Personal

Molecular Imager FX

Hardware
Instruction
Manual
for Catalog Numbers
170-9400
170-9401

Copyright 1998 Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.

Manual Part Number 400-0111 rev. D

 Welcome

Dear Customer,

On behalf of Bio-Rad Laboratories, we would like to thank you for investing in the Personal
Molecular Imager FX system and we are sure that it will provide you with many years of high
quality imaging.

One of the best ways to familiarize yourself with the capabilities of your new Personal FX
system is to read this manual. In it, you will learn how to set up the system and operate all
hardware components. It is also recommended that you read the accompanying software manual,
to familiarize yourself with general acquisition functions and data analysis. After reading this
manual, please keep it close to your Personal FX system so that it can be conveniently referred
to.

Your Personal FX system is protected by a comprehensive instrument warranty agreement.

Please read this manual thoroughly, so that you fully understand the coverage it provides and are
aware of your rights and responsibilities. One of the responsibilities of system ownership is
regular maintenance. Following the maintenance instructions provided with this manual will
help to keep your system and peripherals functioning optimally and will protect your investment.
Please also keep in mind that Bio-Rad offers a range of comprehensive service agreements that
can be tailored to meet your specific needs.

Bio-Rad Laboratories is dedicated to your total satisfaction and would be pleased to answer any
questions or concerns that you may have.

How to Contact Bio-Rad Laboratories

In the United States you can reach Bio-Rad Laboratories at the following numbers:

For general information

Toll free: 1-800- 4BIORAD
1-800-424-6723
Fax: 1-510-741-5802
email: [email protected]

For service or technical assistance

Toll free: 1-800-424-6723
Fax: 1-510-741-5802

Outside the United States contact your local Bio-Rad Laboratories office.

For information concerning Bio-Rad Laboratories and its products, visit our Worldwide Web site
at http://www.bio-rad.com
 Table of Contents
Section 1 General Information
1.1 About this Manual 1.1
1.2 Safety Information 1.1
1.2.1 General Cautions 1.2
1.2.2 General Warnings 1.2
1.2.3 Power Safety Information 1.2
1.2.4 Laser Safety Information 1.3
1.2.5 Screen Eraser Safety Information 1.4
Section 2 Introduction
2.1 System Capabilities 2.1
2.2 System Description 2.1
2.3 Theory of Operation 2.3
2.3.1 Storage Phosphor Detection Mechanism 2.3
2.3.2 Data Processing and Analysis 2.4
2.4 Overview of the Imaging Process 2.5
2.4.1 Steps in Storage Phosphor Imaging 2.5
Section 3 System Installation
3.1 Operating Requirements 3.1
3.1.1 System Location 3.1
3.1.2 Power Requirements 3.2
3.1.3 Host Computer Recommendations 3.2
3.2 System Setup 3.3
3.2.1 Shipping Check 3.3
3.2.2 Unpacking 3.3
3.2.3 Electrical and Communication Connections 3.5
3.2.4 Software Installation 3.6
Section 4 System Operation
4.1 Starting the Scanner 4.1
4.2 Detailed Operating Procedures 4.2
4.2.1 How to Prepare Imaging Screens 4.2
4.2.2 How to Erase Imaging Screens 4.3
4.2.3 How to Prepare Samples 4.4
4.2.4 How to Use the Exposure Cassette 4.6
4.2.5 How to Scan the Imaging Screen 4.7
4.3 Scanning Unit Precautions 4.8
Section 5 Care and Maintenance
5.1 Scanner Maintenance 5.1
5.2 Imaging Screen Maintenance 5.1
5.2.1 General Care Imaging Screens 5.1
5.2.2 Radioactive Contamination Check 5.1
5.2.3 Cleaning Imaging Screens 5.2
5.2.4 Storage of the Imaging Screens 5.3
5.3 Exposure Cassette Maintenance 5.3
5.4 Screen Eraser Maintenance 5.4
5.4.1 Cleaning the Optical Filter 5.4

Section 6 Troubleshooting

6.1 Factors Affecting Image Quality 6.1

6.2 Problem Solving Guide 6.1
Appendix 1 System Specifications A1
Appendix 2 Warranty Information A2
Section 1
General Information

1.1 About this Manual

This manual provides instructions for installing, operating and maintaining the
Personal Molecular Imager FX system. This manual uses certain conventions to
facilitate understanding of the text material and to assist operators in using the FX
system.

Notes, Cautions and Warnings

Notes, cautions and warnings are used to highlight certain operating procedures and
recommendations.

A note indicates a special procedure, an exception to normal operation or something

else of specific interest to the reader. Notes are preceded by the word “Note” in
italics.

A caution precedes an operational step that could damage the instrument or destroy
data unless the operator takes certain precautions. Cautions are located in the main
text, are preceded by a Caution: statement and are accompanied by a “Caution
Symbol” in the left margin.

A warning precedes an operating procedure that could cause injury to the operator if
not followed correctly. Warnings are located in the main text, are preceded by a
Warning: statement and are accompanied by a “Warning Symbol” in the left margin.

1.2 Safety Information

Your safety and the safety of others are very important to us. To help you make
informed decisions about safety, we have provided comprehensive operating
procedures and safety information in this manual and on labels affixed to
instrumentation. This information will alert you to any potential hazards.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 1-1

1.2.1 General Cautions

Caution: Always install the scan head locking screw before moving the
Personal FX and avoid subjecting the Personal FX system to vibration. (See section
3.2.2)

Caution: After transport, always remove the scan head locking screw before
supplying power to the Personal FX scanner. (See section 3.2.2)

Caution: Do not remove instrument covers. There are no user-serviceable parts

inside. Refer all servicing to qualified Bio-Rad personnel or their agents. If you
experience technical difficulties with the instrument, contact Bio-Rad to schedule a
service appointment.

Caution: The instrument should not be modified or altered in any way. Alteration
of this instrument voids the manufacturer’s warranty and may create a potential
safety hazard for the user.

Caution: Bio-Rad is not responsible for any injury or damage caused by the use of
this instrument for purposes other than that for which it is intended or by the
modification of this instrument when not performed by qualified Bio-Rad personnel
or an authorized agent.

1.2.2 General Warnings

Warning: There are hazardous voltages inside the Personal FX scanner. Do not
attempt to defeat the door interlock or remove the cover when the instrument is
connected to AC power.

Warning: Do not defeat any instrument interlocks; these are designed to

prevent user injury.

1.2.3 Power Safety Information

The Personal FX system is designed and certified to meet both International

Electromagnetic Compliance (IEC) and Center for Devices, Radiological Health
(CDRH) electrical and laser safety standards. Certified products are safe to use when
operated in accordance with the instruction manual. This safety certification does not
extend to uncertified equipment or accessories, even when connected to the Personal
FX system.

Figure 1.1 shows the serial number certification label which is found at the rear of the
Personal FX system. This label provides manufacturing data about the instrument, its
voltage settings and CDRH compliance information.

Note: For easy customer access, serial number information is also located on the right
hand side of the overlay located behind the scanner door.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 1-2 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Fig. 1.1. Instrument serial number information on the rear of the instrument.

1.2.4 Laser Safety Information

This instrument and its accessories are certified according to 21 CFR 1040 of the
CDRH, as a Class I laser device (Figure 1.2). The laser contained within the scanning
unit of the Personal FX system produces laser energy up to 15 milliwatts at 635 nm.
The cover of the system is designed to protect the user.

Warning: Do not remove the cover for any reason or defeat the interlock.
Attempting to operate the unit with the cover removed may damage the
instrument and expose the operator to laser energy from the 15 mW, 635 nm
diode laser.

Warning: Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other

than those specified herein may result in hazardous laser energy exposure.

Caution: The top cover should be removed by trained service personnel only.
Do not attempt to operate the product with the cover removed. There are no
operator serviceable parts inside the instrument. The Personal FX system should be
serviced only by Bio-Rad or its trained representatives.

Laser warning labels (Figure 1.2) are located externally on the rear of the
instrument, internally on the top surface of the mounting plate, at the rear right-hand
corner and on the laser module cover.

Fig. 1.2. Laser warning label.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 1-3

1.2.5 Screen Eraser Safety Information

Warning: Screen Erasers must be plugged into a grounded electrical outlet.

Warning: Screen Erasers must be unplugged and adequate time allowed for the
bulbs to cool before the unit is opened and bulbs are replaced.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 1-4 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Section 2
Introduction

2.1 Personal FX System Capabilities

The Personal FX system is capable of imaging and analyzing a broad range of

isotopes, including 32P, 33P, 35S, 14C, 3H and 125I. The Personal FX uses storage
phosphor screen technology that is at least 10 times more sensitive to isotopic
emission than x-ray film. The system is compatible with most available storage
phosphor imaging screens based on the BaFBr:Eu storage phosphor chemistry and
can be upgraded to support image analysis of a wide range of fluorescent samples.

2.2 System Description

Fig. 2.1. The Personal FX scanner and peripherals.

The Personal FX imaging system consists of:

(1) Laser Scanner

The Personal FX has an internal laser that emits light at a wavelength of 635 nm. The
scanner can scan at resolutions of 50, 100, 200, and 800 microns and has a linear
dynamic range that extends over 5 orders of magnitude (1:100,000). In contrast, x-ray
film has a linear dynamic range that is limited to only 1.5 orders of magnitude.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-1

 (2) Storage Phosphor Imaging Screens
The Personal FX is compatible with Bio-Rad’s K-type imaging screens. Bio-Rad
offers two screen-K formulations to match different user requirements. A standard
screen is used for most radioisotopes and a special screen for tritium. Table 2.1
summarizes key features of each screen. The K-type screens are composed of a
barium fluorobromide matrix doped with europium (BaFBr:Eu), are relatively
insensitive to light, can be used with traditional autoradiography cassettes in room
light and are easy to handle.

(3) Sample Exposure Platforms and Cassettes

Sample exposure cassettes ensure that close contact is made between the sample and
imaging screen. The cassettes contain a grid-marked exposure pad on which the
sample is mounted. This allows the sample to be firmly pressed against the imaging
screen to generate a high quality image.

(4) Sample Tray

The Sample Tray is used as a scanning platform for all K-type screens.

(5) Screen Eraser

The screen eraser removes any residual signal or background from the imaging
screen. The complete erasure process “zeros” or “blanks” the screen to a basal level,
which is critical for maximizing sensitivity, linear response, quantitative accuracy and
image quality.

(6) Control and Analysis Software

The control and analysis software permits user-friendly control of the scanning
system and accurate analysis of the captured image or data.

Table 2.1. Imaging screen specifications and recommended applications.

Screen Application Sensitivity Key Features Sizes Catalog

Name (cm) Number
• •
32
Imaging P,33P, 14C, 0.15-32P BaFBr:Eu formulation 20 x 25 170-7843
35
Screen- S, 125I dpm/mm2/1hr • Easy-to-use format
K • 1.0-14C • Compatible with 35 x 43 170-7841
dpm/mm2/1hr standard X-ray cassettes
• More durable
• •
3 3
Imaging H 400- H BaFBr:Eu formulation 18 x 24 170-7845
Screen- dpm/mm2/1hr • Sensitive to weak 3H
K/Tritium signal
• Easy-to-use format
• Compatible with
standard X-ray cassettes

Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-2 Personal Molecular Imager FX

2.3 Theory of Operation

2.3.1 Storage Phosphorescence Detection Mechanism

When a radioactive emission strikes the BaFBr:Eu screen, phosphor oxidation occurs
and a high energy site is formed. (Figure 2.2, stage 1). When such an activated site is
subsequently illuminated with certain wavelengths of visible light (stage 2), the
reduction reaction occurs. Trapped energy is released as photons that are in turn
captured by a photomultiplier tube (stage 3).

Fig. 2.2. The storage phosphor detection mechanism.

Note: Storage phosphor screens are reusable after erasure.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-3

2.3.2 Data Processing and Analysis

Phosphorescence signals are captured as a 16-bit digital file. This file can then be
analyzed and manipulated by the appropriate image analysis software for
visualization and quantitation.

Traditionally the image is displayed in a two-dimensional format, where the darkness

of each pixel is proportional to the signal intensity at that sample location (Figure
2.3). For the purpose of image analysis however, it is helpful and more accurate to
think of the data as a three-dimensional structure, where the signal intensity at each
pixel becomes the height or z-axis dimension (Figure 2.3).

Sample spots or bands can also be visualized as peaks in a profile analysis along the
length of a gel lane or perceived as topographic volumes when quantitating the total
signal from a specific band or spot.

Single Pixel

Intensity

2-D view

3-D view

Fig. 2.3 Two and three-dimensional representations of a digitized image.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-4 Personal Molecular Imager FX

2.4 Overview of the Imaging Process

Fig. 2.4. Phosphor imaging steps.

2.4.1 Steps in Storage Phosphorescence Imaging

The acquisition and analysis of image data using storage phosphor technology is a
simple four-part process.
Step 1 involves erasing the reusable phosphor screen to remove any background or
residual image. This takes approximately 10 minutes. New screens should be erased
for 20 minutes.
Step 2 in the process involves placement of the prepared sample in an exposure
cassette for subsequent close proximity exposure to the imaging screen. The captured
signal generates a latent image of the sample which is encoded in the number and
pattern of charged phosphor crystals.
Step 3 involves placing the screen in a high resolution laser scanner. As each pixel of
the screen is scanned, the electrons in charged areas of the latent image return to the
ground state, releasing energy in the form of emitted photons of visible light. The
emitted photons are collected and precisely counted by a photomultiplier tube,
generating an intensity for each scanned pixel. This intensity is expressed in counts or
pixel density units which are analogous to the optical density of spots exposed in x-
ray film during autoradiography.
In Step 4 the host computer builds a digitized image of the sample by tracking each
pixel’s signal as the scanner head moves over the screen surface. Once the sample
image is collected, it can then be reviewed and analyzed using Bio-Rad Laboratories
“Discovery” Series Software.

Upon completion of the four-step process, the storage phosphor screen can be erased
and the cycle repeated with a new sample.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-5

Hardware Instruction Manual • 2-6 Personal Molecular Imager FX
Section 3
System Installation

3.1 Operating Requirements

3.1.1 System Location

The Personal FX system and all peripherals should be located in an area that is free of
excessive dust or moisture, strong magnetic fields or ionizing radiation. It is also
highly recommended that the ambient temperature be stable and within the range of
10°C to 32°C and that the relative humidity not exceed 90%, non-condensing.

Laser Scanner and Host Computer

Warning: Care should be taken when lifting and moving the Personal FX
system to avoid personal injury. It is recommended that two people, one on
each side of the instrument, lift the scanner from the bottom.

The scanner should be placed directly on the storage shelf provided. The instrument’s
legs allow enough clearance to easily remove your hands from underneath the
instrument once it is placed on the shelf.

The Personal FX scanner should be positioned on a level bench top with a minimum
depth of 70 cm and a height clearance of 35 cm. The scanner is 57 cm wide and you
should allow additional space for peripheral items such as screen erasers and
exposure cassettes. You should also allow clearance for easy access to the scanner
power switch which is located on the right hand side of the unit. The scanner should
be placed where it can be easily connected to the host computer and where there is
adequate room to insert the sample tray into the front of the instrument. The
maximum distance between the host computer and scanner is six feet and the
instrument is supplied with a SCSI cable of this length.

Note: The host computer should be located at a workstation which minimizes

operator fatigue.

Screen Erasers

The Screen Eraser-K has no minimum clearance requirement and may even be wall
mounted using the mounting holes located in the units back plate. The Screen Eraser-
K must be plugged into a grounded electrical outlet.

Sample Exposure Cassettes

The exposure cassettes do not require any power and can be placed in any convenient
location where radioactive samples are normally handled. If desired, the exposure
cassettes can be stacked or placed directly on top of the scanner to conserve bench
space. For convenience, an exposure cassette may also be stored in the tray slot
located beneath the scanner.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-1

3.1.2 AC Power Requirements

The Personal FX system and all powered peripherals including the host computer
should be connected to a stable grounded power outlet on a circuit free of electrical
noise. In addition, a high quality electrical surge suppressor/line filter with a 10 Amp
or higher rating should be used to avoid damage from AC fluctuations. Only a
grounded 3-pin power cord should be used to connect power.

The Personal FX scanner is designed for input voltages of 100-240 VAC at 50-60 Hz,
and requires no voltage setting or fuse change before operation.

The Screen Eraser-K is configured for either 100-120 VAC, 50-60 Hz or 200-240
VAC, 50-60 Hz operation. Please ensure that your eraser is configured to the
appropriate voltage and fuse settings before operation by checking the identification
and settings label next to the power input.

If the power setting on your erasure is set incorrectly, please contact your local Bio-
Rad representative.

3.1.3 Host Computer Recommendations

The Personal FX system is capable of producing large image files of high resolution;
these can be up to 120 megabytes in size. To easily manipulate such large files, a
powerful computer is required. The host computer MUST meet the specifications as
detailed below.

Table 3.1 Host computer specifications

Recommended PC Recommended Mac

Processor Pentium 166 or better Power Mac 9500 or better
RAM 128 MB or better 128 MB or better
V-RAM 4 MB or better 4 MB or better
Hard Drive 3 GB or better 3 GB or better
Optional Storage Iomega Jaz Iomega Jaz
Monitor 17” (21” preferred) 17” (21” preferred)
Communications Adaptec SCSI-2 Supplied with computer
Operating System Windows 95 or NT 4.0 OS 7.5 or better

Please refer to your software manual for detailed host computer system and software
requirements. If the computer is not purchased from Bio-Rad, systems compatibility
is the responsibility of the user. Please check with your local Bio-Rad office
regarding compatibility for your specific brand of computer.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-2 Personal Molecular Imager FX

3.2 Setting Up Your Personal FX System

3.2.1 Shipping Check

Inspect all shipping containers to ensure that you have received all ordered items and
that no boxes are damaged. If items are either missing or damaged, report them to
both the shipping company and Bio-Rad Laboratories immediately.

The Personal FX system should arrive complete with the following items:
Quantity Item
1 Personal FX Scanner
1 Scanner Shelf
1 Screen Eraser-K
1 Sample Exposure Cassette
1 Small Imaging Screen-K, 20 x 25
1 Sample Gel Tray
1 Screen Guard Protective Film
1 SCSI Interface Cable (Mac or PC)
2 Power Cords
1 Hardware Instruction Manual
1 Warranty Card

Remember to verify that any additional peripherals that you ordered with your
Personal FX system have been supplied.

3.2.2 Unpacking

Note: Explicit packing/unpacking instructions are located in a clear document

envelope attached on the outside of the shipping container. Refer to these
instructions at all times prior to unpacking or packing.

Unpacking the Laser Scanner and Tray

Unpack the laser scanner by following the steps below:

1. Cut the metal strap from the instrument packaging
2. Slide the cardboard cover off vertically
3. Remove the front and rear packaging

Warning: Get a helper; a single person should not attempt to lift the scanner.

Warning: Always lift heavy objects with bent knees and a straight back to
avoid back injury.

4. Remove the scanner shelf and position it as recommended in section 3.1.1.

5. Grip the bottom of the scanner on both sides and place on the shelf. Be careful to
align the scanner’s feet with the shelf alignment holes.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-3

 Caution: Do not supply power to the scanner until the FX system has been set
up following the installation procedures and the scan head locking screw has
been removed. Failure to remove the locking screw before starting the scanner
may damage the instrument.

Note: Retain all packaging materials for future transport of the FX system.

Unlocking the Scan Head

To protect the scanning mechanism during transport the FX scanner uses a scan head
locking screw. The screw which is located at the rear left-hand side of the instrument
restrains the scan head during transport and must be removed before power is
supplied to the scanner. If the screw is not removed the scanner may be damaged. To
remove the locking screw, follow the procedure outlined below (Figure 3.1):

1. Unscrew the metal locking screw by carefully rotating in a counter-clockwise

direction. This will disengage the screw from the scan head.
2. Unscrew the black plastic screw guide by rotating in a counter-clockwise
direction.
3. Remove the complete locking screw and guide assembly.
4. Remove the threaded sealing plug located in the storage hole directly below the
locking port.
5. Insert the plug it into the locking port and tighten by clockwise rotation. Insert the
locking screw and guide into the storage hole and tighten by clockwise rotation.

To lock the scan head for future transport; turn on the scanner as this will home the
scanning head and whilst power is being supplied to the scanner reverse the
procedure listed above.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Fig. 3.1. Steps for unlocking the scan head.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-4 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Unpacking the Imaging Screens

K-type imaging screens are shipped in a sealed cardboard box. The phosphor matrix
is protected by a sheet of paper that must be removed prior to erasure and use.

Retain all packaging for screen storage. A screen can also be stored in the “Screen
Cassette” when not in use.

Screens should always be stored flat.

3.2.3 Electrical and Communication Connections

Power

Insert the power cord into the power entry module on the rear panel of the scanner.
The scanner uses a universal power supply and can be used with any voltage between
100 and 240 VAC.

For screen erasers, confirm that the power entry module is correctly configured for
your country. If the eraser is not correctly configured contact your local Bio-Rad
representative.

SCSI Connection

The scanner must be connected to the host computer via a SCSI interface (Figure
3.2). The SCSI link ports are located on the right-hand side of the rear of the scanner
unit. The appropriate SCSI cable is included with the scanner to match the PC or
Macintosh configuration ordered.

Caution: To prevent damage to the hardware, all instruments must be turned

off before attempting to connect (or disconnect) the scanner to the host
computer.

Upon insertion of the SCSI cable into the scanner, the SCSI port will automatically
select operation as a SCSI terminator and the termination switch will be illuminated.

Note: The SCSI indicator light is not a power indicator and merely indicates that the
scanner is terminated and acting as the last device in a SCSI chain.

Fig. 3.2. View of SCSI connection

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-5

Changing SCSI Termination

Caution: Ensure that the scanner is turned off before changing the SCSI
terminator settings.

If desired, additional SCSI peripherals such as optical drives, zip drives and other
storage devices may be installed post-scanner in the SCSI chain. The scanner does not
have to be the last device in a SCSI chain.

If the scanner is not the last device in the SCSI chain, change the scanner to non-
terminated mode by clicking the illuminated terminator switch to the off position. The
SCSI light will then turn off.

Changing the SCSI ID

The factory set SCSI ID for the FX scanner may conflict with other SCSI devices
such as storage or hard drives. Communications conflicts can be eliminated by
changing the number on the scanner’s SCSI ID dial.

PC SCSI Connection

The PC SCSI connection requires that a SCSI card be installed in the ISA or PCI slot
of the host PC. Attach the end of the SCSI cable without the large bead to the 50-pin
port on the PC SCSI adapter. Attach the other end of the SCSI cable with the bead to
the 50-pin female SCSI port 1 on the back of the scanner. Clip the connector bails on
the scanner to the sides of the SCSI connector to ensure good contact.

Macintosh SCSI Connection

Power Macintosh computers are supplied with an internal SCSI port as a standard
component. The SCSI cable supplied with your Personal FX may be directly coupled
to this port using the procedure outlined above.

Power On Sequence

Normally the scanner should be switched on before the host computer is powered up,
in order for the computer to recognize the peripheral device; an exception is certain
Power Mac configurations, where the computer must be turned on first.

3.2.4 Software Installation

Please refer to your software instruction manual for comprehensive software

installation procedures and for detailed guidelines on the installation of appropriate
SCSI drivers.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 3-6 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Section 4
Operating the Personal FX System

4.1 Starting the Personal FX Scanner

To turn on the Personal FX scanner, press the power switch located on the right side
of the instrument. The LCD display on the front of the scanner displays internal
diagnostic data and information relating to the instrument version (Figure 4.1). When
the power is first turned on, the LCD should display the sequence of messages shown
below.

Start-up Display Sequence

1. Start Up
2. Main XA v. x.xxx
3. Detector v. x.xxx
4. Ready

When the Ready message is displayed, the host computer can be turned on.

Note: If any other messages are shown after 2 minutes, the scanner is inoperative or
the scanner acquisition window cannot be opened from the host computer, please
contact your Bio-Rad Technical Service Department for assistance.

The FX scanner should be on for at least 40 seconds before the host computer is
turned on to allow for complete initialization of the laser scanning mechanism. With
certain Power Mac configurations, this start-up order must be reversed. If your
PowerMac does not recognize the scanner following the standard start-up procedure,
turn both units off, then try powering up the scanner before the computer.

It is recommended that the Personal FX scanner is allowed to warm-up for 15 minutes

before use. It is recommended that the scanner be left on, unless it is not being used
for a period of more than 48 hours.

Fig. 4.1. Personal FX control panel.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-1

An LCD “Contrast” button is located on the control panel (Figure 4.1). This button
can be used to adjust the brightness of the LCD display. The contrast function cycles
so that holding the button down will cause the display to get lighter and then darker
again.

The “On Line” button on the control panel should be depressed only in the unlikely
event that the internal software cannot halt scanner operation.

4.2 Detailed Operating Procedures

4.2.1 How to Prepare Imaging Screens

Fig. 4.2 K-type imaging screens.

All K-type imaging screens (-K, -K/Tritium) are not erased prior to shipment from the
factory and should be erased for 20 minutes prior to first use.

Note: Optimal image quality and sensitivity can only be achieved with a thoroughly
erased screen.

Caution: The sample signal (latent image) stored on a K-type screen can be partially
erased when exposed to fluorescent room light. When transferring the screen from
the exposure cassette to the laser scanner, it is recommended that room lights be
dimmed to prevent accidental erasure of the stored latent image.

When screens are not in use, they should be placed in the original shipping box
provided or in the screen cassette and placed in a dry and dark environment. The
screens must be protected to prevent the phosphor layer from becoming scrached.

Caution: The phosphor surface of the screen is sensitive to damage from moisture,
mishandling and improper use of solvents. For detailed instructions on how to
maintain the K-type imaging screens, please refer to the Care and Maintenance
Section of this manual.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-2 Personal Molecular Imager FX

4.2.2 How to Erase Imaging Screens

The screen eraser (Figure 4.3) contains a series of bulbs that produce light that is
filtered to a specific wavelength range. When illuminated with this light, the
phosphor crystals in the K-type imaging screens discharge, returning to ground state.
As a result any screen background or residual signal is removed.

Fig. 4.3. Screen Eraser-K

To erase the K-type imaging screens (-K, -K/Tritium), simply place the imaging
screen against the front panel of the eraser, with the phosphor side facing towards the
white filter plate of the unit. Set the timer to the desired erasure time or to erase
continuously, set the timer to the HOLD position.

The erasure process typically requires only 10 minutes, assuming the previous sample
has not charged the phosphor in the screen above 20,000 pixel density units. An
erasing time guideline is shown in Table 4.1.

Note: The screen will not be damaged by extended erasing.

Note: Erasing the screen to the basal level is critical, since this has a direct effect on
the sensitivity, linear response, quantitation, exposure time and image quality.

Erasure Guidelines

Table 4.1. Recommended erasure times

Condition Background (PD units) K-Type Screens

Before each exposure 1-5,000 5-10 minutes
After high dosage exposure > 20,000 15-20 minutes

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-3

4.2.3 How to Prepare and Expose Samples

The recommended phosphor screen exposure time can be estimated, based on one-
tenth of the time it would normally take to visualize the sample on x-ray film.

Dry Radioactive Samples

Dry thin samples such as nitrocellulose membranes, dried gels or TLC sheets can be
exposed directly to the imaging screen using the exposure cassette (Figure 4.4).
Ensure that TLC plates are completely dry before placing them against the screen and
always cover with plastic wrap or Screen Guard to prevent flecks from contaminating
the screen.

Dry thick samples such as glass TLC plates or microscope slides can also be exposed
to K-type screens using the Exposure Cassette-K and following the procedure above.

For samples that are too thick to fit in the exposure cassette, it is recommended that
the screen is simply placed face down against the sample on a flat surface and the
exposure is conducted in a light-tight drawer or other dark location.

It is important when placing the screen against the sample, that they are correctly
aligned the first time. Adjusting the screen after placement against the sample may
result in a ghost image or double exposure. If the screen needs to be realigned it must
first be erased.

Note: If you are exposing the screen to a frozen sample, the screen should first be
sealed in a plastic bag as condensation may cause screen damage. After exposure the
screen should be equilibrated to room temperature before the bag is opened and the
screen removed.

Never expose screens to organic solvents or acetic acid vapors as these may cause
screen damage, even if when the sample is covered with plastic wrap or Screen
Guard.

Samples should not contain either scintillants and enhancers as these will interfere
with the operation of the screen.

Fig. 4.4. Imaging Cassette-K.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-4 Personal Molecular Imager FX

A sheet of Bio-Rad Screen Guard (catalog number 170-7483 for 20 x 25 cm size, 170-
7484 for 35 x 43 cm size) should be placed between the sample and the screen to
minimize the chance of radioactive contamination (Figure 4.5).

Fig. 4.5. Screen Guard placement steps.

Wet Radioactive Samples

Precautions must be taken to prevent wet or moist samples from contaminating the
Imaging Screen-K and should never be used with the Imaging Screen K/Tritium. Wet
thin samples should be completely enclosed in a heat-sealable bag and moist samples
must be covered with plastic wrap before being exposed to the imaging screen. In
addition, a sheet of Screen Guard should always be placed between the enclosed
sample and the screen to minimize contamination due to leakage (Figure 4.5).

Alkaline denaturing gels must be neutralized before being wrapped and exposed to
the screen.

Caution: Direct contact of a wet sample with the imaging screen may cause
irreversible screen damage.

Caution: Never expose the K/Tritium screens to wet samples, even if they are
covered.

Plastic wraps will attenuate weak beta radiation signals according to the following
table.

Table 4.2 Attenuation of radiation by various plastic wraps

Wrap Type 32P 14C 3H Application
2 mm Seal-A-Meal Bag 16% 82% >99.9% Wet samples
0.5 mm Saran Wrap 6% 50% 99.7% Moist samples
0.25 mm Screen Guard 3% 23% 98% All radioactive samples, except 3H

Note: When enclosing a sample in plastic wrap or a heat-sealable bag make sure that
there are no large air bubbles or surface wrinkles on the side of the sample that will
come into contact with the screen. Air bubbles and wrinkles will prevent close
contact with the screen, which may result in poor image quality and reduced
sensitivity.

Note: Ensure that the external surface of the wrap or heat-seal bag is wiped dry to
minimize potential screen contamination.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-5

4.2.4 How to Use the Exposure Cassette

Fig. 4.6. Steps in use of the Exposure Cassette-K.

1. To open the cassette, push the two release buttons away from the edge.
2. Use a clean cloth the wipe the internal surfaces of the cassette to remove any
contamination.
3. Tape the prepared sample with the active surface facing upwards on the grid
marked exposure pad, making sure to align the sample straight and in the correct
orientation. It is recommended that Screen Guard then be taped in place over the
sample.
4. Place the Imaging Screen-K directly on top the sample with the phosphor (white)
side facing down onto the sample. It is recommended that the sample be at least 1
cm from all edges of the screen to prevent possible edge effects.
5. Make a note of the sample’s upper-left and lower-right grid coordinates for later
use in selecting the scan area.
6. Close the cassette and press until the release button catches (snap sound is
heard).

Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-6 Personal Molecular Imager FX

4.2.5 How to Scan the Imaging Screen

Inserting Imaging Screen into the Scanner

1. Open the scanner door on the front of the instrument.

2. Insert the sample tray if it is not already placed in the scanner.
3. Remove the imaging screen from the exposure cassette and quickly place it on the
sample tray with the phosphor surface facing upwards.

Note: When transferring the screen from the exposure cassette to the scanner
operators should minimize the screens exposure to direct light as this may erase some
of the collected signal. Some users choose to dim the room lights during the transfer
process.

Note: When scanning a small sized screen it is recommended that the appropriate
location template be used. This template will correctly align the small screen for
scanning. This will simplify the selection of scan coordinates and will help to
minimize screen movement during insertion of the tray.

Note: Do not bend the screen as this may damage the phosphor material.

4. Insert the sample tray with screen completely into the scanner so that it engages
the locking clip and you hear a click.
5. Close the scanner door.

Fig. 4.7. Steps for inserting a screen into the scanner

1. 2.

3. 4.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-7

5. 6.

Fig. 4.7.cont. Steps for inserting a screen into the scanner

Scanning the Samples

1. Start “Quantity One” software on computer.

2. Open the scan window. Under the File menu, choose Select and use the layered
menu to identify your application. (ie. for radioisotopes using the Imaging
Screen-K, select Radio/Screen-K).
3. Choose the scan area that you would like to image.
4. Select the desired resolution setting. The highest resolution is 50 µm and the
lowest is 800 µm
5. Select Acquire to begin scanning.

Note: Refer to the Software Manual for detailed acquisition instructions.

Caution: Do NOT open the door of the scanner while the unit is scanning. This
may terminate your scan prematurely and result in the complete loss of image data.

6. When the scanning is complete open the door of the Personal FX.
7. To remove the imaging screen simply pull out the sample tray and lift off the
screen.
8. Once removed, imaging screens can be immediately erased and reused.

4.3 Scanning Unit Precautions

The scanner should be turned on at least 40 seconds before the host computer to allow
adequate time for initialization. Certain PowerMac configurations however, must be
turned on before the scanner.

Caution: Do not insert or remove the sample tray during a scan or without first
powering up the Personal FX scanner, as this may damage the unit’s scanning head

Hardware Instruction Manual • 4-8 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Section 5
Care and Maintenance
5.1 Scanner Maintenance

With regular use the Personal FX scanner should provide years of trouble-free
operation, without any need for operator maintenance. If you suspect that the
Personal FX system requires servicing, please contact your local Bio-Rad office.

It is recommended that the casing of the scanner is periodically inspected to verify

that no panels are loose or distorted so as to allow access to laser energy. It is also
recommended that the operation of interlocks is periodically checked.

Caution: Do not remove the cover from the Personal FX system, as this voids the
warranty. There are no user-serviceable components in the scanning unit.
Attempting to operate the product with the cover removed may damage the
instrument and expose the operator to laser energy. The Personal FX system can be
serviced only by Bio-Rad or its trained representatives.

Use only mild non-abrasive, water-based detergents to clean the surface of the
scanner.

5.2 Imaging Screen Maintenance

5.2.1 General Care of Imaging Screens

Utmost care should be taken to ensure that the protective plastic covering over the
phosphor matrix is not damaged. The phosphor crystals are hygroscopic and any
holes, nicks or punctures in this environmental barrier will eventually cause damage
to the phosphor and render that portion of the screen unusable. For the same reason
the imaging screen should never be directly exposed to wet gels or chemicals.

Never expose the screen to acids, acid vapors or other organic solvents.

Note: Always use Screen Guard when imaging wet or moist samples.

5.2.2 Radioactive Contamination Check

If you suspect that a storage phosphor screen has been contaminated, follow the
procedure outlined below:

1. Clean (see Section 5.2.3) and erase the screen to background levels.
2. Check for complete screen erasure by scanning at 800 microns.
3. Place the screen in a dark area such as a lab drawer for 6 to 24 hours.
4. Scan the screen at 800 microns.
5. If no areas of high signal (hot spots) are detected, erase the screen and use.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 5-1

Any contamination will be visible as a localized high signal over background (hot
spots). If there is contamination, clean the screen as described below and clean the
exposure grid of the exposure units. Screen contamination will be minimized by using
Screen Guard metalized plastic. Screen Guard will act as a physical barrier to separate
the phosphor screen from the radioactive samples.

5.2.3 Cleaning Imaging Screens

If contaminated, the screens should be cleaned to remove any radioactive

contamination, sample residue or dust.

Caution: Imaging Screen-K should NOT be cleaned with any liquids, other than
those recommended.

Caution: Do not use powdered detergents to clean the screen as undissolved

particles may damage the screens coating.

Cleaning Protocol for the K screen

Imaging Screen-K should only be cleaned using Kodak Intensify Screen Cleaner.

1. Handle the screen only by the edges. Avoid touching the screen coating with any
sharp articles such as finger nails. The K-screen is coated with a thin layer of
plastic and scratching this protective layer could damage the screen, making that
area unusable.
2. Apply a small amount of Kodak Intensifying Screen Cleaner to a soft, lint-free-
cloth and gently wipe the screen.
3. With a dry section of the cloth, gently wipe the screen to remove any excess
moisture. If the screen had radioactive contamination, properly discard the
radioactive cloth.
4. Erase the screen to background before use.
5. Repeat the contamination check above.

Note: It is recommended that users follow the directions on the bottle of Kodak
cleaner. This procedure should remove mild radioactive contamination in addition to,
dust, fingerprints and static electricity.

Cleaning Protocol for the K/Tritium screen

Caution: The phosphor matrix of the tritium screen has no protective barrier and the
screen should NOT be cleaned with or exposed to any liquids.

Note: Any particulate matter should be gently removed with a soft, dry brush or
gentle gas stream.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 5-2 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Cleaning Protocol for the BI- CS- and CH- screens

Imaging Screens should only be cleaned using Bio-Rad Laboratories Cleaning

Concentrate (Cat. # 161-0722), diluted 1 to 20 with distilled water.

1. Handle the screen only by the edges. Avoid touching the screen coating with any
sharp articles such as finger nails. The K-screen is coated with a thin layer of
plastic and scratching this protective layer could damage the screen, making that
area unusable.
2. Apply a small amount of Bio-Rad Laboratories Cleaning Concentrate to a soft,
lint-free-cloth and gently wipe the screen.
3. With a dry section of the cloth, gently wipe the screen to remove any excess
moisture. If the screen had radioactive contamination, properly discard the
radioactive cloth.
4. Erase the screen down to background before use.
5. Repeat the contamination check above.

5.2.4 Storage of the Imaging Screens

Always erase the screen prior to storage. The surface of the screen should be
completely protected. Do not place heavy objects on top of the imaging screen. With
proper care the imaging screen should maintain its performance through years of use.

Always store the screen in an exposure cassette or in the original cardboard shipping
box.

All screens should be stored completely flat and in a low humidity environment with
a stable ambient temperature which does not exceed 30 °C.

5.3 Exposure Cassette Maintenance

These devices do not require regular maintenance other than regular cleaning to
remove any residue or possible radioactive contamination. To clean, wipe with a lint-
free paper towel moistened with a mild detergent solution such as Bio-Rad’s Cleaning
Concentrate (catalog number 161-0722) that has been diluted
1 to 20 with distilled water.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 5-3

5.4 Screen Eraser Maintenance

5.4.1 Cleaning the Optical Filter

The white plastic filter (Figure 5.1, #1) requires occasional cleaning to remove
accumulated dust from its surface. To clean the filter, gently wipe with moist, lint-free
paper or a soft cloth. Do not use abrasive cleaners as they will scratch the filter.

Changing Bulbs

The Screen Eraser-K uses four 15-watt fluorescent light bulbs. To replace a light
bulb use the following procedure:
1. Determine the defective light bulb.
2. Turn off the eraser.
3. Wait five minutes for the bulbs to cool.
4. Unplug the power cable.
5. Remove the four hex screws on the front of the eraser, using the hex wrench
stored
6. on the rear of the unit.
7. Remove the white plastic filter.
8. Remove the foam on both sides and replace the defective bulb.
9. Reassemble by reversing steps 4 to 7.

1. 2.

Hardware Instruction Manual • 5-4 Personal Molecular Imager FX

 Fig. 5.1. Screen Eraser-K bulb replacement steps.

Caution: Use only 15 W bulbs. Higher wattage bulbs can damage the imaging
screens and weaker bulbs will not erase the screens effectively.

To order replacement bulbs (Cat. # 170-7869) contact Bio-Rad Laboratories.

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 5-5

 Section 6
Troubleshooting
6.1 Factors Affecting Image Quality

Resolution

Close contact of the sample with the active surface of the imaging screen is critical
for producing the highest quality image. Remove excess layers of tape, air bubbles or
wrinkles; these may produce only a very small gap, but this is sufficient to produce a
fuzzy image. Samples that are over-exposed will result in images with low resolution.
If this occurs, erase the screen and expose for a shorter time. High background on a
screen can cause decreased resolution of weak signals. Ensure that the screen is
thoroughly erased before imaging your sample.

The phosphor screen is very sensitive to isotope emission, as such, place the screen
evenly over the sample and do not move it once it has been aligned as this may result
in a ghost or double image.

Sensitivity

Optimal sensitivity can only be achieved with a thoroughly erased screen.

Close contact of the sample with the screen will also impact on the apparent
sensitivity of the screens. Ensure that the sample is pressed close to the screen
surface.

6.2 Problem Solving Guide

Problem Possible Cause Solution
Scanner is not • Scanner door is open • Close Door
responding to host • Scanner is not on-line • Press on-line button
computer • SCSI cable is not connected to • Reconnect SCSI cable
scanner or computer
• SCSI cable is defective • Replace SCSI cable
• Start-up sequence is incorrect • Turn off units start scanner
then start “Quantity One”.
• Computer has a conflicting • Contact Bio-Rad for assistance
program or initiation (init.) file
Image is not visible on • The ‘Transform” function in • Set to a lower maximum value
the monitor the software is set too high
• Insufficient exposure time • Expose sample for a longer time
• Screen area where sample was • Check location of sample in the
exposed was not scanned exposure cassette and rescan
When imaging small screens
ensure that location template is
used
Scans have image • Radioactive contamination on • Check and clean using the
artifacts the phosphor surface coating protocols in this manual
• Static electricity • Check and clean using the
protocols in this manual
• Screen may be scratched or • Visually inspect the screen
damaged

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • 6-1

Appendix 1
Personal FX System Specifications
System Technical Specifications Specification
Linear dynamic range 1:100,000
Pixel resolution 50, 100, 200 or 800 µm, selectable
Image resolution 2.5 line pairs/mm or 200 µm
Pixel density 16-bit (0-65,535)
32
Signal decay P 50% retention in 24 hr
Scanning area 20 x 25cm or 35 x 43 cm
Operating Conditions
Supply voltage 100-240 VAC + 10%
Frequency 50-60 Hz
Operating Temperature 10-32°C
Operating Humidity 0-80%, non-condensing
Total Weight 60 kg

Main Component Specifications

Scanner Specification
Dimensions 68 (D) x 57 (W) x 30 (H) cm
Construction Molded plastic housing, Aluminum mounting
plates.
Excitation source 635 nm laser diode, 15 mW
Weight 31 kg
Electrical
Maximum power 650 Watts
Input voltage range 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz
Fuses No user-serviceable fuses
Operating Requirements 15-30°C, 30-80% humidity
Storage Requirements 0-60°C, 10-90% humidity
Screen Eraser-K Specification
Dimensions 35 (D) x 48 (W) x 57 (H) cm
Construction Molded plastic construction
Weight 8.6 kg
Electrical
Input voltage range 100/120 VAC, 50-60 Hz
220/240 VAC, 50-60 Hz
Fuses 6.3 Amp (100/120 VAC)
3.15 Amp (220/240 VAC)
Illumination 4 x 15 Watt user-replaceable fluorescent bulbs
Operating Requirements 10-32°C, 30-80% humidity
Storage Requirements 0-60°C, 10-90% humidity

Hardware Instruction Manual • A-1 Personal Molecular Imager FX

Appendix 2
Personal FX Warranty Information
The Personal FX system and all peripheral items are warranted for a period of one
year against defects in materials and workmanship. If any defects should occur
during this period, Bio-Rad Laboratories will either replace or repair the defective
parts free of charge. For the exact terms of warranty, please see the Instrument
Warranty Card.

Defects caused by the following actions are specifically excluded:

1. Improper system operation or abuse.
2. Repair or modification of the system performed by anyone other than Bio-Rad
Laboratories or its authorized agent.
3. Use of fittings or other spare parts not authorized by Bio-Rad Laboratories.
4. Inappropriate interfacing to external devices.
5. Use of inappropriate solvents, cleaning agents or samples.
6. Non-system-related facility problems such as power surges.

The one year warranty does not apply to the parts listed below:
1. Phosphor screens for tritium imaging.
2. Fuses and lasers.
3. Support consumables.
4. Computers purchased outside of Bio-Rad Laboratories.

For inquiries and requests regarding system repair or service, contact your local Bio-
Rad office or distributor (in the U.S., call Technical Service at 1-800-424-6723).
Please have the following details available:
1. Instrument model and catalog number.
2. Serial number.
3. Hardware and firmware version information (on LCD screen at start-up).
4. Software version (in operating software, “About” box).

Personal Molecular Imager FX Hardware Instruction Manual • A-2