Novel design of VCO with output peak to peak control
Srivathsava.N.L, Tripti Kulkarni
Department of Electronics and Communication,
PES Institute of Technology
100-ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,
Bangalore-560085, Karnataka, India
[email protected] [email protected]Abstract
Voltage controlled oscillator is widely used in many electronics devices. It is used to generate the signals for broadcast
by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced
by electronic beepers and video games. In this paper we propose a novel way to modify the existing VCO and provide
an enhancement to control the output voltage level which can be used in any application of varying required voltage
level. The simulation is done using tanner using 250nm dimension.
Keywords- VCO, Pulse Generator, and Schmitt trigger circuit, pulse generating circuit
1. VCO using Schmitt trigger
hysteresis present in the transfer curves is what sets the
circuit Schmitt trigger apart from the basic inverter.
A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is
an electronic oscillator designed to be controlled
in oscillation frequency by a voltage input. The frequency
of oscillation is varied by the applied DC voltage.
1.1 Schmitt trigger
The Schmitt Trigger is a type of comparator with
two different threshold voltage levels. Whenever the input Fig 1 Schematic symbol of Schmitt trigger
voltage goes over the High Threshold Level, the output of
the comparator is switched high (if is a standard ST) or
low (if is an inverting ST). The output will remain in this
state, as long as the input voltage is above the second
threshold level, the Low Threshold Level. When the input
voltage goes below this level, the output of the Schmitt
Trigger will switch. The high and low output voltages are
actually the positive and negative power supply voltages
of the comparator. The comparator needs to have positive
and negative power supply (like + and -) to operate as a Fig 2 Transfer Curves
Schmitt Trigger normally.
The schematic symbol of the Schmitt trigger is shown 1.2 CMOS implementations of Schmitt
in Fig1.along with typical transfer curves. We should note
trigger
the similarity to the inverter transfer characteristics with
CMOS implementation of Schmitt trigger circuit is
the exception of a steeper transition region. Curve A in
as in fig 3, in this paper VCO is implemented using both
Fig 2. corresponds to the output of the Schmitt trigger
the version of Schmitt trigger circuit.
changing from a low to a high, while curve B corresponds
to the output changing from a high to a low. The
Version 1
Fig 4 VCO Using Schmitt Trigger version1
Version 2
Fig 3 CMOS implementation of Schmitt trigger
Fig 5 VCO Using Schmitt Trigger version1
2 VCO Using Schmitt Trigger
Oscillator using the Schmitt trigger is shown in 3 Peak to Peak control of Output
Fig.4. Here the MOSFETs MI and M4 behave as current By connecting the common-source like structure
sources mirroring the current in M5 and M6. When the at the output of the VCOs, we can control the output
output of the oscillator is low, M3 is on and M2 is off. voltage swing. The CS structure used is as in fig 6.
This allows the constant current from M4 to charge C.
When the voltage across C reaches VSPH the output of
the Schmitt trigger swings low. This causes the output of
the oscillator to go high and allows the constant current
from Ml to discharge C. When C is discharged down to
VSPL the Schmitt trigger changes states. This series of
events continues, generating the square wave output. Here
the Schmitt trigger used can replaced by any CMOS
implemented Schmitt trigger giving rise to probably
different waveform shape depending on the CMOS
implementation of Schmitt trigger circuit.
Fig 6 Peak to peak control of out put
4 Modifying the implemented VCO
The current mirror circuit used can be replaced by
the pulse generating circuit which switches on the
transistors as and when needed.
4.1 The pulse generating circuit
Figure 7 shows the pulse generating circuit used to
modify the implemented VCO.
Fig 9 Modified VCO using version 2 Schmitt trigger
5 Results
VCO VCO using VCO using
using V2 Schmitt V2 Schmitt
V1 trigger trigger(Using
Fig 7 Pulse generating circuit Schmitt pulse
trigger generator)
Power 2.0228e- 6.736781e- 9.767792e-
Intermediate node X is pre-charged high during the low
consume 002 003 watts 003 watts
phase of the global clock. When the clock rises, p1 falls. d watts
After some delay, p2 rises. This causes node X to No. of 13 15 20
discharge, causing p1 to rise. After some delay, p2 falls. transistor
Waveform of above pulse generator circuit is as in fig 8.
Variation of duty cycle wrt control voltage
DC
Fig 8 wave form of pulse generator
4.2 Using the pulse generator in VCO
The above pulse generator circuit is used in VCO
to turn on the transistor which charges the capacitors as
and when needed, this increases the switching activity and
power consumed but reduces the static power dissipation.
VTG
Figure 9 uses the version 2 Schmitt trigger.
Variation of output voltage wrt control 6 References
voltage
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OP VTG
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circuit”
VTG
Variation of frequency wrt control voltage
