DESIGN OF PURLINS:
Specifications:
fy = 250 Mpa ( A- 36 steel)
Designing Loads:
Wind loads = 3.19748 kN/m² (Corresponding to super typhoon with wind velocity of 260 kph)
Roof covering = 0.080 kN/m² Spacing of Purlins = 0.6 m
Roof Live loads = 0.6 kN/m² Spacing of Trusses = 5 m
Ashfall Load = 1.2 kN/m² angle ϴ = 14.04 degrees
Height of Truss= 1.75 m
span of truss= 14.0 m
Roof load : W Using Duchimen's formula: Half of span= 7 m
sin ϴ= 0.242535625
W= wind load ((2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ)/(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛²θ))
sin² ϴ= 0.058823529
W= 1.464839 KN/m²
1) Consider tributary area:
W1 = w x spacing of purlins
= 0.8789032 kN/m
= 878.90319 N/m
W2 = (wt. of dead and roof live load) (spacing of purlins)
= 1.128 kN/m
= 1128 N/m
2) Solve for load components:
ΣFy=0] ΣFx=0]
Wy = W2 sin ϴ Wx = W1 + W2 cos ϴ
= 273.58 N/m = 1973.22 N/m
3) Solve for moment components:
a) Mx = WxL²/ 8 b) My = WyL²/ 32
= 6166.32 N-m (roof) = 213.73 N-m
4) Solve for Minimum depth "d": Assume compact section:
min. d = L / 30 Allowable Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 166.67 mm 165 MPa
5) Select a trial section:
C180 X 14.6 purlin
d= 178 mm W= 14.60 kg/m
bf = 53.1 mm Sx = 99500 mm³
tf = 9.30 mm Sy = 10100 mm³
tw= 5.33 mm
6) Solve for additional loads:
Add'l load due to wt of purlin = 143.23 N/m
a) Normal wt., wx = wt.purlin ( Cosϴ ) = 138.95 N/m
b) Tangential wt., wy = wt.purlin ( Sin ϴ ) = 34.74 N/m
c) Normal Moment, Mx = Wx L² / 8 = 434.22 N-m
d) Tangential Moment = Wy L² / 32 = 27.14 N-m
7) Check if the section is compact:
bf ≤ 170 d ≤ 1690
2tf Fy tw Fy
2.85 < 10.75 33.40 < 106.88
Therefore the section is a compact section: IF NON COMPACT: Fb = 0.60 Fy
Use allowable fb Fb = 0.66 Fy Fb= 165 IF COMPACT: Fb = 0.66 Fy
Therefore use : Fb = 0.66 Fy
8) Check in flexure:
Actual fb = Mx ( roof + purlins) + My (roof ) + My (purlins)
Sx ½ Sy Sy
Mx (roof) = 6166.32 N-m Mx (roof + purlin) = 66.34 Mpa
My (roof) = 213.73 N-m Sx
Mx (purlins) = 434.22 N-m
My (purlins) = 27.14 N-m My (roof) = 42.32 Mpa
½ Sy
My (purlin) = 2.69 Mpa
Sy
actual fb = 111.3 MPa < allowable Fb = 165 Mpa (safe)
9) Check for shear:
Allowable Fv = 0.4Fy = 100 Mpa
Actual Fv² = Fvx² + Fvy²
a) Fvx = Vx / dtw Vx = (Wx (roof & Purlin) x L
5.57 Mpa 2
= 5280.434 N
b) Fvy = Vy / dtf Vy = 5Wy(roof&purlin) x L
0.51 Mpa 16
= 481.75 N
Actual Fv = 5.59 Mpa < 100 Mpa (Safe)
(roof)
.66
DESIGN OF SAGRODS
Loads carried by purlins:
wt of purlins = 143.23 N/m
Roof covering = 48.00 N/m
Sagrod
Purlins
Total load = wt of purlins + roof covering
= 191.23 N/m
Force carried by sagrods:
R= 5wL / 8 L= 5m
= 597.58 N
Force carried by the critical portion of purlins ( 12th purlins) : no.of purlins = 20
T= pcs of purlins x force carried by sagrods
= 11951.63 N
Ft= 0.33 Fu
= 0.33 (400 Mpa)
= 132 Mpa
Solving for area:
T = Ft ( A )
A = T / Ft
A = 90.5426 mm²
Solving for diameter:
A = π d² / 4
d= 10.74 mm say 12 mm
Therefore, use 12 mmØ for sagrod
DESIGN OF TRUSS
Solving for stresses in truss:
Assume weight of truss = (Wtotal) (a x L) (1+ 0.328L)
100
Designing loads: span of truss/ rafter, L = 14.0 m
wt. of purlins = 0.2865 kN/m² half of truss span = 7.0 m
roof covering = 0.080 kN/m² Spacing of trusses/rafter,a = 5 m
bracing load = 0.200 kN/m² Spacing of Purlins = 0.6 m
Live load = 0.60 kN/m² pitch of truss, h = 1.75 m
ceiling = 0.920 kN/m² angle θ = 14.04 °
others = 2.36 kN/m² spacing of joints = 2.3333 m
total load = 4.45 kN/m²
Compute for truss weight:
truss weight = 17.41 kN
Load per top panel joint = 2 x (truss wt) / (3 x L) = 0.83 kN
Load per bottom panel joint = 0.41 kN
Dead load on truss panel (due to gravity loads):
Purlin wt = 0.29 kN/m x 5m = 1.432 kN
GI sheet & bracing= 0.280 kN/m² x 5m x 0.600 m= 0.84 kN
Ceiling wt = 0.92 kN/m² x 5m x 2.333 m= 10.7333 kN
P1= 2 x purlin wt. + truss wt. + (G.I sheet & bracing)
P1= 4.533 kN
P2= purlin wt. + truss wt. + (G.I sheet & bracing)
P2= 3.101 kN
P3= purlin wt. + ½ truss wt. + ½(G.I sheet & bracing)
P3= 2.267 kN
P4= ceiing wt + truss wt.
P4= 11.15 kN
TRUSS DRAWING
kN 5.685167
kN 11.3703
kN 11.3703 P1
P2 P2
kN/m 4.728 P2 P2 P2
kN 7.95183 P2
P2
P2
P2 H
P2 P2
P2
P2 P2
P2
P2 F
P3 P2
D
A
C E G
RAv P4 P4 P4
Consider the whole truss as free a body:
P res = P1 + 11(P2) + 2(P3) +5(P4)
P res = 98.91726 kN
By Symmetry:
RAv = RBv = 49.46 kN
By Method of Joints:
At Joint A
P3
RAD
RAC
RAh
RAv
ΣFv=0]
RAv = RADv + 7.95183
RADv = 41.51 kN
RAD = 171.14 kN
ΣFh=0]
RAh = 0.00 kN
RAC = RADh
RAC = 166.03 kN
Therefore: RAC = RCE
RCE = 166.03 kN
RCD = P4 = 11.15 kN
At Joint D
kN 11.3703
sin θ = 0.243
RDF
cos θ = 0.970
RAD RED
RCD
ΣFv=0]
RCD + 11.3703 + RDF(sin θ) = RADv + RED(sin θ)
22.52 + RDF(0.2 = 41.51 + RED(0.217)
RED - RDF = -78.29
RED = -87.53 + RDF
ΣFh=0]
(RED + RDF)(0.976) = 166.03
RED + RDF = 171.1369
2RDF = 249.43
RDF = 124.7148 kN
RED = 46.42213 kN
STRESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD : Wind loads = 3.19748 kN/m²
angle θ = 14.04 °
sin θ = 0.243
cos θ = 0.970
PN = 1.465 kN/m² Spacing of trusses/rafter,a = 5 m
Spacing of joint, Ljoint = 2.40514 m
No of top joints= 4
w= 17.616 kN
Wtotal = 52.847 kN
TRUSS DRAWING
W/2
Wtotal W
H
W
F
W/2
D
RAh A
C E G
RAv
ΣMB=0]
RAv (span) = Wtotal(cos θ)(d) - Wtotal (sin θ)(h) d = 10.5 m
RAv = 37.65 kN h = 0.875 m
ΣFh=0]
RAh = Wtotal(sin θ)
RAh = 12.81734 kN
ΣFv=0]
RBv = Wtotal(cos θ) - Rav
RBv = 13.61842 kN
By Method of Joints:
At Joint A
W/2
RAD
RAC
RAh
RAv
ΣFv=0]
RAv = RADv + (W/2)(cos θ)
RADv = 29.11 kN
RAD = 120.01 kN
ΣFh=0]
RAh = 12.82 kN
RAC =RADh+ RAh
RAC = 129.24 kN
Therefore: RAC = RCE
RCE = 129.24 kN
RCD = 0.00 kN
DESIGN P (TENSION) = 295.27 kN
DESIGN P (COMP) = 291.14 kN
P2
P2 P2
P2
P2
P2 P2
P2 P2
P2 P2
P3
P4 P4 RBv
B
RBv
P = 2.5713 kN P = 4.6515 kN
P3 P = 2.5713 kN
P2 P2 =
P2 P3 =
C P2 P4 =
P3
E
A B
D
P4
ΣMB=0] STRESSES DUE TO WIN
4Av = 52.55487
Av = 13.13872 kN
Bv = 13.13872 kN
W/2
W
C
W/2
E
A B
D
ΣMB=0]
4Av = Wtotal(cos θ)(2)+Wtotal(sin θ)(0.5)
Av = 17.90546 kN
Bv = 15.79894 kN
TOTAL:
RAv = 31.04418 kN
RBv = 28.93765 kN
3.101
2.666667
11.15
STRESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD : Wind loads = 3.19748 kN/m²
angle θ = 14.04 °
sin θ = 0.243
cos θ = 0.970
PN = 1.465 kN/m² Spacing of trusses/rafter,a = 5 m
Spacing of joint, Ljoint = 1.581139 m
No of top joints= 4
w= 11.581 kN
Wtotal = 34.742 kN
DESIGN OFTRUSSES
Design for Compression:
P= 291.14 kN Fy= 250 Mpa
Design constants:
k= 1.0 E= 200000 Mpa L= 1.03
Solve for required area:
let L/r = 0
Factor of safety, FS= 5 + (3kL/r) + (kL/r)3
3 8Cc 8Cc3
= 1.67
Factored Fy= Fy = 150.00 Mpa
FS
Assumed 80% = 120.00 Mpa
Fy = P trial A = P / Fy
A = 2426.20 mm2
Try 2 - 76 x 76 x 9.5 mm angular bar
r1
Properties of single L 76 X 76 X 9.5
Area, A = 1360 mm²
Weight, W = 10.70 kg/m
Width, B = 76.2 mm
Height H = 76.20 mm
Thickness, t = 9.53 mm
x = 22.5 mm
y = 22.5 mm
y
Ix = 728000 mm^4
Sx = 13500 mm³
rx = 23.1 mm
Iy = 728000 mm^4 x
Sy = 13500 mm³
ry = 23.1 mm B
Cc = 125.664
53 53
17.45 17.45
6 6
14.45
50
6 6
A= 2720 mm²
Ix = 2 x Igx = 1456000 mm^4
Sx = Ix/c = 27113.59 mm³
rx = √Ix/A = 23.13642 mm
Iy = 2(Igy + Ad²) = 3224680 mm^4
Sy = Iy/c = 40715.66
ry = √Iy/A = 34.43173 mm
Therefore Use r = 23.13642 mm
1st condition : if kL/r < Cc , use P /A = Fy ( 1 - (kL/r)2 ) = 140.66
FS 2Cc2
2nd Condition: if kL/r > Cc , use P/A= π²12E = 523.65
23(L/r)²
kL/r = 44.35 < 125.664
Therefore use the first condition P/A = 140.66 N/mm²
Check:
P= 140.66 x 2720
P= 382.59 kN > 291.14 kN (Safe)
Therefore use 2 - L 76 X 76 X 9.5mm angular bar for compression members
m
r1
ers
DESIGN OFTRUSSES
Design for Tension:
P= 295.27 kN
Fy = 250 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
L = 1.02605
Solve for gross area:
Ft = 0.6Fy = 150 MPa
Ag = P/Ft = 1968.458 mm²
Solve for net area:
Ft = 0.5Fu = 200 MPa
Ae = P/Ft = 1476.343 mm²
Solve for minimum radius of gyration:
r = L/300 = 3.420167
Try 2 - L 64 X 38 X 4.8mm angular bar
r1
Properties of single L 64 X 38 X 4.8
Area, A = 467 mm²
Weight, W = 3.60 kg/m
Width, B = 63.5 mm
Height H = 38.10 mm
Thickness, t = 4.76 mm H
x= 8.81 mm
y= 21.3 mm
Ix = 193000 mm^4 y r1
Sx = 4590 mm³
rx = 20.3 mm
Iy = 193000 mm^4 x
Sy = 4590 mm³
ry = 20.3 mm B
53 53
17.45 17.45
6 6
14.45
50
6 6
A= 934 mm²
Ix = 2 x Igx = 386000 mm^4
Sx = Ix/c = 22976.19 mm³
rx = √Ix/A = 20.3292 mm
Iy = 2(Igy + Ad²) = 516270.7 mm^4
Sy = Iy/c = 7763.469
ry = √Iy/A = 23.51069 mm
Therefore Use r = 20.3292 mm
Solve for the length of each side fillet weld required for balance condition:
53 17.45 17.45 53
6 6
14.5
14.45
50
35.5
6 6
Minimum Tensile Strength (Fu) of Weld for E60 Electrode = 425 MPa
Allowable shear on effective area of weld:
Fv = 0.3Fu = 127.5 MPa
Allowable shear on base metal: (Use A36 (Fy = 250 MPa) for all steels)
Fv = 0.4Fy = 100 MPa
Considering one member only:
P/2 = 147.6343 kN
Length of weld on one side, L = L1 = L2
Based on weld metal shear:
L = P/(0.707tFv) = 273 mm
Based on base metal shear:
Av = t x L = 6L (contact area between the weld and metal)
P = AvFv = 6L(Fv)
L= 247 mm
Use L = 273 mm
For balanced condition:
L1y1 = L2y2
y1 = 14.5 mm
y2 = 35.5 mm
L1 = 2.448276 L2
L2 = 80 mm
L1 = 196 mm
Solve for Effective Net Area (Ae) for Welded Connections:
Ae = uAg
L>W
Where:
` L = Length of Weld
W = Distance Between Welds
When L > 2W u = 1
When 2W > L > 1.5W u = 0.87
When 1.5W > L > W u = 0.75
Case
1 196 > 76.2 1
2 76.2 > 196 > 57.15 0
3 57.15 > 196 > 38.1 0
Therefore Use u = 1
Ae = 934 < 1476.343 (failed)
Therefore use L 64 X 38 X 4.8mm angular bar for tension members
L1
14.5
200.87 kN
35.5
L2
