(SEE-503)
FUNDAMENTAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
3(2-1)
Lecture-1
(Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering)
IMPORTANT NOTES:
Offer prayer five times a day
Respect Humanity irrespective of cast, creed, religion and gender
Serve your parents as maximum as you can
Always prefer your blood relations in social life
Save a penny today for your future
Hardworking people need no excuse
Remember! this life is temporary
Try to be honest with yourself
Don’t cheat yourself
Be sincere with yourself
“A friend in need is a friend indeed” is not valid in examination room
Your are the creation of ALLAH and HE makes everything perfect so trust your abilities
Enjoy University life as much as you can but not at the cost of your health and studies.
Obey university rules
Sr. Course Learning Outcomes Domain Taxonomy Program learning
No. level outcome
DESCRIBE basic knowledge and
definitions of fundamentals of
1 Environment, ecosystem and its interaction
Cognitive 2 6
with the society
ANALYZE different environmental issues
related to water pollution, air pollution and
2 noise pollution which are degrading
Cognitive 4 7
environment and affecting the lives of
humans on earth.
3 PRACTICE experiments to find
different properties of water, air and
noise by using different analytical
Psychomotor 3 4
approaches for the purpose of
conducting Environmental
monitoring in the field.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Engineering
• Environment
• Environmental Engineering
• Wastewater Engineering
• Classification of Environment
• Environmental Components
• Structure Of Atmosphere
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?
It is the branch of science which deals with the discipline and
profession of applying mathematical and technical knowledge and
utilizing natural laws in order to design, develop and implement a
system.
ENVIRONMENT
Any physical and biological habitat that surrounds us is called
environment.
Thesum of all surroundings of a living organism including natural
forces and other living things and non-living things which provide
conditions for growth.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
Itis the application of engineering thoughts and practice in the
solution of problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the
provision of safe, palatable and ample public water supplies,
proper disposal, proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and
solid wastes, the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for
proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil and atmospheric
pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these
solutions.
NEED OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING:
More population - more food - more water - more of everything - more industrial goods -
more wastes - more pollution!
So there is a need of environmental engineering for:
1. Management of Solid Waste
2. Good Water supply
3. Management of Waste Water
4. Air Pollution Management
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
Wastewater engineering is that branch of Environmental
Engineering in which the basic principles of Science and
Engineering are applied to cope with the problems of water
pollution control to protect the environment in a manner
commensurate (proportionate) with public health, economic, social
concerns.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT:
The major classification of environment are:
i. Physical Environment: External physical factors like air, water and land etc forms
Abiotic Environment.
ii. Living Environment: All living organisms around us viz. plants, animals and micro-
organisms. This is also called as the Biotic Environment.
iii. Bio-Geographical Regions: These are the parts of the environment/ system which are
physically separated from each other and have their own fauna and flora, e.g. North
America, Antarctica.
iv. Biomes: These are the major parts of an environment rather than dependent of locality.
i.e. deserts, sand dumes.
v. Habitat: local environment of any specie or group of species. e.g. river is the local
environment for fish.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS
(EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT):
Earth’s Environment can be further subdivided into following four
segments:
i. Lithosphere/ Rhyzosphere
ii. Hydrosphere
iii. Atmosphere
iv. Biosphere
CON’T:
i. Lithosphere:
The earth’s crust consisting of the soil and rocks is the lithosphere. The soil is made up of inorganic and
organic matter and water. The main mineral constituents are compounds or mixtures derived from the
elements of Si, Ca, Al, K, Fe, Mn, Ti, O etc. (Oxides, Silicates and carbonates). The organic compounds are
mainly polysaccharides, Organo compounds of N, P and S. The organic constituents even though form only
around 4%-6% of the lithosphere, they are responsible for the fertility of the soil and hence its productivity.
ii. Hydrosphere:
This comprises all water resources both surface and ground water. The distribution of water among these
resources is as under:
Oceans and Seas 96-97%
Glaciers and polar icecaps 2-3%
Fresh water <1%
The water locked up in oceans and seas are too salty and cannot be used directly for human consumption,
domestic or industrial purposes.
Only less than 1%of water resources are available for human exploitation.
iii. Biosphere:
It is a capsule encircling the earth’s surface wherein all the living things exist. This portion
extends from 10,000 m below sea level to 6000 m above sea level. The biosphere covers
parts of other segments of the environment viz. Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere.
Life sustaining resources like food, water and oxygen present in the biosphere are being
withdrawn and waste products in increasing quantities are being dumped. The biosphere has
been absorbing this and assimilating them. However, the rate of waste dumping has gone
beyond the assimilating capability of the biosphere and signals of this stress is becoming
evident.
iv. Atmosphere:
It is the gaseous envelop surrounding the earth and extends up to 500kms above the earth’s
surface. The composition of atmosphere is given in table;
Constituent Volume %
Nitrogen 78.1
Oxygen 20.9
Water vapor 0.1-5
Argon 0.9
Carbon dioxide 0.03
Trace Constituents( He, NH3, CO, SO2, NO2 etc) Balance
The atmosphere screens the dangerous UV radiation from the sun and allows only
radiations in the range of 300 nm- 2500 nm (near UV to near IR) and radio waves. The
atmosphere plays a major role in maintaining the heat balance of the earth by absorbing the
re-emitted radiation from the earth.
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE:
The atmosphere is broadly divided into four major zones viz.
i. TROPOSPHERE: It is a layer of air which is nearest to the ground. It extends up to a range of 10 km.
Temperature changes/decreases in a range of 15°C at sea level to -56.5°C at 11,000m above sea level. An
exception to this is water vapor, most water vapor evaporates from the surface of earth and is found in
lower troposphere.
ii. STRATOSPHERE: it is the layer of air above troposphere where temperature increases with height in a
range of 10-20 km. the average temperature rises to -2.5°C at 50,000 m above sea level. Ozone is found in
higher concentrations between 20 and 30 km above the surface. Ozone absorbs radiant energy from the sun
and hence warmer temperatures are encountered in the stratosphere.
iii. MESOSPHERE: it is the layer of air above stratosphere which exists in the range of 50km. The average
temperature decreases to -90°C at 90,000m. This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
iv. THERMOSPHERE: it is the layer of air above mesosphere. The temperature in the thermosphere
increases wit the increasing height but there are not many molecules in this layer. The air becomes less and
less dense as we reach space.
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE:
