open valve 14.37 and release the hydraulic pressure altogether. Remove the test manometer and firmly
tighten the sealing plug on
Connection M2. Check the oil level and replenish as necessary, i.e.
up to the upper mark.
       Close valve 14.37 hand, firmly tighten locking screw 14.39 and start the pump motor. Raise the
pressure in the hydraulic system to the nominal value and check to see that all lockouts have been
cancelled. Let the oil
 
Settle for about 10 minutes and then carry out five operations, using all tripping channels to test the
tripping performance of the breaker.
 
Anti-pumping feature
With the breaker closed, impart opening and closing commands simultaneously The breaker may only
open, close and reopen Repeat with the breaker open The breaker may only close and open
                     
 Anti-condensation heaters
Check the supervisory circuitry for the anti-condensation heaters if provide for correct functioning. If the
heaters are not correctly monitored, measure their current input.
 
 Leakage test
Check all the flanged joints of the Switchgear and SF6 pipes for any signs of leakage using an SF6 leakage
detector. If no such detector is available, a check for major leaks can be made by applying a soapy solution
to the joints. Better still; apply the special spray marketed by Wobst.
 
After tracing and eliminating any leaks in this manner, all the tested joints should be thoroughly cleaned
and treated with WD 40 or Ritzol corrosion protection agent 7-2 (formerly Tecto 7-2). The pressure of the
SF6 filling must then be checked daily for a number of weeks. If a drop in pressure is noticed, the leak
must be located and sealed in order to prevent any further SF6 loss and the ingress of moisture.

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Technical data
The 8D.2 circuit-breaker is of the puffer type using Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) for insulating and arc-
quenching purposes. It is of single-phase encapsulated design and intended for installation indoors.
The gas pressure required for arc-quenching is produced during opening by a puffer device.
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Each breaker pole has an electrically controlled hydraulic operating mechanism and is suitable for single-
pole and /or triple- pole auto- reclosure depending on the type.
The 8D.2 breaker meets the following standards:
VDE 0670 Parts 101 to 108/1075 (circuit4reakers) and the following IEC standards:
IEC No. 56, 3rd edition 1971/72 (AC circuit-breakers).
IEC No. 517, 1975 (metal-enclosed Switchgear).
IEC No. 267, 1st edition 1968 (guide to the testing of Circuit Breakers with respect to out-of-phase
Switching).
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1 - Electrical Data according to IEC standard
 
 Rated Voltage 145 KV        (132 KV )  
Rated Frequency 50 HZ
Rated normal current 1600 / 200 A
Rated Short circuit breaking current 31.5 / 40  KA
Rated making current 2.5 X Rated Short circuit breaking
current
Rated duration of short circuit 1 Sec.
Rated operation sequence  O - 0.3s - CO - 3min - CO 

2 - Insulating capacity according to IEC standard

Rated power frequency withstand voltage (KV rms. ) at 50 HZ 275 KV  
to earth
Rated power frequency withstand voltage (KV rms. ) at 50 HZ 275 KV
across contact gap
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 650 KV
(1.2 / 50 µ sec )  to earth
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 650 KV
(1.2 / 50 µ sec )  across contact gap 
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3 – Operating times
 
Minimum command duration 50 ms
Closing time 95 +/-5 ms
Opening time 45 +/-5 ms
Arcing time 15 +/- 5ms
Break time 60 +/-10 ms
Dead time 300 ms
Make / break time 90 +/- 10 ms
 
4 - Arc-quenching medium SF6 at 20 °C
 
Rated Short circuit breaking current 40 KA
Weight per breaker pole filling 29  Kg
Capacity per breaker pole filling 600 dm3
Nominal pressure 6.5 (+ 0.2 /- 0.1) bar
Low Pressure alarm 5.7 (+/- 0.1) bar
Low Pressure trip 5.5 bar
   
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5 – Hydraulic pressure monitoring
 
Setting of pressure relief valve 350 + 50 bar
Alarm “loss of nitrogen” 345 +/- 3 bar
Pump “On” 313 +/- 3 bar
Auto-reclosure lockout 303 +/- 3 bar
Minimum pressure lockout “On” 273 +/- 3 bar
General lockout 253 +/- 3 bar
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Current Transformer
Current Transformers comprise air insulated cores mounted inside a cylindrical enclosure.
The central main conductor forms the primary winding a second cylindrical enclosure,
Between the cores and the conductor, separates the cores from the SF6 thus preventing any risk of
leakage from the LV terminals.
The number and ratings of the cores are adapted according to customer requirements.
Current Transformers can be installed on either or both sides of the circuit-breakers and at the ends
of outgoing circuits.

Current Transformer (Make ABB)   Current Transformer  (Make Alostom)

         1 - Gas tight enclosure 1-                1- Main conductor.  
         2 - Terminal box 2-                2- Secondary winding.   
                     3 - Secondary winding              3- Shunt Insulating .
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Voltage Transformer
Voltage Transformers are induction type and are contained in their own   SF6 compartment, separated
from the other parts of the installation.
The active portion consists of a rectangular core, upon which are placed the secondary windings and the
high voltage winding.
Provision is made for up to two secondary windings for measurement and an additional open delta
winding for earth fault detection.

A synthetic film separates the different wraps of the windings. The Transformers can be installed Any
where on the substation.
 
Voltage Transformer Module
For rated voltage up to 145 kV inductive Transformer with cast resin coil For rated voltage of
245 kV inductive VT with SF6 gas as main insulation. For 300 kV and above, Capacitive Voltage
Transformers are preferred Inductive type Voltage Transformer.
The single-pole inductive type Voltage Transformers (Fig. 1) can be mounted either vertical or horizontal.
They are connected to the Switchgear with the standardized connecting flange via a barrier insulator.

The primary winding is insulated with SF6 gas and connected to the HV.  by a flexible connection. The
primary winding (2) surround the core on which the secondary windings (1) are also wound.
The connection between the secondary winding and the terminals in the external terminal box is made
through a gas tight multiple bushing.
The Transformers are equipped with two metering windings and one tertiary winding for earth-fault
protection.
 
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
In Switchgear for voltage above 300 kV, Capacitor Voltage Transformers are also employed. Two
systems are available:
- Transformers with high capacitance connected to an intermediate Transformer. The oil-insulated
capacitor of conventional
   design is accommodated in an enclosure filled with SF6 gas. The high-voltage connection to the GIS is
made through
   a barrier insulator. The low-voltage choke and the intermediate Voltage Transformer are housed
separately in a cabinet
   on the earth potential side.
- Transformers with a low capacitance accommodated in the current Transformer or in a separate housing,
connected to an
    electronic

1 - Secondary winding
2 - Primary winding
3 - Terminal box
4 - Support insulator
5 - Filling valve
6 - Safety diaphragm
7 - Density Switch
 

(Fig. 1) Voltage Transformer (Make ABB)

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Earthing Switch
 Earthing Switch is necessary to earth the conducting parts before
maintenance and also to provide deliberate short-current while testing. There
can be three  types of  Earthing witches in metal-clad Switches manually
operated automatic high speed Earthing Switch, protective Earthing Switch
for Earthing the installation.
There are several versions of Earthing Switches for following applications
1 - Maintenance Earthing Switches. These are single pole or three pole units;
manually operating mechanism with a provision of filling motor mechanism.
   2 - High Speed Earthing Switches. These are operated by spring energy. Spring is
charged by motor-mechanism
 Fig (1)

Fig (2) the one pole Earthing Switch

Earthi
ng
Switch:
1-
Movin
g
contact
2-
Operat
ing
lever
3-
Positio
n
indicat
or
 
Open
Closed position
position
The earth Switch is mounted direct on the enclosure Fig. (1) Earthing Switch
has to satisfy various requirements. For Earthing isolated sections of
Switchgear for protection of personal during maintenance and over-hauls or
erection, the maintenance Earthing Switches are employed. For Earthing
 higher capacitances (cables, overhead line etc.) high speed Earthing Switch are
employed. Depending on the substation scheme, the Bus-Bars may be earthed
either by maintenance                                            
or high-speed Earthing Switches.
 
Special high speed Earthing Switches with interrupting capability are also
available. These are suitable for interrupting capacitive and inductive currents
from parallel overhead lines. In certain cases, Earthing Switches are fitted to
the enclosure with interposed insulation.
 
This enables various tests to be performed on the Switchgear or item of
equipment, such as testing the current Transformer of measuring the
operating time of breakers, without having to open the enclosure. During
normal operation the insulation is bypassed by a short-circuit-proof link.
 
To check whether a point to be earthed really is dead, the Earthing
Switch can be equipped with a capacitive tap for connecting a voltage test unit.
This additional safety device reduces the risk of closing onto a live conductor.
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Disconnector switch
Isolating Switches are normally Switched only when not on load but they may also
interrupt the no load current of small Transformers as well as disconnect short pieces of
overhead lines or cables.

 
 
Disconnector Switch.
1 - Support insulator
2 - Fixed contact
3 - Moving contact
4 - Coupling contact
5 - Moving earthing contact
6 - Drive insulator
7 - Arcing contact
protected by a fuse or by a Circuit Breaker fitted with series releases or current
Transformer operated releases when it need not be assigned a short time rating,
should not be less than the short circuit current at the point of installation or the
corresponding ratings of the associated Circuit Breaker.
The rated maximum duration of short circuit is one second.
For short circuit duration greater than one second, the relation between current (I)
and time (t), unless otherwise specified, shall be assumed to be in accordance with
the formula:
2
                                 I X  t = constant
7 - Peak withstand current
The rated peak withstand current of a Disconnector or earthing Switch is that peak
current which it shall be able to carry in the closed position without material
deterioration. It shall have a value 2.5 times the rated short time withstand current.
 
8 - Short circuit making current (for earthing Switches only)
The earthing Switches to which a rated short circuit making current has been
assigned shall be capable of making at any applied voltage, upto and including that
corresponding to their rated voltage, any current upto and including their short
circuit making current.
 9 - Contact zone
Divided frame Disconnector and earthing Switches shall be able to operate within
the limits of their rated contact zone. For examples of rated contact zones, the reader
may refer to IS: 9921 (Part II)-1982.
10 - Mechanical terminal load
Disconnector and Earthing Switches should be able to close and open whilst subject
to their rated mechanical terminal loads, where assigned, plus wind loads acting on
the equipment itself.
11 - Supply voltage
 closing and opening devices (where these operating devices are supplied separately)
of auxiliary circuits, peak power And total duration of operations.
 
The rated supply voltage shall preferably be one of the standard values given
below:
DC. Volts                             AC. volts
    24                                    110 Single phase
    48                                    240 Single phase                                     
    110                                  240 /415 three phases                                  
    220                       
The operating device shall be capable of closing and opening the isolator at any
value of the supply voltage between 85 percent and 110 percent of the rated voltage.
12 - Supply frequency of closing and opening devices and of auxiliary
circuits.
The rated supply frequency of an operating device or an auxiliary circuit is the
frequency at which the conditions of operation and heating are determined.
pressure.
 
TESTS
1. Type Tests laid down in IS: 9921(part 4)-1985
  A) Normal Type Tests
      - Dielectric Tests Comprising Of.
1 - Lightning Impulse Voltage Tests
2 - Switching Impulse Voltage Tests for rated
3 - Power Frequency Voltage Tests.
4 - Artificial Pollution Tests.
5 - Partial Discharge Tests.
6- Tests on Auxiliary and Control Circuits.
B) Routine Tests
The following shall comprise routine tests:
1- Power Frequency Voltage Test,
2-Voltage Test on Auxiliary Equipment.
3- Operation test
4- Measurement of the Resistance of the Main Circuit.
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Cable connection
All cables, irrespective of their type of insulation (oil impregnated paper or XLPE)
and section, can be connected.
The cable sealing end is fixed inside the SF6 gas Filled compartment, in accordance
with the IEC 859 standard commonly used. Isolation of the Switchgear from the
high voltage cables during dielectric testing is achieved by removing the contact (1)
and the conductor (2).Safety is fully ensured by earthing of the cable Side through
access (3), in parallel with closing of the cable earth Switch.
                    Connection to Transformer                Cable connection box
                      1 – Removable contact's             1 - Removable contact's
                      2 – Removable conductor.             2 - Removable conductor.
                      3 – Expansion bellows.              3 - Access for Earthing rod.
                      4 – Bushing.             4 - Gas tight bushing.
              5 - High voltage.

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