Even though both are a way of associative learning classical conditioning contains stimuli and

respondent behavior, a response to that stimuli. On the other hand, operant conditioning involves
the relation of own actions to consequences to reinforcers and punishers.
My parents praise when I do well and get good grades in school so I study for every test.

When certain behaviors result in favorable consequences, it is likely to occur again as compared
to behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences.

The Skinner box is an operant chamber used for research which contains a bar/key that an
animal can manipulate to obtain food. Devices are attached to record animal’s rate of bar
pressing and key pecking. The purpose is to carry out the experiment for the concept of
reinforcement of any event that is strengthened a preceding response.

Keep phone away when doing work. Negative reinforcement

Play one game after finishing one assignment. Positive reinforcement

Take phone away to spend time with family. Negative reinforcement

Getting praised when helping your mom with work. Positive reinforcement

Don’t keep anything hiding from a friend to earn their trust. Negative
reinforcement.

Helping them with any problems to feel more welcomed and friendly.
Positive reinforcement.
 Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer
and closer approximations of the desired behavior. When I first started
going to school, my parents praised me for getting 80s and then told me to
try harder and praise me at 85s then kept going to be who I am today.

To train my dogs tricks of jump through a hula hoop and under a bench, I
would place treats along the way and remove one farther treat each time.

Even though both are types of reinforcement which strengthen a response,

positive reinforcement is by adding a desirable stimulus whereas negative
is by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

Going to a doctor to get annual checkup to not get risks of disease and
disorder.

When the teacher gives a sticker for every right answer. The teacher
clapping three times to stop the chaos and commotion.

Primary reinforcers are unlearned behaviors whereas conditioned

(secondary) reinforcers get their power through learned association with
the help of primary reinforcers.

Eating a food would satisfy my hunger. Whenever I hear pots and dishes, I
learned that dinner is ready. The sound of pots and dishes are conditioned
reinforcers to satisfy my hunger.
 Humans do respond to delayed reinforcers while rats learned incidental
behaviors during the delay instead of the desired behavior.

There are circumstances in which people are drawn to the small but
immediate consequences as they are more alluring than the big, delayed
consequence. Examples include unprotected sex and emissions of
greenhouse gases from vehicles.

Animal trainer would prefer intermittent reinforcement because resistance to extinction is greater.
Therefore, even when the pattern disappears, the behavior would continue. When training the lion to
perform in a circus act, it would keep trying until it succeeds. Trainers would prefer continuous
reinforcement when mastering behaviors.

Reinforcing the Candy machine Getting a sticker every time

desired response every delivering chocolate a student gives the correct
time it occurs bar every time money answer.
is put in.

Reinforcing a Coffee shops may Getting a rest day after

response only after a reward us with a free every 5 days of
specified number of drink after every 10 consecutive work out
responses. purchased. days.

Reinforcing a Mail delivery every Getting to go on a trip

response only after a month. at the end of every
specified time has month.
elapsed
 Reinforcing a Slot machine when Trying to win a
response after an gambling for a prize. lottery.
unpredictable number
of responses

Reinforcing a Not knowing when a Not knowing when my

response at person will respond to food delivery is going
unpredictable time your email or text. to arrive.
interval.

To create an enduring response, variable-interval schedule is the best to follow since the
subject would persistently wait for the reward response without knowing when the wait
will be over. Fixed-interval schedule would lead to the quickest extinction because it
produces a choppy stop-start pattern rather than a steady rate of response.

Response will be paused for a brief period before returning to high rate of responding
for fixed-ratio. For fixed-ratio, subjects respond more frequently when approaching the
anticipated time. Variable-interval schedules produce slow, steady responding.
Variable-ratio produce high rates of responding since reinforcers increase as the number
of responses increase.

Punisher decreases a behavior while reinforcer.

Punishment are to restrain unwanted behavior while negative reinforcement is to

increase a wanted behavior by removing the stimulus. For example, taking painkillers
to take away a pain is a negative reinforcement as the stimulus is removed and not
Positive punishment is administering an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior such as
making a student do extra page of homework for misbehaving whereas negative
punishment is a withdrawal of a rewarding stimulus such as keeping a child’s phone.

You can determine if a behavior has been reinforced or punished by determining the
behavior in the future as whether a wanted or unwanted behavior.

Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten which can result as a negative

reinforcement of parents’ punishing behavior due to the temporary suppressed state.

Punishment teaches discrimination among situation.

Punishment can teach fear.

Punishment can teach fear.

You would be given the money for a movie when you finish your homework.
Skinner’s idea provoke controversy because he believed that external influences shape
behavior while others believed it was due to internal thoughts and feelings.

If my classmate does well on the test, we would go out for a movie.

Whenever you turn in your assignment on time, tell the teacher you put effort and tried
your best.

Skinner’s idea provoke controversy because he believed that external influences shape
behavior while others believed it was due to internal thoughts and feelings.

Give a treat once your dog reached the Hitting the dog if he didn’t pick up the
newspaper and once after bringing it newspaper.
off of the driveway.

Taking away an itchy shirt once he picks Taking away his favorite toy if your dog
up the newspaper. didn’t bring the newspaper off of the
driveway.
 Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement

Negatively

Positively

Negative Punishment

Negative Punishment

Negative Reinforcement
 Fixed-ratio

Variable-interval

Variable-ratio

Fixed-interval

Fixed-ratio