ECS 338
DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
WEEK 1
TOPIC 2 : ANALYSIS OF SECTION
(RECTANGULAR SECTION)
PREPARED BY
HASLIN IDAYU AMARUDDIN
CO1 : Analyse reinforced concrete and
steel sections in accordance with the
relevant standards.
PO2 : Identify and analyse well-defined
engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using codified
methods of analysis specific to their field of
activity.
COURSE /PROGRAM OUTCOMES
❖ At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
❖ Understand the relationship between
stress-strain.
❖ Understand the failure criteria; under
reinforced, balanced, over reinforced design
❖ Understand the application of stress block
in the design of beams
❖ Apply the stress block analysis to determine
the ultimate moment of resistance of RC
beams
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Beam behaviour in bending
There are 3 types of failure
modes that could occur in beam
design:
1.Under reinforced
2.Balanced
3.Over reinforced
Failure modes/criteria
Area of steel reinforcement is very small
as compared to the area of concrete
Steel will reach its yield strength earlier
than concrete
Under reinforced
Steel will reach its yield strength at the
same time as concrete
Ideal design
Balanced
This is strictly not allowed
Concrete will reach its maximum strength
earlier than steel
Failure occurs caused by early failure of
concrete in compression
Failure happens without warning (abrupt
of sudden failure)
Over reinforced
ℇcc = maximum stress of concrete in
compression
ℇst = maximum stress of steel in tension
X = depth from compression face to neutral
axis
Stress-strain of a section
Stress Block
3 phase:
1. Triangular stress block
➢ When the stresses are very nearly proportional to
the strains, which occurs at the loading levels
encountered under working conditions.
➢Used at serviceability limit state.
2. Parabolic rectangular stress block
➢When the compressive strains are within the plastic
range.
➢Used for the design the ultimate limit state.
3. Rectangular stress block
➢ A simplified alternative to the rectangular-parabolic
distribution.
There are two types of rectangular
sections:
1.Singly reinforced
Consist only tension reinforcement, As
The top reinforcements are hanger
bars (used to produce a cage-like
arrangement)
2.Doubly reinforced
Consist of both tension, As and
compression reinforcement, As’
Design of rectangular section
Cage-like
arrangement
Arrangement of reinforcements
STRESS BLOCK
Single Reinforced Rectangular section
x 0.8x Fcc
d
h Neutral Axis
As
Fst
b
By taking moment about Fcc or Fst, moment of
resistance for the section can be calculated as follows:
Moment about Fcc
M = Fst. Z
= (0.87 fykAs) (d-0.4x)
Moment about Fst
M = Fcc. Z
= (0.45 fckb x) (d-0.4 x)
This equation will be used to determine the moment of
resistance that can resisted by the section with specified
area of reinforcement.
“Higher reinforcement – higher capacity to resist larger
moment”
To avoid over reinforced section, EC2 has limit x to be not more
than 0.45d
Ultimate moment of resistance for a singly reinforced
rectangular section can be calculated by substituting x = 0.45d
into the moment equation.
Mu = 0.167 fckbd2
Mu = (Kbal)fckbd2
The limiting value for a singly reinforced section is Kbal=
0.167.
K = M/bd2fck
NOTE:
If K ≤ Kbal= only tension reinforcement is required (singly reinforced)
If K > Kbal= both tension and compression reinforcement is required
(doubly reinforced)
The lever arm between the resultant forces Fcc and Fst
z = d – 0.8x/2
Rearranging the equations and substituting with M and
K,
z = d [ 0.5 + √(0.25 – K / 1.134)]
Area of tension reinforcement for singly reinforced
section:
M = Fst. z
= (0.87 fyk As) (z)
As = M / 0.87 fyk z
Double Reinforced Rectangular section
d’ Fsc
As’ x 0.8x Fcc
d
h Neutral Axis
Z1 = d- d’
As
Fst
