NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:32 am Page 1

NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
To help you to make the best use of Delavan products and services we have
produced a guide to spray nozzle technology. This is designed to take you
through the fundamentals of spray nozzle technology step by step. In addition,
in the Nozzle Technology and Application Guide sections you will find useful
advice on how to choose the best type of nozzle for your application.

BASIC PRINCIPLES
Although the requirements of each spray nozzle may vary considerably from
one application to another, the basic functions of a nozzle are:
1) Control of liquid flow
2) Atomisation of liquid into droplets
3) Dispersal of droplets in a specific pattern
4) Generation of hydraulic momentum or impact.
To break up any liquid into droplets energy is required and in fluid handling
this energy is usually provided by pressure from a pump. This pressure
must be converted into velocity energy by forcing the liquid through restrictive
passages in the nozzle. The resulting energy change is then utilised to
atomise the liquid into droplets and disperse them into a specific spray pattern.

TYPES OF NOZZLE
There are several different basic types of nozzle which can be categorised
by the type of spray that they produce. These are:
a) Flat sprays
b) Hollow cone sprays
c) Solid cone sprays
d) Air atomising sprays
In addition there are variations on these sprays for specific applications.
Refer to the Application Guide section.

Delavan produces a vast range of spray nozzles with many variations on

each basic type. Your choice of nozzle will depend on several key factors.
These are:

1. Flow rate (capacity)

2. Operating pressure

3. Spray pattern

4. Spray angle

5. Liquid to be sprayed

6. Quality of atomisation

7. Material of manufacture Contact our Helpline for

any special requirements:
To help you with your choice of spray nozzle, each of the above key factors is Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
discussed in detail on the following pages. Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

WE ARE HERE TO HELP

If you need more detailed information or advice then
Delavan sales engineers and technical staff are always
available to answer your questions.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:32 am Page 2
NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

1. Flow rate (capacity)

All the nozzle capacity charts in this catalogue are based on water with a
tolerance of ± 5% on rated flows. However, the actual flow rate through the
nozzle can be affected by factors such as pressure, specific gravity and
viscosity.
a) Pressure – theoretically, the flow rate is proportional to the square root
of the pressure ratio and is expressed as follows:
Q1 = Q2 P1

P2

where Q1 is the calculated flow rate at the desired operating pressure P1

Q2 and P2 are the known flow rate and pressure taken from the
charts given for each nozzle type.

This relationship is generally acceptable for most industrial nozzle

applications but is not correct for all nozzle types.
b) Specific gravity (density) – this is the ratio of the mass of a given volume
of liquid to the mass of the same volume of water. For liquids other than
water the flow will vary inversely to the square root of the specific gravity of
that liquid. The formula that can be used to determine the flow rate is as
follows:
Liquid Flow Rate = Water Flow Rate x 1
Specific Gravity

This relationship can be approximated with a conversion factor from the

following table.

Specific Gravity 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Conversion Factor 1.2 1.12 1.05 1.0 .95 .91 .88 .85 .82 .79 .77 .75

c) Viscosity – this is probably the most significant of all liquid properties

since it can vary over a wide range of values and is somewhat complex
in spraying applications. Generally with higher viscosities there is a
reduction in flow through the nozzle. Viscosity also affects the spray
pattern and spray quality.

2. Operating pressure
This is the major factor that affects the flow rate through a nozzle. To determine
the operating pressure to achieve a specified flow that is not indicated in the
capacity charts, the previous formula can be re-written as follows:

Contact our Helpline for

P1 = P2
( )
Q1
Q2
2

any special requirements: where P1 is the calculated pressure for the desired flow rate Q1
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043 P2 and Q2 are the known pressure and flow rate.
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk Again this relationship is acceptable for most industrial nozzle
applications but is not correct for all nozzle types.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:33 am Page 3

NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
3. Spray pattern
In general a minimum pressure of 0.7–1.0 Bar is required to generate a well
developed spray but this pressure needs increasing where the restrictive
passages of the nozzle are very small. There are a number of basic types of
spray patterns and each can be achieved in a variety of ways, some of which
are as follows:
a) Flat spray – this is a narrow elliptical/oval or rectangular orfice shape which
can be produced by the following methods:

Description Nozzle Spray Typical Nozzle

Diagram Diagram

i) An elliptical orifice
formed by the
intersection of
a ‘V’ groove with
a hemispherical
cavity.

ii) An oval orifice

formed by the
intersection of
a ‘U’ groove with
a hemispherical
cavity.

iii) A rectangular
orifice formed by
the intersection
of a slot in a
hemispherical
cavity or
cylindrical tube.

iv) A circular orifice

which is deflected
through 75˚ to the
nozzle axis. This
produces a wide
angle spray
at low pressures.
Contact our Helpline for
any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
v) A circular orifice Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
which has a ‘spoon’ Web:www.delavan.co.uk
shaped deflecting
surface. This
produces a narrow
angled ‘even’
impacting spray.

vi) Two converging

jets prior to a
circular orifice
and profiled with
a ‘V’ grooved slot.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:34 am Page 4
NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

3. Spray pattern (continued)

b) Hollow cone – this is a ring of spray which can be produced by the
following methods:

Description Nozzle Spray Typical Nozzle

Diagram Diagram

i) A circular exit orifice

which is preceded
by a swirl chamber
with a tangential inlet.

ii) A circular exit orifice

which is preceded
by a swirl chamber
with a multi-slotted,
in-line distributor.

iii) Delavan have

variations on the
tangential inlet design
which have been
designed with hard
wearing internal
metering parts for
use in the Spray
Drying Industry.

c) Solid cone – this is a solid area of spray which can be circular or square
shaped. It can be produced by the following methods:

i) A circular exit orifice

which is preceded
by a swirl chamber
with a multi-slotted
in-line distributor and
central hole.

ii) A circular exit orifice

which is preceded
Contact our Helpline for
any special requirements:
by a swirl chamber
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821 with a special
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043 cross-milled core.
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

iii) With the addition of

two machined ‘V’
grooves to (ii) a
‘square’ patterned
spray can be formed.

iv) Delavan have a

variation of the multi-
slotted distributor
design which utilises
the unique ‘starslot’
profile and is used
for concast cooling
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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:35 am Page 5

NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
3. Spray pattern (continued)
d) Air atomising sprays – these are produced by using air as the atomising
agent and sprays are generally of the external (siphon or pressure) and
internal (pressure) mix design. Some of these types are as follows:

Description Spray Typical Nozzle

Diagram

i) External mix –
Cone spray.

ii) External mix –

Flat spray.

iii) Internal mix –

Cone spray.

Contact our Helpline for

any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

iv) Internal mix –

Flat spray.

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NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

4. Spray angle
The spray angle is typically measured at close proximity to the nozzle orifice
with a tolerance of 5° on tested spray angles. As the spray distance increases
the droplets are affected by gravity and gas friction which reduces the spray
angle. The diagram below shows this effect.
All the capacity charts are based on the theoretical spray width.

THEORETICAL SPRAY WIDTH CHART

Spray Theoretical spray width at various distances (in cm) from nozzle orifice
angle (degrees) 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 125 150

10 0,9 1,8 2,6 3,5 4,4 5,3 7,0 8,8 10,5 12,3 14,0 17,5 21,9 26,2
15 1,3 2,6 4,0 5,3 6,6 7,9 10,5 13,2 15,8 18,4 21,1 26,3 32,9 39,5
20 1,8 3,5 5,3 7,1 8,8 10,6 14,1 17,6 21,2 24,7 28,2 35,3 44,1 52,9
25 2,2 4,4 6,7 8,9 11,1 13,3 17,7 22,2 26,6 31,0 35,5 44,3 55,4 66,5
30 2,7 5,4 8,0 10,7 13,4 16,1 21,4 26,8 32,2 37,5 42,9 53,6 67.0 80,4
35 3,2 6,3 9,5 12,6 15,8 18,9 25,2 31,5 37,8 44,1 50,5 63,1 78.8 94,6
40 3,6 7,3 10,9 14,6 18,2 21,8 29,1 36,4 43,7 51,0 58,2 72,8 91,0 109
45 4,1 8,3 12,4 16,6 20,7 24,9 33,1 41,4 49,7 58,0 66,3 82,8 104 124
50 4,7 9,3 14,0 18,7 23,3 28,0 37,3 46,6 56,0 65,3 74,6 93,3 117 140
55 5,2 10,4 15,6 20,8 26,0 31,2 41,7 52,1 62,5 72,9 83,3 104 130 156
60 5,8 11,6 17,3 23,1 28,9 34,6 46,2 57,7 69,3 80,8 92,4 115 144 173
65 6,4 12,7 19,1 25,5 31,9 38,2 51,0 63,7 76,5 89,2 102 127 159 191
70 7,0 14,0 21,0 28,0 35,0 42,0 56,0 70,0 84,0 98,0 112 140 175 210
75 7,7 15,4 23,0 30,7 38,4 46,0 61,4 76,7 92,1 107 123 153 192 230
80 8,4 16,8 25,2 33,6 42,0 50,4 67,1 83,9 101 118 134 168 210 252
85 9,2 18,3 27,5 36,7 45,8 55,0 73,3 91,6 110 128 147 183 229 275
Contact our Helpline for 90 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 80,0 100 120 140 160 200 250 300
any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821 95 10,9 21,8 32,7 43,7 54,6 65,5 87,3 109 131 153 175 218 273
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
100 11,9 23,8 35,8 47,7 59,6 71,5 95,3 119 143 167 191 238 298
Web:www.delavan.co.uk 110 14,3 28,6 42,9 57,1 71,4 85,7 114 143 171 200 229 286
120 17,3 34,6 52,0 69,3 86,6 104 139 173 208 243
130 21,5 42,9 64,3 85,8 107 129 172 215 257
140 27,5 55,0 82,4 110 137 165 220 275
150 37,3 74,6 112 149 187 224 299

NOTE:
Liquids more viscous than water will form smaller spray angles. In some cases
the nozzle will generate a solid stream depending on the size of the restrictive
passages of the nozzle, the degree of viscosity and the operating pressure.
Liquid surface tension also has an effect on the spray angle; lower values than
water (73 dynes/cm) will increase the spray angle.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:35 am Page 7

NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
4. Spray angle (continued)

IMPACT

As well as the operating pressure and flow rate the spray angle also affects the
amount of impact that is created on the surface being sprayed. For a straight
stream nozzle the impact (kg/cm2) can be determined by the formula 1.9 x
operating pressure (kg/cm2). For other nozzles it is necessary to first determine
the theoretical total impact by the formula (based on water):

Theoretical Total (kg/cm2) = 0.0324 x Flow Rate (l/min) x pressure (kg/cm2)

Impact
However in practice, due to the different nozzle designs, there is an efficiency
loss through the nozzle which must also be considered. With the variations in
spray angles the area of coverage changes with a reduced percentage impact
as the spray angle increases.

The following table will assist in calculating the actual impact in kg/cm2 based
on a distance of 30cm from the nozzle.

IMPACT CHART
Nozzle Nozzle Total Impact Per cent impact
type spray angle Efficiency 30cm of the theoretical
from nozzle total impact 30cm
from nozzle
STRAIGHT STREAM
Has high impact efficiency with only slight losses due 96% See the above formula
to friction. No value is given for the per cent impact 0˚ to for impact percentage
per cm2 since the impact per cm2 remains constant 99% of any straight nozzle.
for all capacities, the pressure being constant.
FLAT SPRAY (AC)
Impact Efficiency is high. Narrow spray angles have 15˚ 30%
higher Total Impact Efficiency. 25˚ 95% 18%
40˚ to 12%
50˚ 90% 10%
65˚ 7%
80˚ 5%
DEFLECTED FLAT SPRAY (TJ)
The Total Impact Efficiency is not as high as the 15˚ 80% 30%
FLAT SPRAY because of friction losses due to the 35˚ to 13%
deflector surface. However, the spray is more 40˚ 75% 12%
concentrated and the per cent impact per cm2 is 50˚ 10%
as high as the FLAT SPRAY.
SOLID CONE (BI)
Impact Efficiency varies with the spray angle 15˚ 85% 11%
for this type of nozzle. 30˚ 81% 2.5%
50˚ 77% 1.0%
65˚ 70% 0.4%
80˚ 61% 0.2%
100˚ 50% 0.1%
HOLLOW CONE (AE)
Has the lowest Total Impact Efficiency but because
Contact our Helpline for
of its concentration, the impact per cm2 will be 60˚ 2% any special requirements:
slightly higher than the SOLID CONE. The 60˚ to to 50% to Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
80˚ spray angle range is given which covers most 80˚ 1% Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
standard HOLLOW CONE nozzles. e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

A typical problem would be solved as follows:

Example Find the total impact and the impact per cm2 at a distance of 30cm from the nozzle 1/2” BIM42 operating at
a pressure of 3 Bar spraying water.
Theoretical Total Impact = 0.0324 x 19.29 x 3 x 1.02
(1 Bar = 1.02 kg/cm2)
Theoretical Total Impact = 1.0933 kg/cm2
Since the 1/2" BIM 42 (Solid Cone) has an approx. spray angle of 80˚ at 3 Bar the Total Impact Efficiency is
61% from the above table.
Therefore – Actual Total Impact = 0.61 x 1.0933 = 0.667 kg/cm2
From the same chart we can see that the percentage impact per cm2 of the Theoretical Total Impact is 0.2%.
Therefore – Impact per cm2 = 0.002 x 0.667 = 0.0013kg.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:36 am Page 8
NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

5. Liquid to be sprayed
With a liquid different from water there are a number of factors that can affect
the nozzle type to be used, the required operating pressure and the optimum
material of manufacture. These are as follows:
a) Specific gravity (density)
b) Viscosity
c) Surface tension
d) Temperature
The following chart shows the various effects that changes to the above have
on the performance of a spray nozzle.

PERFORMANCE CHART
Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase
in pressure in specific in viscosity in liquid in surface
gravity temperature tension

Spray pattern quality Improves Negligible effect Deteriorates Improves Negligible effect

Flow rate Increases Decreases * ** No effect

Spray angle Increase/Decrease Negligible effect Decreases Increases Decreases

Droplet size Decreases Negligible effect Increases Decreases Increases

Velocity Increases Decreases Decreases Increases Negligible effect

Impact Increases Negligible effect Decreases Increases Negligible effect

Wear Increases Negligible effect Decreases ** No effect

* Flat Spray decreases, Hollow Cone and Solid Cone increases.

** Depends on the nozzle type and liquid to be sprayed.

Contact our Helpline for

any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

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NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
6. Quality of atomisation
All of the variables previously mentioned influence the degree of atomisation;
that is, the size of the droplets produced by a nozzle. In general, spray nozzles
do not generate droplets of equal size. Liquid break-up is caused by the
collapse of unstable fluid sheets, jets or ligaments, or by the shearing action of
air. These mechanisms produce a broad spectrum of droplet sizes; often
submicron up to several hundred microns in the same spray.

A perspective of droplet diameters can be gained by realising that there are

1000 microns per mm, and by considering the following approximate ranges
for atmospheric precipitation:

Type of precipitation Size range (Microns)

Fog 1-30

Mist 30-100

Drizzle 100-300

Light rain 300-1000

Heavy rain 1000-5000

In most instances, larger droplets may be expected as nozzle capacity increases.

This is because as the fluid metering passages are enlarged to allow greater
throughput, coarser droplets generally result. In air atomisers, finer atomisation
may be achieved by increasing the liquid tangential velocity. This also tends to
widen the spray angle, and explains why coarse atomisation is often
associated with narrow angles and straight streams.

Droplet size may vary within the pattern of a given spray. For example, because
of their greater momentum, the larger drops in a cone spray are typically found
near the outside of the pattern. Induced air pushes the small droplets toward
the centre. Variations may also occur as droplets move away from the nozzle;
but the net change is difficult to predict, due to the offsetting effects of
coalescence and evaporation.

Although droplet size is affected by nozzle type, most pressure atomisers give
similar results if the flow rate, pressure and spray angle are the same. Droplets
may be somewhat larger for flat spray nozzles, particularly at the edges of
the pattern.

For a given nozzle, the quality of atomisation may be improved by increasing

pressure. As an approximate rule of thumb, droplet diameters for hydraulic
nozzles may be assumed to vary as the -0.3 power of pressure. However, the
exact effect depends on the nozzle design and operating conditions. At very
high pressures, a further increase often has a negligible effect on atomisation.

Two-fluid nozzles are often recommended for extremely fine atomisation (e.g.
below 50 microns). With this type of atomiser, droplet size is a function of air
pressure (or relative air velocity) as well as the air-liquid ratio.
Contact our Helpline for
The two most important liquid properties that affect atomisation are viscosity any special requirements:
and surface tension. As viscosity increases, larger viscous forces must be Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
overcome by the energy supplied to the nozzle. This reduces the energy Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
available for droplet break up, resulting in coarser atomisation. With very Web:www.delavan.co.uk
viscous liquids, satisfactory atomisation may become difficult and two-fluid
nozzles should be considered. In addition to viscous forces, surface tension
must also be overcome in creating droplets. Liquids having high surface
tension are more difficult to atomise.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:36 am Page 10
NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

6. Quality of atomisation (continued)

REPRESENTATION OF DROPLET SIZE

The complete characterisation of spray quality requires information on the

frequency of all droplet diameters. This may be expressed as the number
of droplets or their corresponding volume in specified size ranges. Though
complete distribution data is needed for certain applications, spray quality
or the consistency of droplet size is frequently described by a single
parameter, such as the mean or median droplet diameter.

If the cumulative percentage volume is plotted as a function of droplet

diameter, the 50% point corresponds to the volume median diameter, DVO.5.
This divides the spray into two equal portions by volume. For processes
involving evaporation, reactions or combustion, the Sauter mean diameter, D32
is commonly used. This is a hypothetical droplet whose ratio of volume to
surface area is equal to that of the entire spray.

RESEARCH
Delavan has been producing spray nozzles since 1946 and has developed
specialist nozzles for applications such as oil heating and specialised injectors
for gas turbine engines. These have now been built into successful, specialist
businesses in their own right within the Coltec Group and help provide
Delavan with a wealth of knowledge and expertise to draw upon.
Delavan is a major supplier of spray nozzles and accessories for agricultural
and industrial applications worldwide. Thousands of nozzle designs have been
developed and research and development is constantly undertaken to optimise
flow, spray pattern and droplet size of nozzles for new applications.
Operating conditions cover wide ranges – flow rates from 0.1 GPH to 60000
GPH, and pressures as high as 7000 psi. Delavan nozzles must also be
designed for many types of liquids: light and heavy oils, abrasive and corrosive
chemicals, and formulations containing suspended solids.

Optimum performance can be achieved only through intensive spray research

involving fluid dynamic theory, thorough testing and data analysis. This research
not only aids product design, but is also essential for the proper application of
spray equipment and for the technical support of Delavan’s customers.

The work is carried out by an experienced staff of research engineers and

technicians using modern laboratory facilities. The facilities include instrumented
test stands designed for the accurate measurement of flow and spray patterns
when atomising fuel, water or other liquids. Test equipment is available for special
studies of nozzle endurance, vibration analysis and fuel spray combustion. The
laboratory also contains equipment for Schlieren and high-resolution photography.

Delavan’s research capabilities are further enhanced by the ANSYS finite-element

modelling program for analysis of stress, vibration and heat transfer, the FLUENT
code for flowfield modelling, and other proprietary codes for predicting flow
parameters, spray structure and particle size.

Contact our Helpline for Of particular interest are Delavan’s unique systems for determining spray
any special requirements: droplet size. For many years laboratory data has been accumulated using a
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
technique involving droplet collection, photomicrography and high-speed
e-mail:[email protected] image analysis. In 1982 Delavan augmented its research facilities by procuring
Web:www.delavan.co.uk laser spectrometer probes and custom software from Particle Measuring
Systems Inc. Also, the PMS light-scattering and imaging probes, used with a
dedicated computer, permit rapid spray analysis for a broad spectrum of
particle diameters.

The laboratory is now equipped with still another diagnostic tool, the Aerometrics
Phase Doppler Particle Analyser which is capable of measuring not only the
size distribution of droplets, but also their velocity, flux and concentration
within the spray sampling volume. This non-intrusive instrument may be
operated with a computer-controlled nozzle traversing mechanism to provide
global data or statistical information at designated locations within a three-
dimensional region.

Interest in spray analysis has grown steadily in recent years, and many
organisations are utilising droplet size information to improve their processes
and products. If you would like to have additional information about droplet
size, please contact our Customer Service Team.

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NozzleTechSection 10/5/01 6:37 am Page 11

NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
6. Quality of atomisation (continued)

DROPLET SIZE MEASUREMENT

Accurate sizing of spray droplets is difficult, and no single method is completely
satisfactory. However, by recognising the limitations of various instruments and
experimental techniques, useful and significant data can be obtained.
Delavan’s research laboratory is equipped with spectrometer probes for
droplet size measurement. Small droplets are detected by scattered light from
a laser beam passing through the spray, whereas the larger droplets are sized
by an imaging system.

These research tools are a great asset in nozzle development and in supplying
useful data to Delavan’s customers.

TYPICAL DROPLET ANALYSIS

DROPLET ANALYSIS : 841106.BLW DATE
FSSP INPUT FILE : 841106.BLW OAP INPUT FILE : 841106.BLW
TEST REFERENCE : LO-AIR NOZZLE ATOMISER : 38977-8
TEST LIQUID : WATER LIQUID PRESSURE : 24 PSIG
LIQUID FLOW : 3 GPH ATOMISING GAS : AIR
GAS PRESSURE : 30 PSIG GAS FLOW RATE : 5.32 SCFM
FSSP PERIOD : 60 SEC OAP PERIOD : 60 SEC
OVERLAP REGION : 20 TO 80 UM MERGE DIAMETER : 50 UM

FSSP SAMPLING LOCATION: 12" HORIZONTAL TRAVERSE

OAP SAMPLING LOCATION: 12" HORIZONTAL TRAVERSE
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: 10 MM DEPTH OF FIELD
TEST ENGRS. SC & DT

• DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS •
LENGTH MEAN DIAMETER (D10): 21.11 UM NUMBER MEDIAN DIAM. (DN.5): 14.65 UM
AREA MEAN DIAMETER (D20): 30.25 UM VOLUME MEDIAN DIAM. (DV.5): 119.37 UM
VOLUME MEAN DIAMETER (D30): 42.43 UM 10% – VOLUME DIAMETER (DV.1): 42.70 UM
SAUTER MEAN DIAMETER (D32): 83.48 UM 90% – VOLUME DIAMETER (DV.9): 200.07 UM
STANDARD DEVIATION (VOL): 59.20 UM MAXIMUM DIAMETER : 305.00 UM
COEFF. OF VARIATION (VOL): 0.483 UNIFORMITY INDEX (VOLUME) : 0.401_

The following charts show the estimated Sauter mean diameter of droplets
for various flow rates of typical 80˚ hollow and solid cone spray patterns based
on water.

80° Hollow Cone pressure

atomisers spraying water

Contact our Helpline for

any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

80° Solid Cone pressure

atomisers spraying water

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NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

7. Material of manufacture
Delavan manufactures spray nozzles and accessories in a wide range of
materials to meet the various demands of all types of spraying applications.
Each nozzle type is manufactured in a range of standard materials for their
specific applications but can also be manufactured from a range of other
materials on request.
During the last 50 years of manufacturing spray nozzles Delavan has had
experience of many diverse applications which have involved corrosive and
abrasive liquids in both hot and corrosive environments. Our sales engineers
and technical staff would be pleased to discuss your specific application. The
following is a list of some of the materials from which we have manufactured
spray nozzles and accessories.

Aluminium GRP Polypropylene

Aluminium Bronze Gunmetal (LG2) Polyurethane

Brass Hard Rubber (Ebonite) PVC

Carbon Steel Hardened Stainless Steel PVDF (Kynar)

Cast Iron Hastelloy Silicon Carbide

(Nitride Bonded)

Ceramic Incoloy Silver

Chrome Carbide Inconel Stainless Steel

(All grades)

Copper Lead 317L Stainless Steel

cPVC Monel 400 Titanium

Cupro Nickel Naval Brass Tungsten Carbide

Delrin (Acetal) Nylon Ultimet

Duralimin Platinum Viton

Graphite Polyethylene Zirconium

Contact our Helpline for

any special requirements:
Tel: +44 (0) 151 424 6821
Fax: +44 (0) 151 495 1043
e-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.delavan.co.uk

2.12