1

FUNCTIONS
1.1 Chapter 1.1
1.1.1 Different Symbols and Terms
1.1.2 Relations
1.1.3 Functions
1.1.4 Representation of Function
1.1.5 Vertical Line Test
1.1.6 Types of Function Based on Mapping
1.1.7 Number of Functions

1.1.1 Different Symbols and Terms

Symbols of some sets of specific type numbers:
R : Set of all real numbers
R+ : Set of all positive real numbers
Z : Set of all integers
Z+ : Set of all positive integers
Q : Set of all rational numbers
Q+ : Set of all positive rational numbers
N : Set of all natural numbers

Intervals as Sets
The set of numbers between any two real numbers is called interval. The following are the types of interval.
(i) Closed Interval: [a, b] = {x: a £ x £ b}
(ii) Open Interval: (a, b) or ] a, b [ = {x: a < x < b}
(iii) Semi Open or Semi Closed Interval: [a, b [ or [a, b) = {x: a £ x < b};
]a, b] or (a, b] = {x: a < x £ b}

Ordered Pairs
A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order is called an ordered pair. Two ordered pairs (a, b)
and (p, q) are said to be equal if a = p and b = q
 2 Integral Calculus

Cartesian Product of Two Sets

Given two non-empty sets P and Q. The cartesian product of sets P and Q, denoted by P × Q is the set of all
ordered pairs of elements from P and Q, i.e., P × Q = { (p,q): p Œ P, q ŒQ }
If either P or Q is the null set, then P × Q will also be empty set, i.e., P × Q = f
(i) Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements are equal and the second
elements are also equal.
(ii) If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in A × B, i.e., if n(A)
= p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
Illustration 1: If A × B ={(p, q),(p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find A and B.
Solution: A = set of first elements = {p, m}
B = set of second elements = {q, r}.
Illustration 2: If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {r}, form the sets P × Q and Q × P. Are these two products equal?
Solution: By the definition of the cartesian product, P × Q = {(a, r), (b, r), (c, r)} and Q × P = {(r, a), (r, b),
(r, c)}
Since, by the definition of equality of ordered pairs, the order pair (a, r) is not equal to the ordered pair
(r, a), we conclude that P × Q π Q × P. However, the number of elements in each set will be the same.

1.1.2 Relation
Relations
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product A × B. The subset
is derived by describing a relationship between the two enteries of the order pairs of A × B in any form like
in the form of an equation in two variables, a graph between two variables, a formula etc. However, one of
the most common form of discribing a relation is an equation in two variables. The second entry in an order
pair is called the image of the first entry. The set of all first entries of the ordered pairs in the relation R from
set A to set B is called the domain of the relation R. The set of all second entries in the relation R from set A
to set B is called the range of the relation R. The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R. Note
that range Õ codomain.
For example, let equation y = x2 + 2 describes a relation R from set A to set B such that A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 15, 18, 20}. Then the relation is R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 18)}.
Domain of the relation R = {1, 2, 4}
Range of the relation R = {3, 6, 18}
Co-domain of the relation R = B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 15, 18, 20}
The total number of relations that can be defined from set A to set B is the number of possible subsets of A ×
B. If n(A ) = p and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq and hence the total number of relations is (2)pq.
Illustration 3: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
Solution: We have, A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}.
Since n (A × B ) = 4, the number of subsets of A × B is (2)4=16. Therefore, the number of relations
from A into B will be 16.
Functions3 3

1.1.3  Functions
Functions
A function is a special kind of relation. Each of the following equations describes a relation between the
variables x and y. We have listed some of the infinitely many ordered pairs (x, y) of each relation.
x2 + y2 = 4 : (1, 3), (1, - 3), (0, 2), (0, -2)  ......... (1)
y2 = x3 : (0, 0), (1, 1) (1, –1), (4, 8) (4, –8) ......... (2)
y = x + 2 : (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (–1, 1), (5, 7) ......... (3)
1 Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
y= : (0, –1), (2, 1) Á 3, ˜ , Á -1, - ˜ , Á -2, - ˜  ......... (4)
x -1 Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 3¯
y = x2 : (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4) (–1, 1), (–2, 4) ......... (5)
The order pairs associated with each of the equation (1) and (2) have some ordered pairs in which first entries
(or component) are same.
But the ordered pairs associated with equations (3), (4) and (5); no two ordered pairs have the same first
component. Such a set of ordered pairs is called a function. Hence a function is a relation in which no two
ordered pairs have the same first component. Thus if A and B be two non-empty sets and f be a relation which
associates each element of set A with unique element of set B, then the relation f is called a function from set
A to B. Like a relation, a function has also its domain, range and co-domain Here set A is called domain of
the function f and B is called co-domain of the function f. The set of elements of B, which are associated with
the element of set A is called the range of the function f. If an element x of set A is uniquely associated with
an element y of set B under the function f then y is called image of x and x is called preimage of y.
Let A = {–1, 0, 1} and B = {–3, –1, 0, 1, 3} be two non-empty sets. Also suppose f be a function from set A
to set B (denoted by f: AÆ B) described by an equation in two variables as y = 2x – 1.
In the above equation, we see that y is dependent on x. It is denoted as y = f (x) and we simply say that y is the
function of x. Here f is purely a symbol (for that matter, any other letter could have been used in place of f ).
The above function in the form of set of ordered pair is described as: f (x) = {(–1, –3), (0, –1), (1, 1)}
Here domain of the function f = A
Range of the function f = {–3, –1, 0}
Codomain of the function f = B
Clearly, f (x) is the subset of A × B.
If a function g is from set A to set A (simply say that g is a function on set A denoted by g: A Æ A ) described
by the equation in two variables y = x2. Then g (x) = {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}
Here domain of the function g = A
Codomain of the function g = A
Range of the function g = {0, 1}
Clearly, g (x) is the subset of A × A.
Thus, it is easy to determine that each of the following sets of ordered pairs is a function:
Ï 1 ¸ 2
f = {(x, y) | y = x + 2}, g = Ì( x, y ) | y = ˝ , h = {(x, y) | y = x }
Ó x - 1˛
 4 Integral Calculus

In each case there is one and only one value of y (an element of the range) associated with each value of x
(an element of the domain).

1.1.4  Representation of function

Representation of Function
It can be done by three methods
(a) By Mapping   (b) By Algebraic Method   (c) In the Form of Ordered Pairs
(a) Mapping: It shows the graphical aspect of the function of the elements of A with the elements of B.
If A and B are two non-empty sets such that A = {a, b, c} and B = {p, q, r}. If f1, f2, f3 and f4 are four
relations from set A to set B described by the following graph.
A f1 B A f2 B A B A B
f3 f4
a p a w a l a u
q b x b m
b
c y n b v
c r d z c o c w
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
The above given graphs are also called mapping
In the above given mappings rule f1 and f2 shows a function because each element of A is associated
with an unique elements of B. Where as f3 and f4 are not function because in f3, element c is associated
with two elements of B, and in f4, b is not associated with any element of B, which do not follow the
definition of function.
In f2, c and d are associated with same element, still obeys the rule of definition of function because it
does not tell that every element of A should be associated with different elements of B.
(b) Algebraic Method: It shows the relation between the elements of two sets in the form of two variables
x and y where x is independent variable and y is dependent variable.
If A and B be two given sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {5, 7, 9} then f: A Æ B, y = f (x) = 2x + 3.
The representation of a function in the above way is an example of representation of function algebri-
cally.
(c) In the Form of Ordered Pairs: A function f: A Æ B can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs in
which first element of every ordered pair is a member of A and second element is the member of B. So
f is a set of ordered pair (a, b) such that
(i) a is an element of A and (ii) b is an element of B
(iii) Two ordered pairs should not have the same first element.
Illustration 4: Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs or
figures represents functions from set A to set B ?
(a) {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)} (b) {(a, 4), (b, 5)}
(c) a 1
(d)
a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
4
4
5
5
Functions5 5

Solution: (a) This collection of ordered pairs represents a function from A to B because each element of
A is matched with exactly one element of B.
(b) This collection of ordered pairs does not represent a function from A to B because not every
element of A is matched with an element of B.
(c) This figure represents a function from A to B. It does not matter that each element of A is
matched with the same element of B.
(d) This figure does not represent a function from A to B. The element of a in A is matched with
two elements, 1 and 2, of B. This is also true of the element b.
Illustration 5 Which of the following equations represent y as a function of x ?
(a) x2 + y = d (b) – x + y2 = 1

Solution: To determine whether y is a function of x, try to solve for y in terms of x.

(a) Solving for y yields the following:
x2 + y = 1 [original equation]
fi y = 1 – x2 [Solve for x]
To each value of x there corresponds exactly one value of y. So, y is a function of x.
(b) Solving for y yields the following
– x + y2 = 1 [original equation]
fi y2 = 1 + x [Add x to both sides]
fi y = ± 1 + x [Solve for y]
The ± indicates that to a given value of x there correspond two values of y. So, y is not a function
of x.

1.1.5  Vertical Line Test

Vertical Line Test to Identify wheather a given Relation is a Function or
not
Graphically, the distinction between a relation and a function can be easily recognized. Of the four graphs in
Figure, which are graphs of functions and which are graphs of relations that are not functions? Think in terms
of to each member of the domain there is assigned one and only one member of the range, which is the basis
for what is known as the vertical line test for functions. Because each value of x produces only one value of
y, any vertical line drawn through a graph of a function must not intersect the graph in more than one point.
Therefore, parts (a) and (c) of figure are graphs of functions and parts (b) and (d) are graphs of relations that
are not functions.
Y Y

X X
O

(a)       (b)

 6 Integral Calculus

Y
Y

X X
O O

(c)       (d)

1.1.6  Types of Function Based on Mapping

Types of Functions Based on mapping
(A) One-One Function or Injective:
A function f: AÆ B is said to be one-one if different elements of A have different images in B.
Therefore for any two elements x1, x2 of a set A.
x1 π x2 fi f (x1) π (x2)  or  f (x1) = f (x2) fi x1 = x2 then function is one-one
f1 f2
a u p w
q x
b v
y
c w r z

The above given diagrams show f1 & f2 one-one function.
(a) If function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if no two ordered pairs have same second
element then function is one-one.
(b) If the graph of the function y = f (x) is given, and each line parallel to x- axis cuts the given curve
at maximum one point then function is one - one.
Y
Y

f (x) = ax + b g (x) = a x (0 < a <1)

X X
O O

In the above graph, f (x) = ax + b and g (x) = ax (0 < a < 1) are one-one functions.
Some examples on One-One function:
(i) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x (ii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ax + b,
(iii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = axn + b, n is odd positive integer (iv) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x | x |
Functions7 7

(v) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ex, (vi) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ax ( a > 0)

(vii) f: R0 Æ R, f (x) = 1/x, (viii) f: R0 Æ R, f (x) = log x,
(ix) f: R0 Æ R, f (x) = loga x (a > 0)
(B) Many-One Function:
A function f: A Æ B is called many- one, if two or more different elements of A have the same f - image
in B. Therefore for any two elements x1, x2 of a set A.
x1 π x2 fi f (x1) = f (x2) then function is many one.

p a
a p
q
b q r
c r s b
t

The above given arrow-diagrams show many-one function.
(a) If function is given in the form of set of ordered pairs and the second element of at least two
ordered pairs are same then function is many-one
(b) If the graph of y = f (x) is given and the line parallel to x- axis cuts the curve at more than one
point then function is many-one
Y
|
= |x
f (x) = x 2 (x)
g
Y

X′ X
O
O

Y′
2
In the above graph, f (x) = x and g(x) = | x | are many one
Some examples on Many-One function:
(i) f: R Æ R, f (x) = C, where C is a constant (ii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x2
(iii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ax2 + b (iv) f: R Æ R, f (x) = | x |
(v) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x + | x | (vi) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x – | x |
(vii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = [ x ]
(viii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x – [x] Where [x] is greatest integer function.
(C) Onto Function or Surjection:
A function f: A Æ B is onto, if the each element of B has its pre-image in A.
Therefore if f–1 (y) Œ A, " y Œ B then function is onto.
In other words, Range of f = co-domain of f.
 8 Integral Calculus

The following arrow-diagrams show onto function.

a l a p
b q
b m
c
c n
r d

Some examples on Onto function:
(i) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x (ii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ax + b, a π 0, b Œ R
(iii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x3 (iv) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x | x |
(v) f: R Æ R, f (x) = e x
(vi) f: R+ Æ R, f (x) = log x

(D) Into Function:

A function f: A Æ B is into, if there exit at least one element in B which is not the f - image of any
element in A. Therefore, at least one element of B such that f –1 (y) = f then function is into. In
other words Range of f π co-domain of f.
The following arrow-diagrams show into function.

a l a l
b m
b m
n
c n c o

Some examples on Into function:
(i) f: R Æ R, f (x) = x2 (ii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = | x |
(iii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = c ( c is constant) (iv) f: R Æ R, f (x) = sin x
(v) f: R Æ R, f (x) = cos x (vi) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ex
(vii) f: R Æ R, f (x) = ax, a > 0
NOTE: For a function to be onto or into depends mainly on their co-domain.
Ex. f: R Æ R then f (x) = | x | is a into function
f: R Æ R+ » {0} then f (x) = | x | is a onto function
Ex. f: [0, p] Æ [–1, 1] then f (x) = sin x is into function
f: [0, p] Æ [–1, 1] then f (x) = cos x is onto function
Now, we can classify the function further into four categories:

(E) One-One Onto Function or Bijection:

A function f is said to be one-one onto if f is one-one and onto both .
Ex. (i) If f: R+ Æ R+ then f (x) = | x | is a one- one onto function.
(ii) If f: [ – p / 2 , p / 2] Æ [– 1, 1] then f (x) = sin x is a one- one onto function.
Functions9 9

(F) One-One Into Function:

A function is said to be one-one into if f is one-one but not onto
Ex.(i) f: [ – p / 2 , p / 2] Æ R, f (x) = sinx
(ii) f: R+ Æ R, f (x) = | x |
(\ co-domain and range are not equal so function is not onto)
(G) Many One-Onto Function:
A function f: A Æ R is said to be many one-onto if f is onto but not one-one.
Ex. (i) f: R Æ R+ » {0}, f (x) = x2
(ii) f: R Æ [ 0, •), f (x) = | x |
(iii) f: R Æ [–1, 1], f (x) = sin x
(H) Many One-Into Function:
A function is said to be many one-into if it is neither one-one nor onto.
Ex. (i) f: R Æ R, f (x) = sin x
(ii) f: R Æ R , f (x) = | x |

1.1.7  Number of Functions

Number of Functions
Let X = {x1, x2, x3, .......... xn} (i.e. n elements)
and Y = {y1, y2, y3 ........... yr} (i.e. r elements)
X f : X  Y Y
x1 f(x)
y1
x2 y2

xn yr

(a) Total number of functions = rn = (Number of elements in co-domain)number of elements in domain

ÏÔ r C .n ! , r ≥ n
(b) Total number of one to one function = Ì n
ÔÓ 0 , r<n

ÏÔr n - r Cn .n !, r ≥ n
(c) Total number of many-one function = Ì
n
ÔÓ r , r<n
(d) Total number of constant function = r
Ïr n - r C1 (r - 1) n + r C2 (r - 2) n - r C3 (r - 3) n + . . ., r < n
Ô
(e) Total number of onto function = Ì r! , r=n
Ô 0 , r>n
Ó
r n r n r n
ÔÏ C (r - 1) - C2 (r - 2) + C3 (r - 3) - . . ., r £ n
(f) Total number of into function = Ì 1
ÔÓ rn , r>n
 10 Integral Calculus

Illustration 6: Show that the function f: N ΠN, given by f (1) = f (2) = 1 and f (x) = x Р1, for every x >
2, is onto but not one-one.
Solution: f is not one-one, as f (1) = f (2) = 1. But f is onto, as given any y Œ N, y π 1. We can choose x as y
+ 1 such that f (y + 1) = y + 1 Р1 = y. Also for 1 ΠN, we have f (1) = 1.

Illustration 7: Let A be the set of all 50 students of Class X in a school. Let f: A Æ N be function defined
by f (x) = roll number of the student x. Show that f is one-one but not onto.
Solution: No two different students of the class can have same roll number. Therefore, f must be one-one.
We can assume without any loss of generality that roll numbers of students are from 1 to 50. This
implies that 51 in N is not roll number of any student of the class, so that 51 can not be image of
any element of X under f. Hence, f is not onto.

x 2 - 8 x + 18
Illustration 8: Show that the function f(x) = is not one-one.
x 2 + 4 x + 30
Solution: A function is one-one if f (x1) = f (x2) fi x1 = x2 (only)
x12 - 8 x1 + 18 x22 - 8 x2 + 18
Now f (x1) = f (x2) fi =
x12 + 4 x1 + 30 x22 + 4 x2 + 30

fi 12 x12 x2 - 12 x1 x22 + 12 x12 + 12 x22 - 8 x2 + 18 fi (x1 – x2){12x1 x2 + 12 (x1+ x2) – 312} = 0

26 - x 2
x1 = x2 or x1 = \ f (x) is not one-one.
1 + x2
Y
x2 y2
Illustration 9: Find whether + = 1 forms a mapping or
not? a 2 b2

x2 y2
Solution: Let us consider an ellipse + =1
b 2 a2 b2
i.e., y = ± a � x2 O
X
a
Here straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis meets the curve
b 2
at more than one point. Thus, f ( x) = ± a − x 2 does not
a
form a mapping

Illustration 10: Find whether f (x) = x3 forms a mapping or not?

Solution: y = f (x) = x3 " x ΠR.
Y

X
x=–1 O x=1

Here all the straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis cut y = x3 only at one point. Thus, y = f (x) forms a mapping.
Functions11 11

CONCEPT APPLICATOR

1. Let f = {(1,1) , (2,3) , (0, -1) , (-1, -3)} be a lin- 6. The function f : R Æ R defined by f(x) = (x –
1)(x – 2)(x – 3) is
er function from Z into Z. Find f ( x )
(a) One-one but not onto
(a) 2 x - 1 (b) 2x + 1
(b) Onto but not one-one
(c) -2 x - 1 (d) None of these
(c) Both one-one and onto
2. If g = {(1,1) ,(2 ,3) ,(3,5) ,(4 , 7 )} is described by (d) Neither one-one nor onto
the formula g ( x ) = ax + b , then (a, b ) = Direction for Question no 7-10
(a) (2, 1) (b) (2, –1) Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and f :A Æ B,
(c) (–2, 1) (d) (–2, –1) 7. Then number of function of f possible such that
3. A linear function that map the set {–2, 2} onto i + f (i ) < 10, "i = {1,3,5, 7}
the set {0, 4} is (a) 128 (b) 24
(a) f(x) = (x – 2) (b) f(x) = (2 – x) (c) 48 (d) None of these
(c) f(x) = (2 + x) (d) (b) and (c) 8. Then number of function of f possible such that
4. Let f: f: {x, y, z} Æ {1, 2, 3} be a one-one map- f (i ) - i > 2, "i = {1,3,5, 7}
ping such that only one of the following three (a) 0 (b) 24
statements is true and remaining two are false f (c) 48 (d) None of these
(x) π 2, f (y) = 2, f (z) π 1, then –
9. Then number of function of f possible such that
(a) f (x) > f (y) > f (z) (b) f (x) < f (y) < f (z)
f (i ) ≥ 6, "i = {1,3,5, 7}
(c) f (y) < f (x) < f (z) (d) f (y) < f (z) < f (x)
5. Find out the type of the function (a) 64 (b) 24
x-2 (c) 48 (d) None of these
f : R Æ R - {1} , f ( x ) = 10. Then number of function of f possible such that
x-3
(a) one-one (b) Onto f (i ) π i + 1, "i = {1,3,5, 7}
(c) Bijective (d) None of these (a) 64 (b) 81
(c) 48 (d) None of these

CONCEPT BUILDER
1. Let S be the set of all triangles and R+ be the 3. Let A ∫ {1, 2,3, 4} B ∫ {a, b, c} , then number
set of positive real numbers. Then the function,
functions from A Æ B ,which are not onto is
f : S Æ R + , f (d ) = area of the D, where D Œ S
is (a) 8 (b) 24
(a) injective but not surjective (c) 45 (d) 6
(b) surjective but not injective 4. Let A ∫ {1, 2,3, 4} B ∫ {a, b, c} , then number
(c) injective as well as surjective functions from A Æ B ,which are not onto and
(d) neither injective nor surjective. f(1) ≠ a is
2. Let A = {1, 2,3, 4,5}. If ‘f ’ be a bijective func- (a) 8 (b) 24
tion from A to A, then the number of such (c) 45 (d) 6
functions for which f (k ) π k , k = 1, 2,3, 4,5, is
5. If f : N Æ N is defined by f (n ) = n - (-1) ,
n
55
(a) (b) 120
then
(c) 44 (d) 55 - 120
(a)
f is one-one but not onto
 12 Integral Calculus

(b) f is both one-one and onto Direction for question number 11 & 12
(c) f is neither one-one nor onto Let f: N Æ N (N being the set of positive integers)
(d) f is onto but not one-one be a function defined by f(x) = the positive integer
Ï x, 0 £ x £ 1 obtained by reshuffling the digits of x, in non-
Ô increasing order from left to right. For example
6. Let f1 ( x ) = Ì 1, x > 1 and f 2 ( x ) = f1 (- x )
f(397) = 973.
Ô0, otherwise
Ó 11. f is
for all x (a) one-one and onto
f3 ( x ) = - f 2 ( x ) for all x (b) one-one and into
f 4 ( x ) = f3 (- x ) for all x (c) many one and onto
(d) many-one and into
Which of the following is necessarily true?
12. The biggest positive integer which divides f(n)
(a) f 4 ( x ) = f1 ( x ) for all x Рn, for all n ΠN, is
f1 ( x ) = - f3 (- x ) for all x
(b) (a) 3 (b) 9
f 2 (- x ) = f 4 ( x ) for all x
(c) (c) 18 (d) 27
13. For non negative integers m, n define a func-
f1 ( x ) = f3 ( x ) = 0 for all x
(d) tion as follows
7. Set A has 3 elements and set B has 4 elements. Ï n +1 if m=0
The number of injections that can be defined Ô
from A to B is f (m, n ) = Ì f (m - 1,1) if m π 0, n = 0
Ô
(a) 144 (b) 12 ÔÓ f (m - 1, f (m, n - 1)) if m π 0, n π 0
(c) 24 (d) 64 Then the value of f (1,1) is
8. Let f : {x, y, z} Æ {1, 2, 3} be a one-one map- (a) 1 (b) 3
ping such that only one of the following three
(c) 5 (d) None of these
statements is true and remaining two are false:
f ( x ) π 2, f ( y ) = 2, f ( z ) π 1 , then CHALLENGER!!
(a) f(x) > f(y) > f(z) (b) f(x) < f(y) < f(z) Consider a function An Æ An where An = { 1, 2,
(c) f(y) < f(x) < f(z) (d) f(y) < f(z) < f(x) 3… n}
9. f : N Æ Z is defined by Let T(n) be the number of functions from An Æ An
Ï2, if n = 3k , k Œ Z such that |f(i) – i| < 2 then
Ô (a) T(9) =57 (b) T(10) = 89
f (n ) = Ì10 - n,if n = 3k + 1, k Œ Z.
Ô0,if n = 3k + 2, k Œ Z (c) T(8) = 36
Ó
Solution: we have two cases
{
Then n f (n ) > 2 = } Case (i) f(i) – i = 0 or f(i) = i,
{3, 6,3} (b)
(a) {1, 4, 7} Case (ii) f(i) – i = 1 or –1
(c) {4, 7} (d) {7} Now cosinder T(2) = 2, T(3) = 3, T(4) = 5
10. Find number of surjection from A to B where We can establish a result that T(n) = T(n – 1) + T(n
A = {1, 2,3, 4} , B = {a , b} – 2), i.e fibonacci series.
[Example 28], pg-1.54 Therefore T(5) = 8, T(6) = 13, T(7) =21, T(8) = 34,
(a) 16 (b) 2 T(9) = 55, T(10) = 89
(c) 14 (d) None of these Option (b)
Functions13 13

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Step 0. Since f is a linear function y = f(x) Onto/into: Let y ΠR - {1} (co-domain)
= mx + c . Now from given values of set we can
find the value of m and c Then one element y ΠR - {3} in domain is
Now Consider (1,1) , f (1) = m + c = 1 and con- such that
sider (0, –1) x-2
f ( x ) = y fi = y fi x - 2 = xy - 3 y
f (0) = c = -1 . x-3
This gives m = 2 and f ( x ) = 2 x - 1. Ê 3y - 2ˆ
fi x=Á = x Œ R - {3}
Ë y - 1 ˜¯
2. (b) Step 0. Given g ( x ) = ax + b
\ The pre-image of each element of co-do-
Next
main R - {1} exists in domain R - {3} fi f is
g (1) = a + b = 1 onto
g (2) = 2a + b = 3 6. (d)
3. (d) Let the linear function be (b) f : R Æ R, f ( x ) = ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)
f(x) = ax + b Graph of f ( x )
Let f(–2) = 0 and f(2) = 4  fi  f(x) = x + 2
Let f(–2) = 4 and f(0) = 0  fi  f(x) = –x + 2
The two linear function as are
f(x) = (x + 2) and f(x) = (2 – x)
4. [Exercise 44], pg-1.92
5. (b) Step 0. In order to check wheather a func-
tion is one-one or not let f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) and
see x1 = x2 or not
Now let x1 , x2 ΠR - {3} are the elements such
that So function is many to one onto.
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) : 7. (b) For 1, 3, 5, 7 ΠA we have 4, 3, 2, 1, choic-
es respectively.
x1 - 2 x2 - 2
then f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) fi = So number of functions is 4 ¥ 3 ¥ 2 ¥ 1= 24
x1 - 3 x2 - 3
8. (a) Image of f(7) should be greater than 9 so no
( x1 - 2) ( x2 - 3) = ( x1 - 2) ( x2 - 3) such image of 7 is possible so no such function
fi x1 x2 - 2 x2 - 3 x1 + 6 = x2 x1 - 3 x2 + 6 exist
9. (d) For 1, 3, 5, 7 ΠA we have 2, 4, 4, 4 choices
fi –2 x2 - 3 x1 = -2 x1 - 3 x2 respectively.
fi x2 = x1 \ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) fi x1 = x2 So number of functions is 2 ¥ 4 ¥ 4 ¥ 4 = 128
fi f is one-one function 10. (b) For any i ΠA , we have 3 choices, so total
number of functions is 3 ¥ 3 ¥ 3 ¥ 3 = 81

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Two triangles may have equal areas \ f is onto.

\ f is not one-one 2. (c) Given that f (k ) π k so the problem is
Since each positive real number can represent equivalent to dearrangement.
area of a triangle
 14 Integral Calculus

We know that 6. (b)

È 1 1 1 1 1 ˘ y y
D(n) = n ! Í1 - + + + - +º.˙
Î 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! ˚
The required number of functions 1 1

È 1 1 1 1 1˘
= 5! Í1 - + + + - ˙ = 44 x x
Î 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!˚
–1 O

3. (c) First find number of total number of func- y = f1(x) y = f2(x)

tions from A Æ B = 34 y y
= 81 and number of onto mappings

( )
3 –1 O 1
= coefficient of x 4 in 4! e x - 1 O
x x

= coefficient of
1
4
(
x in 4! e 3x
- 3e 2x
+ 3e 2x x
)
+ 3e - 1
y = f3(x) y = f4(x)
4
Ê 3 3.2 4 ˆ 4
3.1 7. (c) Number of injections from A to B is n( A) P
n( B )
= 4!Á - + - 0˜ = 36
Ë 4! 4! 4! ¯
n( B )
Pn( A) = 4 P3 = 4.3.2 = 24
\ Number of functions from A Æ B . which
are not onto is 81 – 36 = 45 Case I: f(x) π 2 is true, f(y) = 2 and f(z) π 1 are
8.
4. (b) First find number of false, then
f(x) = 1 or 3, f(y) = 1 or 3 and f(z) = 1
Total number of functions from A Æ B = 34 fi f is not one-one
= 18 and number of onto mappings Case II: f(x) π 2 is false, f(y) = 2 is true, f(z) π
1 is false, then
( )
3
= coefficient of x 4 in 4! e x - 1 f(x) = 2, f(y) = 2, f(z) = 1
= coefficient of fi not possible
Case III: f(x) π 2 is false, f(y) = 2 is false, f(z)
(
x 4 in 4! e3 x - 3e 2 x + 3e 2 x + 3e x - 1 ) π 1 is true, then
f(x) = 2, f(y) = 1 or 3 f(z) = 2 or 3
Ê 34 3.24 3.14 ˆ
= 4!Á - + - 0˜ = 36 fi f(x) = 2, f(z) = 3, f(y) = 1
Ë 4! 4! 4! ¯
Option (c)
Now either f(1) = a, b or c with equal probabil- Option (c)
ity so f(1) = a in 36/3 = 12 cases and f(1) π a in
24 cases {
9. (b) n \ ( f (n ) > 2) }
5. (b) This function f maps = {n \10 - n > 2, n = 3k + 1}
1 Æ 2, 2 Æ 1 = {n \ n < 8, n = 3k + 1}
3 Æ 4, 4 Æ 3 10. (c) Number of surjection from A to B.
2
5 Æ 6, 6 Æ 5 Â(-1)2- r 2 Cr (r )2
r =1
i.e., 2m - 1 Æ 2m and 2m Æ 2m - 1
= (-1)
2 -12
So f is one-one and onto. C1 (1) 4 + (-1) 2 - 2 2 C2 (2) 4
= -2 + 16 = 14
 FUNCTIONS

Functions15 15

Therefore, number of onto mapping from A to Thus, total number of mapping,

B = 14 n (n - 1)(n - 2)ºººº (2)(1)
Aliter: Total number of mapping from A to B Therefore, number of bijection from A Æ B =
is 24 of which two function f ( x ) = a for all n!
x ΠA and g ( x ) = b for all x ΠA are not sur- 11. (d) As f(397) = f(973) = f(739) = 973, f is ma-
jective. ny-one.
Thus, total number of surjection from A to B Further the numbers whose digits increase from
= 24 - 2 = 14 left to right (for example) have no pre-image.
Number of one-one onto mapping or bijection Hence f is into.
: If A and B are finite sets and f : A Æ B is a 12. (b) The remainder, when a positive integer is
bijection. divided by 9, is the same as the sum of the dig-
Then A and B have the same number of ele- its of the number (until the sum becomes a one
ments. If A has n elements, then number of bi- digit number). Thus f(n) and n leave the same
jection A Æ B remainder, when divided by 9. Hence 9 divides
f(n) – n. Further there is no reason to expect
Here, x1 can take (n ) images
that the number is divisible by 27. The number
x2 can take n - 1 images f(n) – n is not divisible by 18 also, in case f(n)
x3 can take (n - 2) images – n is odd.
…………………………………………. Hence 9 is the biggest number.
………………………………………… 13. (b) f (1, 1) = f (0, f (1, 0))
xn can take I image.
= f (0, f (0, 1)) = f (0, 2) = 3

1.2 Chapter 1.2

1.2.1 Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Function
1.2.2 Rules of Finding the Domain of a Function
1.2.3 Rules of Finding the Range of a Function

1.2.1  Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Function

Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a function:

If a function f is defined from set A to set B then for f: A Æ B set A is called the domain of function f and
set B is called the co-domain of function f. The set of the f-images of the elements of A is called the range of
function f.
A B A B
a p
Range b q
c r Domain = {a, b, c, d} = A
Co-domain = {p, q, r, s} = B
d s
Domain Co-domain Range = {p, q, r}
 16 Integral Calculus

1.2.2  Rules of Finding the Domain of a Function

Rules for Finding the Domain of a Function

Algebraic Functions:
(i) Denominator should be non -zero   (ii) Expression under the even root should be non-negative

Trigonometric Functions:
(i) sin x and cos x are defined for all real values of x.
p
(ii) tan x and sec x are defined for all real values of x except x = (2n + 1), where n ΠI.
2
(iii) cot x and cosec x are defined for all real values of x except x = np, where n ΠI.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

(i) sin–1 x and cos –1 x are defined for – 1 £ x £ 1.
(ii) tan –1 x and cot –1 x are defined for all real values of x.
(iii) sec – 1 x and cosec–1 x are defined for x £ –1 or x ≥ 1
Logarithmic Functions: logb a is defined when a > 0, b > 0 and b π 1.
Exponential Functions: ax is defined for all real values of x, where a > 0

Rules for Solving Problems on Domain of a Function

(i) (x – a) ( x – b) > 0 fi x < a or x > b, for a < b
(ii) (x – a) ( x – b) < 0 fi a < x < b, for a < b
(iii) | x | < a fi – a < x < a (iv) | x | > a fi x < – a or x > a
ÏÔ a > b k ,if b > 1
(v) logb a > k fi Ì (vi) x 2 = | x |
k
ÔÓa < b ,if b < 1
(vi) Domain (f + g + h ........) = Domain f « Domain g « Domain h........
(vii) Domain (f – g) = Domain f « Domain g
(viii) Domain (f × g × h ........) = Domain f « Domain g « Domain h........
(ix) Domain (f /g ) = Domain f « Domain g – {x: g (x) = 0}

1.2.3  Rules of Finding the Range of a Function

Rules for Finding the Range of a Function, y = f(x)
(i) Find the domain of the function y = f (x)
(ii) If the domain is an infinite interval, solve the equation y = f (x) and find x in terms of y to get x = g (y).
Find the real values of y for which x is real. The set of values of y so obtained constitutes the range of
f. Note that if finite number of values of x are excluded from the domain, find the values of y for these
values of x and excluded these values of y from the range of f found earlier.
Functions17 17

(iii) If the domain is a finite interval, find the least and greatest value of y for values of x in the domain. If
a is the least value and b the greatest value of y, then range of f = [a, b].

Equal or Identical Functions

Two functions f and g are said to be equal if:
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g

Illustration 1: Determine whether the relation {(x, y) | y2 = x} is a function and specify its domain and
range.
Solution:  Because y2 = x is equivalent to y = ± x , to each value of x there are assigned two values
for y. Therefore, this relation is not a function. The expression x requires that x be non-
negative; therefore, the domain is D = {x | x ≥ 0}. To each non-negative real number, the
relation assigns two real numbers, x and – x . Thus, the range is R = {y | y is a real
number}
Illustration 2: Specify the domain for each of the following:
1 1
(a) f ( x) = (b) f (t ) = 2 (c) f ( s ) = s - 3
x -1 t -4
Solution: (a) We can replace x with any real number except 1, because 1 makes the denominator zero.
Thus, the domain is given by D = {x | x π 1}
(b) We need to eliminate any value of t that will make the denominator zero. Thus, let’s solve
the equation t2 – 4 = 0 fi t2 = 4 fi t = ± 2
The domain is the set D = {t | t π -2 and t π 2}
(c) The radicand, s – 3, must be nonnegative.
s–3≥0
s ≥ 3
The domain is the set D = {s | s ≥ 3}

Illustration 3: Find the domain of f (x) = sin x + cos x + ex tan x

Ï 2n + 1 ¸
Solution: Domain sin x = R,  Domain cos x = R,  Domain tan x = R – Ì p ˝ ,  Domain ex = R
Ó 2 ˛
\ Domain f = Domain sin x « Domain cos x « Domain ex tan x
Ï 2n + 1 ¸ Ï 2n + 1 ¸
=R«R«R– Ì p˝ = R – Ì p˝
Ó 2 ˛ Ó 2 ˛
Illustration 4: 
Suppose a factory determines that the overhead for producing a quantity of a certain
item is ` 500 and the cost for each item is ` 25. Express the total expenses as a function
of the number of items produced and compute the expenses for producing 12, 25, 50,
75, and 100 items.
Solution:  Let n represent the number of items produced. Then 25n + 500 represents the total expenses.
Let’s use E to represent the expense function, so that we have E (n) = 25n + 500, where n is
a whole number, from which we obtain
E (12) = 25 (12) + 500 = 800
 18 Integral Calculus

E (25) = 25 (25) + 500 = 1125

E (50) = 25 (50) + 500 = 1750
E (75) = 25 (75) + 500 = 2375
E (100) = 25 (100) + 500 = 3000.
So the total expenses for producing 12, 25, 50, 75 and 100 items are 800, 1125, 1750, 2375,
and 3000 Rupees, respectively.

Illustration 5: Find out the range of f (x) = x2 + 1

Solution: x2 ≥ 0, so x2 + 1 ≥ 1 ; range of f (x) = output of f (x) = [1,•)

Illustration 6: Find domain and range of the following:

f ( x ) = cos -1 log[ x]
(i)
[ x ] , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
x
f ( x ) = log[ x -1] sin x , where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
(ii)
•
Ans. D : [3, p ) »  (2np, 2np + p ); R : (- •, 0]
n =1

Solution: (i) for domain (i) [x] > 0 and [x] π 1 so [ x ] ≥ 2, so x Œ[2, • )
x p
for range if x Œ[2, • ) , then = 1 so f ( x ) = cos -1 0 =
x 2
p
Range of f ( x ) =   Ans. D : [2, • ) ; R : {p / 2} c
2
f ( x ) = log[ x -1] sin x
(ii)

sin x > 0  fi x Œ (2np, (2n + 1) p )

here [x – 1] > 0 & [x – 1] π 1  fi x Œ[3, • ]

È• ˆ
Domain x Œ[3, p ] » Í (2np, (2n + 1) p˜ .
Î n =1 ¯

For range sin x Œ (0,1] and [ x - 1] Œ[2, • ) so range Œ (- •, 0]

•
Ans.: D : [3, p ) »  (2np, 2np + p ); R : ( - •, 0 ]
n =1

Illustration 7: Find all the values of x for which the function log (cos a3x + 2), a > 1, will have real values.
Give the range of the function.
Solution: y = log (cos a3x + 2) is real provided cos a3x + 2 > 0
π
⇒ 2n p ≤ a3x + 2 < 2n +
2
 π
⇒ loga (2n p) ≤ 3x + 2 < loga  2nπ + 
 2
Functions19 19

1  π 
[loga (2n p) – 2] ≤ x < log a  2nπ +  − 2  , n = 1, 2, 3, ......
1
⇒
3 3   2 

As 0 < cos q 1, range of y is (–q, 0].

( )
Illustration 8: Find all the values of x for which the function log cos a 3 x + 2 , a > 1 , will have real values.
Give the range of the function.
Solution: ( )
y = log cos a 3 x + 2 is real provided cos a 3 x + 2 > 0

p Ê pˆ
fi 2 np £ a 3 x + 2 < 2 np + fi log a (2np ) £ 3 x + 2 < log a Á 2np ˜
2 Ë 2¯
1 1È Ê pˆ ˘
fi Èlog a (2np ) - 2˚˘ £ x < Ílog a Á 2np + ˜ - 2˙ , n = 1, 2 , 3,...
3Î 3Î Ë 2¯ ˚
As 0 < cos q £ 1, range of y is (–•,0]

x
Illustration 9: Let f ( x ) = and ‘a’ be a real number. If x0 = a, x1 = f ( x0 ) , x2 = f ( x1 ) , x3 = f ( x2 )º
1- x
If x2009 = 1, then the value of a is
2009 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2010 2009 2010
1 1 - sin x
Solution: (a) - 1 ≥ 0; ≥0
sin x sin x
sin x - 1
£ 0 fi 0 < sin x £ 1
sin x
x Œ  (2np, (2n + 1) p ]

n Œ!

CONCEPT APPLICATOR
1. Find the domain of the definition of the func- (-• , 4)
(c) (d) none of these
tion f ( x ) = log 4 x
4. Under the condition …, the domain of f1 + f 2
[0,• ]
(a) (b) (0,• ) is equal to dom f1 » dom f 2
(-• ,0)
(c) (d) none of these (a) dom f1 π dom f 2
2. Find the domain of the definition of the func- (b) dom f1 = dom f 2
tion f ( x ) = log 3 log 4 x (c) dom f1 > dom f 2
(1,• )
(a) (b) (0,• ) (d) dom f1 < dom f 2
(-• ,0)
(c) (d) none of these 5. Find the Domain of the function
3.
The domain of the functions f(x) = log2 log3 f ( x ) = x 2 - 7 x + 10 ,
log4 x is
(-• , 2) » (5,• )
(a) (b) (-• , 2]» [5, • )
(a) [4,• ] (b) (4,• )
 20 Integral Calculus

(-• ,3]» [5,• )

(c) (d) None of these Ê
[1,3] (d)
1ˆ
(c) ÁË -•, ˜¯  (3, • )
p [ x] 3
7. The range of f ( x ) = cos is
2 Ê Ê 4 - x2 ˆ ˆ
(a) {0,1} (b) {-1, 0 ,1} 14. The domain of f ( x ) = sin Á log Á ˜ ˜ is
ÁË ÁË 1 - x ˜¯ ˜¯
[-1,1]
{-1,1} (d)
(c)
(0,5)
(a) (b) (1,5)
8. The domain of the function f(x) = loge(x2 + x +
1) + sin x - 1 is (-2,1) (d)
(c) (2,3)
(a) (–2, 1) (b) (-2 , •) Ê 5x - x2 ˆ
15. The domain of the function log10 Á ˜  is
(c)
[1, •) (d) None of these Ë 4 ¯
x+3
9. The range of the function f ( x) = , x π -3 (a) ( 0,5) (b) (1,4 )
x+3
(c) [0,5] (d) [1,4]
is
16. The range of x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 - 6 yz - 3 xz - 2 xy
(a) {3, –3} (b) R – {–3} is
(c) all positive integers (d) {–1, 1} (a) ∆ (b) R
10. The domain of the function f ( x) =
1
. (c) [0, •) (d) (-•, 0)
x - [ x]


(a) N
(b) (0, •)
17. The domain of f ( x ) =
3
4- x 2
+ log10 x3 - x ( )
is
(c) {0,
R- ± 1, ± 2, ± 3,...} (a) (1, 2)
(b) (-1, 0)  (1, 2)
(d) R–N
11. The domain of the function (-1, 0)  (2, • )
(c)
1 1
f ( x ) = + sin -1 x + is (-1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, • )
(d)
x x-2
18. The range of f ( x) = 3 x 2 - 4 x + 5 is
[-1,1] \ {0}
(a) (b) [-1,1]
È2 ˆ È11 ˆ
(-1, 0) (d)
(c) f (a)
Í , •˜
Î3 ¯
(b) Í , •˜
Î3 ¯
12. If f : R Æ R is defined by È11 ˘ Ê2 ˆ
(c)
Í 3 , • ˙ (d)
ÁË , •˜¯
sin [ x ] p + tan [ x ] p Î ˚ 3
f(x) = ,
1 + [ x]
2
sin -1 (3 - x)
19. The domain of the function f ( x) =
then the range of f = (where [x] denotes integral ln(| x | - 2)
part of x) is [Orissa JEE 2002]
(a) [-1,1] (b) {-1,1} (a) [2, 4]
{1} (d)
(c) {0} (b) (2, 3) » (3, 4]
(c) [2, •)
3
13. The range of f ( x ) = is (d) (-•, - 3) » [2, •)
5 + 4sin 3 x
È1 ˘ È1 ˘ 20. Domain of f ( x) = log | log x | is [DCE 2002]
(a)
Í 3 ,3˙ (b) Í ,1˙
Î ˚ Î3 ˚ (a)
(0, •) (b) (1, •)
Functions21 21

(c)
(0, 1) » (1, •) (d)
(-•, 1)
(b) (-•, 3 - 3) » (3 + 3, •)
2
21. The domain of the function log( x - 6 x + 6) (c)
(-•, 1] » [5, •)
is [Roorkee 1999; MP PET 2002] (d)
[0, •)
(a) (-•, •)

CONCEPT BUILDER
1. Find the Domain of the function 9. The domain of the function
1 Ê Ê 1 ˆ ˆ
f ( x ) = 2sin x + x + 2 +
-1
f ( x ) = log 2 Á - log1/ 2 Á1 + 1/ 4 ˜ + 1˜ is
log10 ( x + 1) Ë Ë x ¯ ¯
(-1, 0) » (0, 2]
(a) (b) (-1, 0) » (0,1] (a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1]
Ê 1 ˆ (c) [1, •) d. (1, •)
ÁË - , 0˜¯ » (0,1]
(c) (d) None of these 10. The domain of the function
2
Ê 1 ˆ
3- x f ( x ) = log Á is
4. The domain of the function f ( x ) = log10 Ë | sin x | ˜¯
is x
R - {-p , p}
(a)
(0,3 / 2)
(a) (b) (0,3)
(b) R - {p p | n ΠZ }
Ê 3˘ Ê 3˘
ÁË -•, 2 ˙ (d)
(c) ÁË -•, 2 ˙ (c) {2
R - pp | n Πz}
˚ ˚
5. The domain of the function cos–1log2(x2 + 5x + (- • , • )
(d)
8) is 11. The range of the function
[2,3] (c)
(a) [-2, 2]
x x
f ( x) = cos 2 + sin , x ΠR is
4 4
(b) [-3, -2] (d)
[-3,1]
È 5˘ È 5˘
6. The domain of the function (a) Í0, 4 ˙ (b) Í1, ˙
Î ˚ Î 4˚
Ï Ê 1 ˆ¸
f ( x ) = sin -1 Ìlog 2 Á x 2 ˜ ˝ is Ê 5ˆ
Ó Ë 2 ¯˛ (c)
ÁË -1, ˜¯ (d) None of these
4
(a) [-2,-1]» [1, 2] (c) [-2, -1]» [1, 2] 12. If log1/2 (x2 – 5x + 7) > 0, then exhaustive range
(b) (-2 , -1]» [1, 2] (d)
(-2,-1) » (1, 2) of values of x is
(a) (– •, 2) » (3, •)
Ê x2 + e ˆ (b) (2, 3)
7. If f ( x ) = ln Á 2 ˜ then range of f(x) is
Ë x + 1¯ (c) (– •, 1) » (1, 2) » (3, •)
(a) (0,1) (b) (0,1] (d) None of these
(c) (0,1) (d) {0,1} 13. The domain of the function f(x) = log3 + x (x2 – 1)
is [Orissa JEE 2003]
sin x cos x
8. Let f ( x ) = - (a) (-3, - 1) » (1, •)
2
1 + tan x 1 + cot 2 x
(b) [-3, - 1) » [1, •)
then range of f(x) is
(a) [-1,0] (b) [0 ,1] (c)
(-3, - 2) » (-2, - 1) » (1, •)
(d)
[-3, - 2) » (-2, - 1) » [1, •)
[-1,1]
(c) (d) none of these
 22 Integral Calculus

14. Domain of the function { }

log (5 x - x 2 ) / 6 is (b) (-1, 1)
È 3 ˘
(a) (2, 3) (b) [2, 3] (c)
Í - 2 , 0˙
Î ˚
(c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 3]
15. The domain of the function f(x) = sin–1 {(1 + Ê -1ˆ
(d)
ÁË -•, ˜¯ » (2, •)
ex)–1} is [AMU 1999] 2
Ê 1 1ˆ 17. If x is real, then value of the expression
(a) ÁË , ˜¯ (b) [–1, 0]
4 3 x 2 + 14 x + 9
(c) [0, 1] (d) [–1, 1] lies between [UPSEAT 2002]
x2 + 2 x + 3
16. Domain of the function f(x) = sin–1(1 + 3x + (a) 5 and 4 (b) 5 and –4
2x2) is [Roorkee 2000]
(c) – 5 and 4 (d) None of these
(a) (-•, •)

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Function f ( x ) = log a x is defined when x Case 1: [x] = 4k, then cos 2 I p = 1
Case 2: [x] = 4K + 1, or 4K + 3 where I is an
> 0, a> 0 and a π 1
p [ x] p (4k + 1)
Domain of f ( x ) = log 4 x is (0,• ) integer then cos = cos =0
2 2
2. (a) Function f ( x ) = log 3 log 4 x is defined So [x] = 4K + 2, where I is an integer then
p [ x] p ( 4k + 2 )
when log 4 x > 0 cos = cos
2 2
Now since log 4 x > 0 so x > 40 = 1
= cos p (2k + 1) p = –1
Domain of f ( x ) = log 3 log 4 x is (1,• )
Hence range = {-1, 0 ,1}
3. (b) f(x) is defined if log 3 log 4 x > 0 , log 4 x > 0 8. (c) Given function is summation of two dif-
and x > 0 ferent functions so we have to find domain of
these two functions.
log 4 x > 3∞ = 1,x > 4∞ and x > 0
Since sin x - 1 is defined if x – 1 ≥ 0. Or x ≥ 1
or x > 41 ,x > 1 and x > 0 fi x > 4 Note that (x2 + x + 1) is always positive com-
bining, the domain is [1, •) .
Domain of f = (4 , • )
9. (d) Define the given function piecewise
4. (b) Since, dom ( f1 + f 2 ) = dom f1 « dom f 2 f(x) = 1 when x + 3 > 0
dom f1 » dom f 2 = dom f1 « dom f 2 f(x) = –1 when x + 3 < 0
Range = {–1, 1}
This is possible only if dom f1 = dom f 2 .
10. (c) We know that 1/x is defined for all ‘x’ ex-
5. (b) We know that x is defined when x ≥ 0 cept x = 0
2 Observe that when x is an integer x = [x].
Or x - 7 x + 10 ≥ 0
Hence, f(x) is not defined when x is an integer.
Or ( x - 5)( x - 2) ≥ 0 fi x £ 2 and x ≥ 5 Domain is R excluding 0, ± 1, ± 2 , …..
x Œ (-• , 2]» [5, • ) 11. (d) Given function is sum of three functions, so
we need to find the domain of each function.
7. (c) Since [x] is an integer so, we have following Given functions are defined when x π 0, –1 £ x
cases £ 1, x – 2 > 0
Functions23 23

12. (d) We know that [x] is always an integer, now

11
consider numerator and denominator separately minimum when x = 2/3
3
For numerator
È11 ˆ
[ x ] = n Œ Z ¤ sin [ x ] p = tan [ x ] p = 0 Hence range is Í , •˜
¯
Î3
13. (a) We know that -1 £ sin 3 x £ 1
sin -1 (3 - x)
So denominator 1 ≤ 5 + 4 sin 3 x £ 9 19. (b) f ( x) =
log [| x | -2]
Hence required range is [1/3, 3]
14. (c) 4 - x 2 > 0 and 1 – x > 0 Let g ( x) = sin -1 (3 - x) fi -1 £ 3 - x £ 1
\ –2 < x < 2 and x < 1 Domain of g ( x) is [2, 4]
and let h( x) = log [| x | -2] fi | x | -2 > 0
2
5x - x
15. (d) ≥ 1 fi x 2 - 5 x + 4 £ 0 fi x Œ[1, 4]
4 fi | x | > 2 fi x < -2
2 2 2
16. (c) x + 4 y + 9 z - 6 yz - 3 xz - 2 xy or x > 2 fi (-•, - 2) » (2, •)
= ( x ) + (2 y ) + (3 z ) - (2 y )(3 z )
2 2 2
we know that
- ( x )(3 z ) - ( x )(2 y ) ≥ 0 f ( x)
( f /g )( x) = "x Œ D1 « D2
g ( x)
\ Range = [0, •) .
- { x ΠR : g ( x) = 0}
17. (d) f ( x ) =
3
4 - x2
( )
+ log10 x3 - x is defined \ Domain of f(x) = (2, 4] – {3} = (2, 3) » (3, 4].
20. (c) f ( x) = log | log x | , f(x) is defined if |log x|
fi 4 - x 2 π 0, x3 - x > 0 > 0 and x > 0 i.e., if x > 0 and x π 1 (Q |log x|
fi x π ±2, ( x + 1) x ( x - 1) > 0 > 0 if x π 1)
fi x Œ (0,1) » (1, •).
\ Domain = (-1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, • )
18. (b) Given 21. (c) The function f ( x) = log( x 2 - 6 x + 6) is
2 defined when log( x 2 - 6 x + 6) ≥ 0
Ê 2 ˆ 11
f ( x) = 3 x 2 - 4 x + 5 = 3 Á x - ˜ + fi x 2 - 6 x + 6 ≥ 1 fi ( x - 5)( x - 1) ≥ 0
Ë 3¯ 3
This inequality holds if x £ 1 or x ≥ 5 . Hence,
clearly domain of f(x) is R. Now f(x) will be
the domain of the function will be
(-•,1] » [5, •) .

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Here we have three functions , and we need

3- x
to find the domain of each of them. 4. (d) Consider log10 it is defined if
-1
x
For 2sin x
to be defined -1 £ x £ 1 ,
Ê 3 - xˆ
log10 Á ≥0
For x + 2 to be defined x + 2 ≥ 0 i.e., x ≥ -2 , Ë x ˜¯
1 3- x
For to be defined x + 1 > 0 fi ≥ 10∞ = 1 fi 3 - x ≥ x
log10 ( x + 1) x
i.e., x > 1 and x + 1 π 1 i.e., x π 0 3
fi 2 x £ 3 fi x £ ...(1)
2
so domain of f : (-1, 0) » (0 ,1]
 24 Integral Calculus

Ê 3 - xˆ Clearly range is (0,1]

Now consider log10 Á is defined for
Ë x ˜¯ 8. (c) Simplify the given term and use the property

x (3 - x ) x2 = x
3- x
> 0 or >0
x x2 sin x cos x
f(x) = -
i.e., ( x - 3) < 0 fi 0 < x < 3 ººº (2) ...(1) sec x cosec x
Ê 3˘ Or f ( x ) = sin x. cos x - cos x sin x
From (1) and (2), we get domain of f = Á 0, ˙
Ë 2˚ Now redefine the function piece wise
5. (b) We know that cos–1x is defined when –1 £ x Ï È p˘
£1 Ô 0 x Œ Í0, ˙
Î 2˚
( )
cos -1 log 2 x 2 + 5 x + 8 is real if
Ô
Ô Êp ˆ
Ô - sin 2 x x Œ ÁË , p˜¯
-1 £ log 2 (x 2
+ 5 x + 8) £ 1 f ( x) = Ì
Ô 2
Ô 0 Ê 3p ˆ
1 x Œ Á p, ˜
fi £ x2 + 5x + 8 £ 2 Ô Ë 2¯
2 Ô
2 Ô sin 2 x x Œ Ê 3p ˆ
Ê 5ˆ 7 1 ÁË 2, 2p ˜¯
x 2 + 5 x + 8 = Á x + ˜ + > for all x ÓÔ
Ë 2¯ 4 2
So range is [–1,1]
x2 + 5x + 8 £ 2 Ê 1 ˆ
9. (a) f ( x)is defined if log1/2 Á1 + 1/4 ˜ + 1 > 0
fi ( x + 3)( x + 2) £ 0 fi -3 £ x £ -2 . Ë x ¯
-1
6. (c) for f(x) to be defined, we must have Ê 1 ˆ 1 Ê 1ˆ
fi log1/2 Á1 + 1/4 ˜ > -1 fi 1 + 1/4 > Á ˜
Ê1 ˆ Ë x ¯ x Ë 2¯
-1 £ log 2 Á x 2 ˜ £ 1
Ë2 ¯ 1
fi > 1 fi 0 < x < 1
1 x1/4
fi 2-1 £ x 2 £ 21 [ the base = 2 > 1]
2 10. (b) Given function is defined for
2
fi 1 £ x £ 4 ...(1) Ê 1 ˆ
log Á ˜ ≥0
Now, 1 £ x 2 fi x £ -1or x ≥ 1 ...(2) Ë sin x ¯

Also, x 2 £ 4 fi -2 £ x £ 2 ...(3) È 1 ˘
sin x π 0 Í ≥ 1for all x ˙
From (2) and (3), we get the domain of Î sin x ˚
f = {(-•, -1]» [1, • )} « [-2, 2] fi x π np, n Œ Z
= [-2, -1]» [1, 2] Hence, the domain of f ( x) = R - {np : n Œ Z }.

7. (b) Since range of ln x is (-•, • ) x

11. (d) Convert cos 2
x
in the form of sin and
Ê x2 + e ˆ Ê x2 + 1 - 1 + e ˆ 4 4
Write f ( x ) = ln Á 2 ˜ = ln Á ˜ then find range of quadratic function
Ë x + 1¯ Ë x2 + 1 ¯
x x
e -1 ˆ f(x) = 1 - sin 2 + sin
Ê 4 4
= ln Á1 + 2 ˜
Ë x + 1¯
Ï x x¸
= - Ìsin 2 - sin ˝ + 1
e -1 Ó 4 4˛
Since ln1 = 0 and 2 = e–1 when s tends to
infinity x + 1
 FUNCTIONS

Functions25 25

ÏÔÊ x 1ˆ
2
1 ¸Ô Ê 1 1ˆ
= - ÌÁ sin - ˜ - ˝ + 1 \ Domain of f ( x) = Á , ˜ .
Ë Ë 4 3¯
ÓÔ 4 2¯ 4 ˛Ô
2
16. (c) -1 £ 1 + 3 x + 2 x 2 £ 1
5 Ê x 1ˆ
= - Á sin - ˜ Case I: 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ≥ -1 ; 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 ≥ 0
4 Ë 4 2¯
5 -3 ± 9 - 16 -3 ± i 7
Maximum f(x) = x= = (imaginary).
4 6 6
2 Case II: 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 £ 1
5 Ê 1ˆ 5 9
Minimum f(x) = - Á -1 - ˜ = - = -1 3ˆ
4 Ë 2¯ 4 4 Ê
fi 2 x 2 + 3x £ 0 fi 2 x Á x + ˜ £ 0
Ë 2¯
È 5˘
Range of f(x) = Í-1, -3 È 3 ˘
Î 4 ˙˚ fi £ x £ 0 fi x Œ Í - , 0˙
2 Î 2 ˚
12. (b) f (x) = log1/2 (x2 + 5x + 7) > 0
x2 – 5x + 7 > 0 In case I, we get imaginary value hence, reject-
x2 + 5x + 7 < 1 x ΠR ed
x2 – 5x + 6 < 0 È -3 ˘
\ Domain of function = Í , 0˙ .
(2, 3) Î2 ˚
13. (c) f(x) is to be defined when x 2 - 1 > 0
x 2 + 14 x + 9
17. (c) =y
fi x 2 > 1, fi x < -1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0 x2 + 2 x + 3
\ x > -3 and x π -2 fi x 2 + 14 x + 9 = x 2 y + 2 xy + 3 y
\ D f = (-3, - 2) » (-2, - 1) » (1, •) .
fi x 2 ( y - 1) + 2 x( y - 7) + (3 y - 9) = 0
ÏÔ 5 x - x 2 ¸Ô 5x - x2
14. (b) log Ì ˝ ≥ 0 fi ≥1 Since x is real,
ÔÓ 6 Ô˛ 6

or x 2 - 5 x + 6 £ 0 or ( x - 2) ( x - 3) £ 0 . \ 4( y - 7) 2 - 4(3 y - 9)( y - 1) > 0

Hence 2 £ x £ 3. fi 4( y 2 + 49 - 14 y ) - 4(3 y 2 + 9 - 12 y ) > 0

1
15. (a) Clearly -1 £ x
£1 fi 4 y 2 + 196 - 56 y - 12 y 2 - 36 + 48 y > 0
1+ e
But 2 < e < 3 fi 3 < (e x + 1) < 4
x fi 8 y 2 + 8 y - 160 < 0 fi y 2 + y - 20 < 0

1 1 1 fi ( y + 5)( y - 4) < 0 ;
fi < <
4 1 + ex 3 \ y lies between –5 and 4.

CONCEPT CRACKER 1 (BASED ON CH 1 AND CH 2)

1. Let W be the set of whole numbers and f: W Æ where [y] denotes the largest integer £ y. Then
W be defined by f (7752) =
ÏÊ È x ˘ˆ [log10 x] (a) 7527 (b) 5727
ÔÁ x - 10 Í ˙˜ 10 (c) 7257 (d) 2577
ÔË Î10 ˚¯
Ô
f ( x) = Ì Ê È x ˘ˆ 2. Let f ( x) = ax + b where a and b are rational
Ô + f Á Í ˙˜ if x > 0 numbers (where b π 0). Such that f (1) £ f (2),
Ë Î10 ˚¯
Ô
ÔÓ0 if x = 0
 26 Integral Calculus

Ê 2 n -1 76 - 3 7 (b)
(a) 67 - 3 7
Á  f 2r ( )ˆ˜
f (3) ≥ f (4) then value of Á r =1 ˜ 67 - 7 (d)
(c) 66 - 3 6
Á f ( 3) ˜
Á ˜ 9. The number of many one function from X to Y,
Ë ¯ is
( where n Œ) is
(a) 67 (b) 76
(a) n (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) n2 67 - 6
(c) 76 – 67 (d)
3. The number of functions f from the set 10. The number of function from X to Y & such
A={0,1,2} in to the set B = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} that f(xi) π xi " xi Œ{1, 2, 3, .... , 7}, is
such that f (i ) £ f ( j ) for i < j and i, j Œ A is (a) 6(5)6 (b) 5(6)5
8
(a) 8
C3 (b) C3 + 2(8 C2 ) (c) 5(7) 6
(d) none of these
10 10 11. Domain of the function
(c) C3 (d) C4
4. The number of the functions f from the set X = ( ( (
f(x) = log 2 l og 4 log 2 log 3 ( x 2 + 4 x - 23) ))) is
{1, 2, 3} to the Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} such that (a) (–8, 4)
f(i) £ f( j) for i < j and i, j Œ X is
(b) ( -•, - 8) » (4, •)
(a) 6
C3 (b) 7
C3
(c)
(-4, 8)
(c) 8
C3 (d) 9
C3
5. The function f(x) is defined on [0, 1] as follow- (d)
(-•, - 4) » (8, •)
Ï x, if x is rational 12. Let the range of the function f : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
ing f ( x ) = Ì then for
Ó1 - x if x is irrational Æ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} assumes exactly 3 distinct val-
ues. If the number of such function is N
all x Œ[0,1] ff(x) is equal to
(a) 1200 (b) 1500
(a) 0 (b) 1 + x
(c) 1100 (d) None of these
(c) x (d) 1
13. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} are
6. Let S be the set of all triangles and R+ be the two sets Find the number of one-one function
set of positive real numbers. Then the function, f : A Æ B such that I f (i) – i| ≤ 3 " i Œ A .
f : S Æ R + , F ( D ) = area of D, where D Œ S (a) 16 (b) 48
is
(c) 32 (d) None of these
(a) injective but not surjective
14. Set A consists of 6 different elements and set
(b) surjective but not injective B consists of 4 different elements. Number of
(c) injective as well as surjective mappings which can be defined from the set
(d) neither injective nor surjective A Æ B which are surjective, is
7. n(A) = 4, n(B) = 5, number of functions from (a) 256 (b) 432
A to B such that range contains exactly 3 ele- (c) 840 (d) 1560
ments is Direction for question number 15-17
(a) 360 (b) 120 Consider a function f: A ÆA, here A ≡ {1, 2, 3… N}
(c) 150 (d) None of these such that f(f(f(x))) = x.
Direction for question number 8-10 15. If N = 3, then how many functions can be
Let us consider the two non empty sets X and Y such formed
that X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. (a) 3 (b) 2
And answer the following questions. (c) 1 (d) None of these
8. The number of into function from X to Y is
Functions27 27

16. If N = 4, then how many functions can be Ê 11˘

formed (a)
(1, •) (b)
ÁË1, ˙
7˚
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) None of these Ê 7˘ È 7˘
(c)
ÁË1, ˙ (d)
Í1, 5 ˙
3˚ Î ˚
17. If N = 7, then how many functions can be
formed 1
20. Domain of the function f ( x) = log e
(a) 351 (b) 631 sin x - 1
is
(c) 561 (d) None of these
np + (-1) n a where n is any integer and
(a)
18. f ( x) = Max {sin x, cos x} " x Œ then Range
È pˆ
of f ( x) is. a Œ Í0, ˜
Î 2¯
È -1 ˘ È -1 1 ˘ p
(a)
Í , 1˙ (b)
Í , ˙ np + ( -1) n , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(b)
Î 2 ˚ Î 2 2˚ 2
Ê pˆ
[-1, 1] (d)
(c) f (c)
2np - a where a Œ Á 0, ˜ , n any integer
Ë 2¯
x2 + x + 2
19. Range of the function f ( x) = 2 ;xŒR (2n + 1)p
x + x +1 (d) , n any integer
is 2

NUMERICAL TYPE
21. Let A1, A2, A3, …, A40 are 40 sets each with 7 23. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, then find the
elements and B1, B2, …, Bn are n sets each with number of strictly monotonic functions
40 n
(a) 10 (b) 20
7 elements. If  Ai =  B j = S and each el-
i =1 j =1 (c) 15 (d) None of these
ement of S belongs to exactly ten of Ai’s and 24. Find the number of functions that can be
exactly 9 of Bj’s, then n equals defined from the set A = {1, 2, 3} to the set B =
(a) 42 (b) 35 {1, 2,3,4, 5}, such that f(i) ≤ f(j) for i < j.
(c) 28 (d) 36 (a) 12 (b) 40
22. Let X = {1, 2, 3, ... 100} and Y be a subset of X (c) 35 (d) None of these
such that the sum of no two elements in Y is di- 25. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
visible by 7. If the maximum possible number are two sets. Then find the number of one-one
of element in Y is 40 + l then l is functions f : A Æ B such that f(i) π i " i Œ A
(a) 5 (b) 1 (a) 12 (b) 40
(c) 0 (d) 6 (c) 35 (d) None of these

SOLUTION OF CONCEPT CRACKER 1 (BASED ON CH 1 AND CH 2)

1. (d) F(7752) = (7752 – 10 × 775).103 + F(775) 2. (d) For fixed values of a and b f ( x) = ax + b is
= 2000 + F(775) a straight line
= 2000 + (775 – 10 × 77).102 + F(77) But given f (1) £ f (2) and f (3) ≥ f (4)
= 2000 + 500 + F(77)
= 2000 + 500 + (77 – 10 × 7) .101 + F(7) \ f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = f (4) = l
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + F(7) fi f ( x) should be constant function fi a = 0
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + (7 – 10 × 0).100 + F(0)
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + 7 + 0 = 2577 fi f ( x) = b fi f ( 2r ) = b and f ( 3) = b
 28 Integral Calculus

n2b
Given expression is = n2
b 1 1
2 2
3. (c) 0 < 1 < 2 3 3
4 4
fi f (0) £ f (1) £ f (2) 5 5
f (0) < f (1) < f (2) fi8 C3
f (0) < f (1) = f (2) fi8 C2 È 5! 1 5! 1 ˘
\ 5C3 Í + ˙ ¥ 3! = 1500
f (0) = f (1) < f (2) fi8 C2 Î1!1!3! 2! 1!2!2! 2!˚
13. (a) From the solution of previous question
f (0) = f (1) = f (2) =8 C1
No of functions is = 2C1 .2C1 .2C1 .2C1 = 16
4. (d) 7C3 + 2 ¥ 7C2 + 7C1 = 9C3. 14. (d) Groups 1, 1, 1, 3 or 1, 1, 2, 2
5. (c) f ( f ( x )) = f ( x ) = x , if x is rational. 6!4! 6!4!
Number of mappings = +
3!3! 2!2!2!2!
= 1 - f ( x ) = 1 - (1 - x ) if x is irrational
f
6. (b) Two triangle may have equal areas
\ f is not one-one A B
1 a
Since each positive real number can represent 5 b
area of a triangle 6 2
4 c
\ f is onto 3 d
7. (a) The no. of different sets contains exactly 3
= 480 + 1080 = 1560
elements of B = 5C3 = 10
15. (a) Here A ≡ {1, 2, 3} then there are two cases
Then no. of onto functions from A to the set
contains 3 elements = 10 [34 – 3(2)4 + 3] = 10 ¥ Case (i) f(x) = x, then (1, 2, 3) Æ (1, 2,3)
36 = 360 Case (ii) f(x) π x, then (1, 2, 3) Æ (2, 3, 1) and
7!6! (1, 2, 3) Æ (3, 1, 2)
8. (b) Number of into function = 67 - So total number of functions 3
2!5!
= 6 – 3 . 7!
7 16. (d) Here A ∫ {1, 2, 3, 4} then there are cases
9. (a) Number of many-one function = 67. Case (i) f(x) = x, then (1, 2, 3,4) Æ (1, 2,3,4)
10. (a) 7 can be associated to y ŒY in 6 ways Case (ii) f(x) = x, for only one elements, that
one element can be selected in 4C1=4 ways, and
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ... in 5 ways each.
for remaining 3 elements we have two ways
\ The total number of function required = (As explained in previous question) so total
6(5)6. number of ways is 2 ¥ 4 = 8
11. (b) Step 0: Use the basic definition of log 17. (a) Here total number of elements is 3
log a b = N , fi a N = b Case (i) f(x) = x, then (1, 2, 3, 4 ... 7) Æ (1, 2,
Step 1: The given function is defined when 3, 4 ... 7)
log 2 log 3 ( x 2 + 4 x - 23) > 1 Case (ii) f(x) = x, for only one elements, and for
remaining elements we make two groups of 3
Step 2: Or when log 3 ( x 2 + 4 x - 23) > 2 elements each this can be done in (7C3)(4C3) ¥ 2
i.e., when x 2 + 4 x - 23 > 32 = 280
Step 3: Or when x 2 + 4 x - 32 > 0 Case (iii) f(x) = x, for 4 elements, and for re-
i.e., when x < -8 or x > 4 maining 3 elements can be grouped in 2 ways
as explained previously. So this can be done in
12. (b) Since range contains exactly distinct values
(7C3)(2) = 70
Functions29 29

Total number of ways is 1 + 280 + 70 = 351 p

18. Graph is as shown below sin x = 1 Æ x = np + (–1)n
2
fi Domain of f(x) is
–1
1/ 2 x = np (n any integer)
sin x £ 1
È pˆ
x Œ Í0, ˜
-1/ 2 –1 Î 2¯
General solution is
f ( x) = max{sin x, cos x}
x = np + (-1) n a
1
È pˆ
where, a Œ Í0, ˜ .
1/ 2 Î 2¯
21. n(S) ¥ 10 = 40 ¥ 7
-1/ 2
n(S) = 28
28 ¥ 9 = n ¥ 7
È 1 ˘ n = 36
Required range = Í- ,1˙
Î 2 ˚ [Answer is 36]
22. Let Yi be the subset of X such that yi = 7m + i,
x2 + x + 2 ( x 2 + x + 1) + 1
19. (c) We have, f(x) = = m ŒI
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1
Y0 = {7, 14, ... 98}, n(Y0) = 14
1 Y1 = {1, 8, 15 ... 99}, n(Y1) = 15
= 1+ 2
Ê 1ˆ 3 Y2 = {2, 9, 16 ..., 100}, n(Y2) = 15
ÁË x + ˜¯ +
2 4 Y3 = {3, 10, 16 ... 94}, nY3) = 14
We can see here that as x Æ • , f(x) Æ 1 which Y4 = {4, 11, 18 ... 95}, n(Y4) = 14
is the min value of f(x). Also f(x) is max when Y5 = {5, 12, ... 96}, nY5) = 14
2
Ê 1ˆ 3 1 Y6 = {6, 13, ... 97}, n(Y6) = 14
ÁË x + ˜¯ + is min which is so when x = -
2 4 2 The largest Y will consist of (!) an element of Y0
3 (ii) Y1 (iii) Y2 (iv) Y3 or Y4
and then . fi The maximum possible number of elements
4
in Y = 1 + 15 + 15 + 14 = 45.
1 7
\ fmax= 1 + = [Answer is 45]
3/ 4 3
23. Strictly increasing means function is either
Ê 7 ˘ monotonically increasing or decreasing , and it
\ Rj= Á1, ˙
Ë 3˚ has to be one-one .
20. (a) Since sin x - 1 π 0 …(i) Total number of functions is 2(5C3) = 20
sin x π 1 [Answer is 20]
|sin x – 1| £ 1 24. (c)
–1 £ sin x – 1 £ 1 f
0 £ sin x £ 2 …(ii) A B
From (i) and (ii), sin x Π[0, 1) 1 1
2
sin x Π[0, 1) 2 3
4
sin x = 0 Æ x = np 3 5
 FUNCTIONS

30 Integral Calculus

When f(1) π f(2) π f(3) then number of functions When exactly 2 elements of A maps to itself
is 5C3 = 10 i.e.,
When f(1) = f(2) π f(3) then number of functions f(3) = 3, f(4) = 4
is 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10 \ From 5, 6, 7 select any 2 in 3C2 ¥ 2! = 6
When f(2) = f(3) π f(1) then number of functions When exactly one element of A mans to itself
is 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10 say
When f(1) = f(2) = f(3) then number of functions f(3) = 3
is 5 Now 4 can be map in 3 ways and remaining
So total number of functions is 35 elements 3 ¥ 2 = 6
25. (d) m = 5C4. 4! = 5! = Total \ 2C1 ¥ 3 ¥ 6 = 36
Total = 36 + 6 = 42 fi 5! – 42 = 78
CONCEPT CRACKER 2 (BASED ON CH 2)

1. Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = log 5. Find the range of the following functions:

Ï ¸
( )
f ( x ) = log 2 (log1/2 x 2 + 4 x + 4)

Ó
( 2
Ìlog|sin x| x - 8 x + 23 -) 3
˝
log 2 | sin x | ˛ (-•, • ) - {0} (b)
(a) (-•, • ) - {2}
3p 3p (-•, • )
(c) (d) None of these
(3, p ) » ÊÁË p, ˆ˜¯ » ÊÁË , 6ˆ˜¯
(a)
6. Find the range of the following functions:
2 2

(b)
3p
2
3p
(1, p ) » ÊÁË p, ˆ˜¯ » ÊÁË ,5ˆ˜¯
2
{
f ( x ) = cos x sin x + (sin 2 x + sin 2 a }
È- 1 + sin 2 a , 1 + sin 2 a ˘ - {0}
(a)
3p 3p ÎÍ ˚˙
(3, p ) » ÊÁË p, ˆ˜¯ » ÊÁË ,5ˆ˜¯
(c)
2 2 È- 1 + sin 2 a , 1 + sin 2 a ˘
(b)
(d) None of these ÎÍ ˚˙
9 . 32 x − 6 . 3x + 4 (c) È- 1 - sin 2 a , 1 + sin 2 a ˘
2. Let f (x) = , then range of f (x) ÎÍ ˚˙
is 9 . 32 x + 6 . 3x + 4
(d) None of these
1  1 
(a)  , 3 (b)  , 1 7.
The range of the function f ( x) = log 2 (2 - log 2
3  3  (16sin 2 x + 1)) is
(c) [0, 2] (d) none of these
3. Find the Range of the functions f ( x ) = sin
(a) (-•,1) (b) (-•, 2)
(
Èln 5 x 2 - 8 x + 4 ˘
Î ˚) (-•, 2)
(c) (d) (-•, 2]

(a) (–1, 1) (b) [–1, 1] 8. If f ( x ) is defined on domain [0,1] then f(2 sin
(c) [–1, 0) U (0, 1] (d) None of these x) is defined on
4. Find the Range of the functions f ( x ) = log 2 ÏÈ p ˘¸
» nŒ1 Ì Í2np, 2np + ˙ ˝
(a)
Ê sin x - cos x + 3 2 ˆ ÓÎ 6 ˚˛
Á ˜ È 5p ˘
Ë 2 ¯ » Í2np + , (2n + 1) p ˙
(a) [1, 2] (b) (1, 2) Î 6 ˚
(c) [1, 2] – {0} (d) None of these ÏÈ p ˘¸
» nŒ1 Ì Í2np, 2np + ˙ ˝
(b)
ÓÎ 6 ˚˛
Functions31 31

ÏÈ 5p ˘¸ 2+ x
(c) » nŒ1 Ì Í2np + . (2n + 1) p ˙ ˝ 14. The range of the function f ( x ) = ,x π 2
ÓÎ 6 ˚˛ is 2- x
(d) None of these (a) R (b) R–{–1}
(c) R–{1} (d) R–{2}
9. The domain of the function f ( x ) = x - 1 - x 2
is 15. The domain of f ( x ) = x - 2 - 2 x - 3 ,
È 1 ˘ È 1 ˘
(a)
Í-1, - ˙» Í ,1˙ - x - 2 + 2 x - 3 is
Î 2˚ Î 2 ˚
[-1,1]
(b) [3,5] (b)
(a) (3,5)
[5, • ) (d)
(c) [3, • )
Ê 1ˆ È 1
ÁË -•, - ˜¯ » Í
(c) , + •)
2 Î 2 16. Domain of the function f ( x) = 5 | x | - x 2 - 6
is
È 1 ˘
(d) Í ,1˙ (a) (-•, 2) » (3, •)
Î 2 ˚
10. The domain of the function (b)
[-3, - 2] » [2, 3]
(c)
(-•, - 2) » (2, 3)
f ( x) = x14 - x11 + x 6 - x3 + x 2 + 1 is
(d) {
R - -3, - 2, 2, 3}
[0, • )
(-•, • ) (b)
(a)
1
(-•, 0]
(c) (d) R [0,1] 17. Range of the function f ( x) = x 2 +
, is 2
x +1
11. The domain of definition of the function (a)
[1, •) (b)
[2, •)
f ( x) = (
ln ( x -1) x 2 + 4 x + ) È3 ˆ
(c)
Í , •˜ (d)
(-•, •)
Î2 ¯
[-3, -1]» [1, 2]
(a)
18. The range of the function
(-2, -1) » [2, • ]
(b) 2
 cos −1 (3 x − 1) 
(-•, -3]» (-2, -1) » (2, • )
(c) y = 
 π
+ 1 is

 
(d) none to these
(a) [1, 4] (b) [0, π]
12. The domain of the function (c) [1, π] (d) [0, π2]
x
f ( x) = is 1
sin (ln x ) - cos (ln x ) 19. Domain of the function f (x) = − 1 , is
sin x
e 2 np , e
(a)
(3n + 12)p ) (b)  π
(a) ∪  2nπ, 2nπ + 2 
(b)
e
( 2 n + 1 4 ) p , e( 2 n + 5 4 ) p ) (c ) n∈I
(b) ∪ (2nπ, (2n + 1) π]
(c)
e
(2n + 14) p, e(3n - 3 4 ) p) n∈I
(c) ∪ [(2n − 1) π, 2nπ]
(d) None of these. n∈I
(d) None of these
2 x - 2- x
13. Range of the function y = is 20. Let R be set of real numbers, the function
2 x + 2- x
(a) R (b) (–1, 1) f : R - Æ R, f ( x) = log 2 log 2 x + 1 + x 2 ,
(c) [–1, 1] (d) (0, 1) then range of f(x) is
 32 Integral Calculus

(a) f (b) R the same as the domain of f(x), then value of k

(c) R+ (d) R– is
21. Domain of the function 24. Range of
1/ 2 È 2 Ê 2 tan -1 x - sin -1 x ˆ˘
È Ê 5x - x2 ˆ ˘ f ( x ) = tan -1 Í Á -1 -1 ˜ ˙
f ( x) = Ílog10 Á ˜ ˙ Îp Ë + cot x - cos x¯ ˚
ÎÍ Ë 4 ¯ ˚˙
is [a, b] then (a + b)/2 is contains how many integers?
(a) Only one integer
22. The range of the function f ( x ) = 7 - x Px - 3 has
how many integers ? (b) More than 2 integers
(c) Only two integers
(a) {1, 2,3} (b) {1, 2,3, 4,5}
(d) No integer
(c) {1, 2,3, 4} (d) {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6}
25. Minimum value of function f ( x) = x3 ( x3 + 1)
23. Let h(x) = |kx + 5|, domain of f(x) is [–5, 7],
domain of f(h(x)) is [Р6, 1] and range of h(x) is ( x3 + 2)( x3 + 3) : x ΠR, is k then find k2/4

SOLUTION OF CONCEPT CRACKER 2 (BASED ON CH 2)

1. (c) Step 0: f(x) is defined if 2. Solution 18,pg-1.90

3. Step 0: We have already discussed that domain
(
log|sin x| x 2 - 8 x + 23 - ) 3
log 2 | sin x |
>0
of the function is (-•, • )

3 log 2 8 Ê Ê 4ˆ
2
4ˆ
Step 1: as = Step 1: (b) Let u =n Á 5 Á x - ˜ + ˜
log 2 | sin x | log 2 | sin x |
Ë Ë 5¯ 5¯
= log|sin x| 8 Then y = f ( x ) = sin u ,

( )
2
Step 2: So log|sin x| x 2 - 8 x + 23 4 Ê 4ˆ 4
Step 2: since £ 5Á x - ˜ + < •
5 Ë 5¯ 5
3 Ê Ê 2
- > 0 means 4ˆ 4ˆ
log 2 | sin x | So range of u = n Á 5 Á x - ˜ + ˜ is given
Ë Ë 5¯ 5¯
Ê x 2 - 8 x + 23 ˆ by In 4/5≤u < ∞
fi log|sin x| Á ˜ >0
Ë 8 ¯ Step 3: for u Œ[In 4/5,∞), sin u assumes all
2
x - 8 x + 23 values between –1 and 1.
Step 3: \ | sin x |π 0 , 1 and <1
8
\ -1 £ y £ 1, y Œ[-1,1] = R f
{as | sin x | 1 fi log |sin x| a 0 fi a < 1 } 4. Step 0: (a) We have already discussed that the
2
x + 8 x + 23 domain of the function is Œ (-•, • )
Now, < 1 fi x 2 - 8 x + 15 < 0
8
sin x - cos x + 3 2
Ï 3p ¸ Step 1: Let u =
fi x Œ (3, 5) - Ìp , ˝ 2
Ó 2˛
sin x - cos x
Hence domain of a function u= + 3 = sin
2
Ê 3p ˆ Ê 3p ˆ
= (3, p ) » Á p , ˜ » Á ,5˜
Ë 2¯ Ë 2 ¯ ( x - p / 4) + 3 fi 2 £ u £ 4
Functions33 33

Step 2: log 2 2 £ y £ log 2 4 Step 2: Now consider,

Step 3: fi 1 £ y £ 2 : y Œ[1, 2] = R f ( )
0 < 2 - log 2 16 sin 2 x + 1 £ 2
So required range is [1, 2]
5. (c) Step 0: We know that log functions are
Step 3: \ -• < log 2 Î ( )
È2 - log 2 16sin 2 x + 1 ˘
˚
defined for positive real numbers and its range £ log 2
2=2
is R \ the range is (- • , 2]
Step 1: Consider x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2) ≥ 0 , so
2

8. (a) Step 0: Given that f ( x ) is defined on
domain is R – {–2}
Step 2: Since
[0,1] fi 0 £ x £ 1
( )
0 < log1/2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 < • " x Œ Domain ( f ) Step 1: Now f (2sin x) shall be defined,
If 0 £ 2sin x £ 1
Ê ˆ
Step 3: fi -• < log 2 Á log 1 x 2 + 4 x + 4 ˜ < •
Ë 2 ¯
( ) Step 2: fi 0 £ sin x £ 1/ 2
ÏÈ p ˘¸
Range ( f ) = (-•, • ) fi x Œ» Ì Í2np, 2np + ˙ ˝
n Œ1 Ó Î 6 ˚˛
6. (b) Step 0: Dividing by cos 2 x both the sides È 5p ˘
we get » ÍÎ2np + 6 , (2n + 1) p ˙˚
Step 1: y sec 2 x = tan x + tan 2 x + sec 2 x sin 2 a 9. (d) Step 0: For f(x) to be defined, we must have
2 2 2 2
Or y sec x - tan x = tan x + sec x sin a x - 1 - x 2 ≥ 0 or x ≥ 1 - x2 > 0
now squaring both the sides we get 1
Step 1: \ x 2 ≥ 1 - x 2 or x2 ≥
2
( 2
)
Step 2: fi y 1 + tan x - 2 y tan x - sin a = 0 2 2
Also, 1 - x 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 £ 1
È sec 2 x π 0˘
Î ˚ 1
Step 2: Now, x 2 ≥ fi
y 2 tan 2 x - 2 y tan x + y 2 - sin 2 a = 0 2
 tan x is real we have D ≥ 0 Ê 1 ˆÊ 1 ˆ
ÁË x - ˜¯ ÁË x + ˜ ≥0
2
4y - 4y 2
(y 2 2
- sin a ≥ 0 ) 2 2¯
1 1
(
Step 3: 4 y 2 - 1 - y 2 + sin 2 a ≥ ) fi x £ -
2
or x ≥
2
0 fi y 2 £ 1 + sin 2 a Step 3: Also, x 2 £ 1 fi ( x - 1)( x + 1) £ 0

- 1 + sin 2 a £ y £ 1 + sin 2 a fi -1 £ x £ 1
1
\ Range of f ( x ) = È- 1 + sin 2 a , 1 + sin 2 a ˘ Thus, x > 0, x 2 ≥ and x 2 £ 1
ÍÎ ˙˚ 2
È 1 ˘
7. (d) Step 0: 1 £ 16sin 2 x + 1 £ 17 fi 1x Œ Í ,1˙
Î 2 ˚
(
Step 1: \ 0 £ log 2 16 sin 2 x + 1 £ log 2 17 ) 10. (a) Step 0: For f(x) to be defined,
\ 2 - log 17 £ 2 - (16 sin
2
2
x + 1) x14 - x11 + x 6 - x3 + x 2 + 1 ≥ 0

£ 2 (16 sin x + 1) £ 2
2 Step 1: Case 1: x ≥ 1
 34 Integral Calculus

x14 - x11 + x 6 - x3 + x 2 + 1

Ê (2 n + 1 4 )
So required domain is Á e p, e
(2 n + 5 4 ) pˆ
Ë ˜¯
( ) (
= x14 - x11 + x 6 - x3 + x 2 + 1 > 0 ) ( )
Step 2: Case 2: 0 £ x £ 1 13. (b) Step 0: Given expression is in the form
a-b
x14 - x11 + x 6 - x3 + x 2 + 1 of so think of using Componendo
a+b
= x14 {( x 11
) ( )
- x11 + x3 - x 2 + 1 > 0 Dividendo
Step 1: 2x + 2–x is always > 0 i.e., domain is R
{x11 - x 6 £ 0, x3 - x 2 £ 0}
2 x - 2- x 22 x - 1
Step 3: Case 3: x < 0 y= =
2 x + 2- x 22 x + 1
14 11 6 3 2
x - x + x - x + x +1 > 0 Step 2: Now by Componendo Dividendo fi

( x 11
< 0, x3 0, x14 , x 6 , x 2 0 ) 1+ y
=
2.22 x
= 22x> 0
1- y 2
Thus for all real, x, x14 - x11 + x 6 – x3 + x2 + 1 > 0
1+ y
Hence the domain of f ( x ) = R = (-•, • ) Step 3: fi >0
1- y
11. (c) Step 0: Since base of log is |x| –1 , so we fi–1<y<1
have two cases 14. Key. 2
Step 1: Case I: 0 < x - 1 < 1i.e.,1 < x < 2 , 2+ x
then Sol. y = fi 2 y - yx = 2 + x fi x ( y + 1) =
2- x
x2 + 4 x + 4 £ 1 2y - 2 2x - 2
= 2 y - 2 fi x fi f -1 ( x ) =
fi x 2 + 4 x + 3 £ 0 y +1 x +1
\ Range = f = Domain f -1 = R - {-1}
fi -3 £ x £ -1
So, x Œ (-2, -1)º (a ) 15. Key. D
Sol. x - 3 ≥ 0 fi x ≥ 3
Step 2: Case 2:
x - 1 > 1 i.e., x > 2, then x - 2 - 2 x - 3 ≥ 0 For x ≥ 3

x2 + 4 x + 4 ≥ 1 fi x - 2 ≥ 2 x - 3 and x - 2 + 2 x - 3 ≥ 0

fi x 2 + 4 x + 3 ≥ 0 fi x 2 - 8 x + 16 ≥ 0 fi ( x - 4) 2 ≥ 0 " x Œ R
fi x ≥ -1 or x £ -3 Domain = [3, •)
Step 3: Combining the two results we get 16. Key. B
So, x Œ (-•, -3]» (2, • ) Sol. 5 x - x 2 - 6 ≥ 0 fi x 2 - 5 x + 6 £ 0

12. (b) Step 0: We know that In x is defined for x > when x < 0, x2 + 5x + 6 £ 0, -3 £ x £ -2
0 when x > 0, x 2 - 5 x + 6 £ 0, 2 £ x £ 3
Step 1: For the domain sin ( In x ) > cos ( In x ) x = 0 will not satisfy the condition.
and x > 0
Domain is [-3, - 2] » [2, 3] .
p 5
Step 2: 2np + < In x < 2np + .
4 4
 FUNCTIONS

Functions35 35

17. Key. A
Range = { f (3) , f (4) , f (5)} =
1
Sol. f(x) = x + 1 + -1
{ }
2

x2 + 1 4
P0 ,3 P1 ,2 P2 = {1,3, 2}
1 [Answer is 3]
x2 + 1 + ≥ 2 [ AM ≥ GM]
x2 + 1
23. Since -5 £| kx + 5 |£ 7 fi -12 £ kx £ 2 where
1
x2 + ≥1 -6 £ x £ 1
x2 + 1
k
\ f ( x) Œ [1, •) -6 £ x £ 1 where -6 £ x £ 1
2
18. Question 54 ,pg-1.93 \ k = 2 {Q range of h(x) = domain of f(x)}
19. Question 56,pg-1.93 [Answer is 2]
20. (a) for x < 0 Ê2 ˆ
24. y = tan -1 Á tan -1 x˜ , -1 £ x £ 1
Ëp ¯
0 < x + 1 + x2 < 0

(
so log 2 x + x + x 2 < 0 ) -
p
4
£ tan -1 x £
p
4

È Ê 5x - x2 ˆ ˘
1/2 1 2 1
- £ tan -1 x £
21. (2.50) We have f ( x) = Ílog10 Á ˜˙  2 p 2
ÎÍ Ë 4 ¯ ˚˙
...(i) 1 Ê2 ˆ Ê 1ˆ
- tan -1 £ tan -1 Á tan -1 x˜ £ tan -1 Á ˜
From (i), clearly f(x) is defined for those values 2 Ë p ¯ Ë 2¯
È 5x - x2 ˘ y = 0, is only integer hence one integer
of x for which log10 Í ˙≥0
Î 4 ˚ [Answer is 1]
3 9 9
Ê 5x - x2 ˆ Ê 5x - x2 ˆ 25. Let t = x3 ( x3 + 3); t = ( x3 + ) 2 - Œ[- , •)
fi Á ˜ ≥ 100 fi Á ˜ ≥1 2 4 4
Ë 4 ¯ Ë 4 ¯
f ( x) = g (t ) = t (t + 2) = (t + 1) 2 - 1
fi x 2 - 5 x + 4 £ 0 fi ( x - 1)( x - 4) £ 0
is least when t = –1
Hence domain of the function is [1, 4].
So (a + b)/2 = 2.50 9
and -1 Œ[- , •) \ min f ( x) = -1
4
22. f(x) is defined fi x - 3 ≥ 0, x - 3 £ 7 - x fi x ≥ 3,
[Answer is 0.25]
2 x £ 10 fi 3 £ x £ 5 fi x = 3 or 4 or 5

1.3 Composite Function

1.3.1 Arithmetic combination of functions
1.3.2 Composition of function

1.3.1 Arithmetic Combination of Functions

Arithmetic Combinations of Functions
Just as two real numbers can be combined by the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication. and di-
vision to form other real numbers, two functions can be combined to create new functions. For example, the
functions f (x) = 2x – 3 and g (x) = x2 – 1 can be combined as follows.
 36 Integral Calculus

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = (2x – 3) + (x2 – 1) = x2 + 2x – 4 [Sum]

(f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x) = (2x – 3) – (x2 – 1) = – x2 + 2x – 2 [Difference]
(f . g) (x) = f (x) g (x) = (2x – 3) (x2 – 1) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 2x + 3 [Product]
f f ( x) 2x - 3
( x) = , g ( x) π 0 = 2 , x π ±1 [Quotient]
g g ( x) x -1
The domain of an arithmetic combination of functions f and g consists of all real numbers that are common
to the domains of f and g. In the case of the quotient f (x)/g (x), there is the further restriction that g (x) π 0

Illustration 1: 
Given f (x) = 2x + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 2x – 1, find (f – g) (x). Then evaluate the difference
when x = 2.
Solution: 
The difference of the functions f and g is given by
( f – g ) (x) = f (x) – g (x)
= (2x + 1) – (x2 + 2x – 1) = – x2 + 2.
When x = 2, the value of this difference is
( f – g) (2) = – (2)2 + 2 = – 2.

Illustration 2: 
F ind the domains of (f/g) (x) and (g/f) (x) for the functions f (x) = x and

g (x) = 4 - x2 .
Ê fˆ f ( x) x
Solution: 
The quotient of f and g is given by Á ˜ ( x) = = and the quotient of g and f is
Ë g¯ g ( x) 4 - x2

Ê gˆ g ( x) 4 - x2
given by Á ˜ ( x) = =
Ë f¯ f ( x) x
The domain of f is [0, •) and the domain of g is [–2, 2]. The intersection of these two domains
is [0, 2], which implies that the domains of f /g and g / f are as follows.
f g
Domain of : [0, 2) , Domain of : (0, 2]
g f

1.3.2  Composition of Function

Composition of Functions
The composition of functions f and g is defined by
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)),
for all x in the domain of g such that g (x) is in the domain of f.
The left side, (fog) (x), of the equation can be read as the composition of f and g and the right side, f(g(x)),
can be read as f of g of x.
f: X Æ Y, g: Y Æ Z
One can define h: X Æ Z such that h (x) = g {f (x)}
Domain of gof (x) i.e. g {f (x)} = {x: x ΠDom f, f (x) ΠDom g}
Domain of fog (x) = {x: x ΠDom g, g (x) ΠDom f}
Functions37 37

X Y Z
f g

f (x) g {f (x)}
x

h
NOTE:
(a) Function gof will exist only when range of f is the subset of domain of g.
(b) fog does not exist here because range of g is not a subset of domain of f.
Properties of composite functions:
(i) The composite of function is not necessarily commutative:
Let f: A Æ B and g: B Æ C be two functions. Then the composite of functions (gof): A Æ C exists
and is well defined because the range of f is sub-set of the domain of g. But under the condition, (fog)
does not exist because the range of the function g is not a sub-set of the domain A of f. Hence if C ⊄
A, (fog) will not exist.
(ii) Composite of functions is associative:
If three functions f, g, h be such that fo (goh) and (fog)oh are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog)oh
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection
If f and g be two bijections such that (gof) is defined, then (gof) is also a bijection.
(iv) If f: A Æ B then foIA = IBof = f, where IA and IB are the identity functions defined on A and B, i.e. we
composite any function, with the identity function, we get the same function.

Illustration 3: 
If f (x) = x and g (x) = x – 4, find (f o g) (x) and determine its domain.

Solution: (f o g) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x – 4) = x-4

The domain of g is all real numbers but the domain of f is only the nonnegative real numbers.
Thus g (x), which is x – 4, has to be nonnegative. So x - 4 ≥ 0 ; x ≥ 4
and the domain of f o g is D = {x | x ≥ 4} .
Definition with f and g interchanged defines the composition of g and f as (g o f) (x) = g (f
(x)).
Illustration 4: If f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x – 3, find (g o f) (x) and determine its domain.
Solution: (g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (x2) = x2 – 3
Since f and g are both defined for all real numbers, the domain of g o f is the set of all real
numbers.
The result of above examples demonstrate an important idea, namely, that the composition
of functions is not a commutative operation. In other words, it is not true that f o g = g o f
for all functions f and g. However, as we will see later, there is a special class of functions
where f o g = g o f .
Illustration 5: 
Consider functions f and g such that composite gof is defined and is one-one.
Are f and g both necessarily one-one?
 38 Integral Calculus

Solution: Consider f: {1, 2, 3, 4} Æ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} defined as f (x) = x " x and

g: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Æ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as g (x) = x, for x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and g (5) = g (6) = 5.
Then, gof (x) = " x, which shows that gof is one-one. But g is clearly not one-one.
Illustration 6: Two functions are defined as under,
Ï x +1 , x £1 ÏÔ x 2 , -1 £ x < 2
f ( x) = Ì ,   g ( x) = Ì
Ó 2x + 1 , 1 < x £ 2 ÔÓ x + 2 , 2 £ x £ 3
Find fog and gof.
Ï g ( x) + 1 , g ( x) £ 1
Solution: (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = Ì
Ó 2 g ( x) + 1 , 1 < g ( x) £ 2
Let us consider, g(x) £ 1:
(i)
x2 £ 1 , −1 £ x < 2 fi −1 £ x £ 1, −1 £ x < 2 fi −1 £ x £ 1
(ii)
x + 2 £ 1, 2 £ x £ 3 fi x £ −1, 2 £ x £ 3 fi xŒf
Let us consider, 1 < g(x) £ 2,
(iii) 1 < x2 £ 2,  −1 £ x < 2
fi x Œ [− 2 , −1) » (1, 2 ], −1 £ x < 2
fi1<x£ 2
(iv) 1 < x + 2 £ 2, 2 £ x £ 3
fi −1 < x £ 0, 2 £ x £ 3, x Œ φ
ÏÔ x 2 + 1 , -1 £ x £ 1
Thus f ( g ( x)) = Ì
2
ÔÓ 2 x + 1 , 1 < x £ 2
Now, let us consider gof:
ÏÔ f 2 ( x) , -1 £ f ( x) < 2
gof = g ( f ( x)) = Ì
ÔÓ f ( x) + 2 , 2 £ f ( x) £ 3
Let us consider −1 £ f(x) < 2:
(i) −1 £ x + 1 < 2, x £ 1 fi −2 £ x < 1, x £ 1 fi −2 £ x < 1
(ii) −1 £ 2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x £ 2 fi −1 £ x < 1/2, 1 < x £ 2 fi x Œ φ
Let us consider 2 £ f(x) £ 3:
(iii) 2 £ x + 1 £ 3, x £ 1 fi 1 £ x £ 2, x £ 1 fi x = 1
(iv) 2 £ 2x + 1 £ 3, 1 < x £ 2 fi 1 £ 2x £ 2, 1 < x £ 2
fi 1/2 £ x £ 1, 1 < x £ 2 fi x Œ φ
ÔÏ ( x + 1) 2 , -2 £ x < 1
g ( f ( x)) = Ì
ÔÓ x + 3 , x =1
If can also be written as g(f(x)) = (x + 1)2, −2 £ x £ 1.
Graphical method:
Ï g ( x) + 1 , g ( x) £ 1
f ( g ( x)) = Ì
Ó2 g ( x) + 1 , 1 < g ( x) £ 2
Functions39 39

Here g(x) becomes the variable that means we would draw the graph g(x). It is clear that
y g(x) = x + 2

4
g(x) = 2
2
g(x) = x2
1
x
–1 1 2 3

g(x) £ 1 " x Œ [−1, 1]

and 1 < g(x) £ 2 " x Œ (1, 2]

ÏÔ x 2 + 1 , -1 £ x £ 1
fi f ( g ( x)) = Ì
2
ÔÓ2 x + 1 , 1 < x £ 2

ÔÏ f 2 ( x) , -1 £ f ( x) < 2
Now, g ( f ( x)) = Ì
ÔÓ f ( x) + 2 , 2 £ f ( x) £ 3
In this case f(x) becomes the variable and we will draw the graph of f(x).
From the graph we observe that
y g(x) = x + 2

5
2x + 1 f(x) = 3
3
f(x) = 2
2
–2 x+1
x
–1 1 2 f(x) = –1

−1 £ f(x) < 2 " x Œ [−2, 1) and f(x) = x + 1

2 £ f(x)) £ 3 fi x = 1 and f(x) = x + 1
ÏÔ ( x + 1) 2 , -2 £ x < 1
g ( f ( x)) = Ì
ÔÓ x + 3 = 4 , x =1
i.e. g(f(x)) = (x + 1)2, −2 £ x £ 1
IIIustration 7: Consider two functions, f(x) and g(x) defined as under:

ÏÔ1 + x3 , x < 0 ÏÔ ( x - 1)1/3 , x < 0

f ( x) = Ì and g ( x) = Ì . Evaluate g(f(x)).
2 1/2
ÔÓ x - 1 , x ≥ 0 ÔÓ( x + 1) , x ≥ 0

ÏÔ ( f ( x) - 1)1/3 , f ( x) < 0
Solution: g(f(x)) = Ì
1/2
ÔÓ( f ( x) + 1) , f ( x) ≥ 0
 40 Integral Calculus

In this case f(x) is acting as a variable. Thus we would draw the graph of f(x).
y

x2 – 1
(0, 1)

x
(–1, 0) (1, 0)

1 + x3 (0, –1)

From the graph of f(x) it is clear that,

f(x) < 0 fi x Œ (−∞ , −1) » [0, 1)
f(x) ≥ 0 fi x Œ [−1 , 0) » [1, ∞)
Ï (1 + x3 - 1)1/3 , -• < x < -1
Ô 3 1/2
Ô (1 + x + 1) , -1 £ x < 0
fi Ì
2 1/3
Ô ( x - 1 - 1) , 0 £ x <1
Ô 2 1/2
Ó ( x - 1 + 1) , 1£ x < •

Ïx , -• < x < -1
Ô 3 1/2
Ô (2 + x ) , -1 £ x < 0
fi g ( f ( x)) = Ì
2 1/3
Ô ( x - 2) , 0 £ x <1
Ô , 1£ x < •
Óx
Alternative solution:
When x < 0, f(x) = 1 + x3
For x < 0, 1 + x3 Œ (−∞ , 1)
Now (−∞ , 0) = (−∞ , −1) » [−1, 0).
Similarly when x ≥ 0, f(x) = x2 − 1.
For x ≥ 0, x2 −1 Œ [−1, ∞). Now [0, ∞) = [0, 1) » [1, ∞)
Ïx x < -1
Ô 3 1/2
Ô ( x + 2) -1 £ x < 0
Hence g ( f ( x)) = Ì
2 1/3
Ô ( x - 2) 0 £ x <1
Ôx x ≥1
Ó

CONCEPT APPLICATOR

Ê pˆ Ê x - 1ˆ
1. Let f(x) = tan x, g(f(x)) = f Á x - ˜ , where (a)
tan Á
Ë 4¯ Ë x + 1˜¯
f(x) and g(x) are real valued functions. For all (b) tan(x – 1) – tan (x + 1)
possible value of x, f(g(x)) = f ( x) + 1
(c)
f ( x) - 1
Functions41 41

x - p /4 g ( f ( x )) = 1
(c) (d) None of these
(d)
x + p /4
4. If f (x) = | x | and g (x) = [x], then value of
2. Let f ( x ) = e and g ( x ) = sin x then
x
 1  1
fog  −  + gof  −  is
   4
f ( g ( x )) = esin x
4
(a)
(a) 0 (b) 1
f ( g ( x )) = e x (sin x )
(b) (c) –1 (d) 1/4
5. Let f be a function with domain [–3, 5] and let
g ( f ( x )) = esin x
(c) g (x) = | 3x + 4 |, Then the domain of (fog) (x)
is
(d) None of these
 1  1
3. If f ( x ) = e x and g ( x ) = ln x then- (a)  −3,  (b)  −3, 3 
 3  
1
f ( g ( x )) = x (b)
(a) f ( g ( x )) =  1
x  −3, 3 
(c) (d) none of these
 

CONCEPT BUILDER

Ï x + 1 if x £1 (c) [4, 8] (d) [-1, 8]

1. If the function f ( x ) = Ì 5. If fog = |sin x| and gof = sin2 x then f(x) and
Ó 2 x + 1 if 1 < x£2
g(x) are
ÏÔ x 2 -1 £ x £ 2
and g ( x ) = Ì then the number (a)
f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
ÔÓ x + 2 2£ x£3 (b)
f(x) = |x| , g(x) = sinx
of roots of the equation f ( g ( x )) = 2 is (c)
f(x) = x , g(x) = sin2x
(a) 4 (b) 7 (d) f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
(c) 2 (d) None of these  x; when x is rational
6. If f (x) =  ,
Direction for question number 2-4 1− x; when x is irrational
ÏÔ 2 x + a : x ≥ -1 then fof (x) is given as
Let f ( x ) = Ì 2 (a) 1 (b) x
ÔÓbx + 3 : x < -1
(c) 1 + x (d) None of these
Ï x+4 : 0£ x£4 Direction for question number 7-10
and g ( x ) = Ì functions
Ó-3 x - 2 : -2 < x < 0 Let f , g : R Æ R be the functions defined by f(x) =
2. g(f(x)) is not defined if x2 + 1 and g ( x ) = 2 [ x ] - 1 where [ x ] is the largest
(a) a Œ (10, • ) , b Œ (5, • ) integer £ x . Then

a Œ (4,10) , b Œ (5, • )
(b) Ê Ê 1ˆˆ
7. Find g Á f Á ˜ ˜
Ë Ë 2¯ ¯
a Œ (10, • ) , b Œ (0,1)
(c)
(a) 1 (b) 2
a Π(4,10) , b Π(1,5)
(d) (c) 3 (d) None of these
3. If domain of g(f(x)) is [–1, 4], then Ê Ê 3ˆ ˆ
(a) a = 1, b > 5 (b) a = 2, b > 7 8. Find f Á g Á ˜ ˜
Ë Ë 2¯ ¯
(c) a = 2, b > 10 (d) a = 0, b ΠR (a) 1 (b) 2
4. If a = 2 and b = 3 then range of g(f(x)) is (c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) (-2, 8] (b) (0, 8]
 42 Integral Calculus

Ê Ê Ê 3ˆ ˆ ˆ (a) 10 (b) 11
9. Find f Á g Á f Á ˜ ˜ ˜ (c) 12 (d) 13
Ë Ë Ë 4¯ ¯ ¯
1 1 5x
(a) 1 (b) 2 12. Let f ( x ) = , g ( x ) = 2 and h ( x ) =
x 4 -1 x+2
(c) 3 (d) None of these
be three functions then find the range of k(x) =
Ê Ê Ê 2ˆ ˆ ˆ h(g(f(x))).
10. Find g Á f Á g Á ˜ ˜ ˜
Ë Ë Ë 3¯ ¯ ¯ (a) (-•, -5)» (0, • )
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of these
(-•, -4)» (0, • )
(b)

11. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Number of function (-•, -5)» (1, • )

(c)
f : A Æ A satisfying fof (x) = x " x Œ A , is (d) None of these

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

Ê p ˆ tan x - 1  1   1 
1. (a) g ( f ( x)) = tan Á x - ˜ = and gof  −  = g  f  − 
Ë 4 ¯ tan x + 1  4   4 
x -1 1
= = g   = [1/4] = 0
x +1 4
\ Required value = 1 + 0 = 1
Ê x - 1ˆ
f ( g ( x)) = tan Á . 5. (b) (fog) (x) = f [g (x)] = f ( |3x + 4 | ).
Ë x + 1˜¯
since the domain of f is [–3, 5],
2. (a) Given that f ( x ) = e x and g ( x ) = sin x \ – 3 £ | 3x + 4 | £ 5
then f ( g ( x )) = f (sin x ) = esin x fi | 3x + 4 | £ 5
fi – 5 £ 3x + 4 £ 5
3. (a) Given that f ( x ) = e x and g ( x ) = ln x then
fi –9 £ 3 £ 1
f ( g ( x )) = f (ln x ) = eln x = x fi – 3 £ x £ 1/3.
  1   1
4. (b) Q fog  −  = f  g  −   = f(–1) = 1 \ Domain of fog is  −3, 
1
  4   3
 4

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

fi -2 + a £ 2 x + a £ 4 + a
ÏÔ x 2 + 1 -1 £ x £ 1
1. (c) Given f ( g ( x )) = Ì fi - 2 + a £ - 2 and 4 + a £ 4 i.e. a = 0
2
ÔÓ2 x + 1 1 < x £ 2 B can take any value.
f ( g ( x )) = 2 fi x 2 + 1 = 2 & 2 x 2 + 1 = 2 4) (c) if a = 2, b = 3
1 ÏÔ 2 x + 2 ; x ≥ -1
x = ±1 x = ± f ( x) = Ì 2
2 ÓÔ3 x + 3 ; x < -1
No. of sol = 2 range of f(x) is [0, • ]
2. (a) g(f(x)) is not define if
5. (c) fog = f(g(x)) = |sinx| = sin 2 x
(i) –2 + a > 8 and (ii) b + 3 > 8
a > 10 and b > 5 Also gof = g(f(x)) = sin2 x
3. (d) x Œ[ -1, 2] fi -1 £ x £ 2 fi - 2 £ 2 x £ 4 Obviously, sin 2 x = g ( x) and
 FUNCTIONS

Functions43 43

sin 2 x = sin 2 ( f ( x)) Ê 2ˆ È Ê 2ˆ ˘

10. (c) ( gofog ) Á ˜ = ( gof ) Í g Á ˜ ˙
i.e. g(x) = sin2x and f(x) = x . Ë 3¯ Î Ë 3¯ ˚
 f ( x) ;when f (x) is rational = ( gof )( -1) = g ÎÈ f ( -1)˚˘
6. (b) fof (x) = 
 1 − f (x); when f (x) is irrrational
= g (2) = 2 ¥ 2 - 1 = 3 .
x ; when x is rational
= =x 11. Ans. (d)
 1 − (1 − x); when x is irrationall A
A A
Ê 1ˆ È Ê 1ˆ ˘ f f
7. (a) ( gof ) Á ˜ = g Í f Á ˜ ˙
Ë 2¯ Î Ë 2¯ ˚ 1 1 1
2 2 2
Ê 5ˆ
= g Á ˜ = 2 (1) - 1 = 1 3 3 3
Ë 4¯ 4 4 4

Ê 3ˆ È Ê 3ˆ ˘
8. (b) ( fog ) Á ˜ = f Í g Á ˜ ˙ = f (1) = 12 + 1 = 2
Ë 2¯ Î Ë 2¯ ˚
Ê 3ˆ Ê Ê 3ˆ ˆ Total number is 1 + 4C2 + 4C2 = 13
9. (b) ( fogof ) Á ˜ = ( fog ) Á f Á ˜˜
Ë 4¯ Ë Ë 4¯ ¯ 5x2
12. (d) k(x) = h[g {f(x)}] =
Ê 25 ˆ È Ê 25 ˆ ˘ 8 - x2
= ( fog ) Á ˜ = f Í g Á ˜ ˙
Ë 16 ¯ Î Ë 16 ¯ ˚ Domain of k(x) is R – {0, ± 2, ±2 2}
= f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2
2
Range of k ( x ) is (-•, -5) » (0, • ) - {5}

R - ([-5, 0]» {5})

Or

1.4 Odd , Even Function

1.4.1 Even and odd function
1.4.2 Properties of Even and Odd function (Page 1.17)
1.4.3 Continuous and discontinuous function (page 1.17 to 1.18)
1.4.4 Different types of function (Homogeneous, bounded, Implicit, Page 1.18)

1.4.1  Even and Odd Function

Common Functions
(A) Real Value Function.
A function is called real valued function if its domain and codomain are subsets of R (set of real num-
ber).
(B) Even and Odd Function
Even Function: If we put (–x) in place of x in the given function and if f (– x) = f (x), " x Œ domain,
then function f (x) is called even function.
Ex. f (x) = ex + e–x , f (x) = x2, f(x) = x sin x, f(x) = cos x, f (x) = x2 cos x all are even functions
 44 Integral Calculus

3
Y
2

X O 1 X
-4 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 5
X X -1

-2

-3

-4
Y Y
The graph of even function is always symmetric with respect to y-axis.

Odd Function: If we put (–x) in place of x in the given function and if f (–x) = – f(x), " x Œ domain,
then f (x) is called odd function.
Ex. f (x) = ex – e–x , f (x) = sin x, f (x) = x3, f (x) = x cos x, f (x) = x2 sin x all are odd functions
Y

Y
f(x) = sin x
p
f (x)=x3 X X
O
X O X

Y Y
The graph of odd function is always symmetric with respect to origin ( or symmetric in opposite quad-
rant).

1.4.2  Properties of Even and Odd Function

Properties of Even and Odd Function:

(i) The product of two even functions is even function.
(ii) The sum and difference of two even functions is even function
(iii) The sum and difference of two odd functions is odd function.
(iv) The product of two odd functions is even function.
(v) The product of an even and an odd function is odd function.
(vi) The sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd function.
(vii) It is not essential that every function is even or odd. It is possible to have some functions which
are neither even nor odd function.
Functions45 45

Extension of Domain:
Let a function f (x) be defined on certain domain which is entirely non-negative (or non-positive). The
domain of f (x) can be extend to the
Set X = {– x: x Œdomain of f (x) } in two ways
(i) Even Extension:
The even extension is obtained by defining a new function f (–x) for x Œ X , such that
f (–x) = f (x)
If function f (x) is defined in domain (a, b) or [a, b], which is entirely non-negative (or non-pos-
itive). Then a function g(x) defined as

Ï f ( x) ; a < x < b or a £ x £ b
g ( x) = Ì
Ó f (– x) ; – b < x < – a or – b £ x £ - a
is an even function
(ii) Odd Extension
The odd extension is obtained by defining a new function f (–x) for x Œ X , such that
f (– x) = – f ( x)
If function f (x) is defined in domain (a, b) or [a, b], which is entirely non-negative (or non- pos-
itive). Then a function g(x) defined as
Ï f ( x) ; a < x < b or a £ x £ b
g ( x) = Ì
Ó – f (– x) ; – b < x < – a or – b £ x £ - a
is an odd function.

1.4.3  Continuous and Discontinuous Function

(C) Continuous and Discontinuous Function:
Continuous Function: A function is said to be continuous function in an interval I if we are not
required to lift the pen or pencil off the paper in drawing the graph i.e. there is no gap or break or jump
in the graph.
For example: f (x) = x2 and f (x) = sin x are continuous functions.
Y
4 Y
3 4
3
2
2
1 1

X –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 X X -7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 2 X
1 3 4 5
–1
–2
–2
–3

Y Y
f (x) = x 2 f (x) = sin x
 46 Integral Calculus

Discontinuous Function: A function is said to be discontinuous if there is a break or gap or jump

in the graph of the function at any point.
For example: f (x) = 1/x and f (x) = tan x are discontinuous functions.
Y

X X
O
-3/2 /2 3/2
X
-2 - O  2

Y
f (x) = 1/x f (x) = tan x

1.4.4  Different Types of Function

(D) Homogenous functions:
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of
the same degree with respect to those variables. i.e., sum of powers of each variable present in each
term of a polynomial are same.
For example: 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x and y.
(E) Bounded Function:
A function is said to be bounded if | f (x) | £ M, where M is a finite quantity.
(F) Implicit and Explicit Function:
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an implicit function.
( )
For example the equation x 2 y + sin xy 2 - 5 = 2 x is an implicit function.
If y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an explicit function.
For example: y = 2 x 2 + 5 x - 7

Illustration 1: Check whether f ( x ) = x sin x is an even or an odd function

Solution: Given function is f ( x ) = x sin x
Consider f ( - x ) = ( - x ) sin ( - x ) = ( x )( - sin x )
= x sin x = f ( x )
So function is even

Illustration 2: Check whether f ( x ) = x10 + 10 x8 + 6 is an even or an odd function

Functions47 47

Solution: Given function is f ( x ) = x10 + 10 x8 + 6

Consider f ( - x ) = ( - x ) + 10 ( - x ) + 6
10 8

= x10 + 10 x8 + 6 = f ( x )
So function is even

Illustration 3: Check whether f ( x ) = x15 + 10 x 7 + x is an even or an odd function

Solution: Given function is f ( x ) = x15 + 10 x 7 + x

Consider f ( - x ) = ( - x ) + 10 ( - x ) - x
15 7

( )
= - x15 + 10 x 7 + x = - f ( x )

So function is Odd

Illustration 4: Check whether f ( x ) = x15 + 10 x 7 + 6 is an even or an odd function

Solution: Given function is f ( x ) = x15 + 10 x 7 + 6

Consider f ( - x ) = ( - x ) + 10 ( - x ) + 6
15 7

(
= - x15 + 10 x 7 - 6 )
So function is neither even nor odd
Illustration 5: Identify following elementary function as even, odd or neither

f ( x ) = x cos x (b)
(a) f ( x) = e x

f ( x ) = x
(c) (d) f ( x ) = e x
f ( x ) = sin x (f)
(e) f ( x ) = tan x
f ( x ) = ln x
(g) (h) f ( x ) = x tan x
Solution:

f ( x ) = x cos x: one function is odd and other is even so product is odd

(a)

f ( x ) = e x: Neither even nor odd

(b)
f ( x ) = x : Even Function
(c)

f ( x ) = e x : Even function
(d)
f ( x ) = sin x : Even function
(e)
f ( x ) = tan x : Odd Function
(f)
f ( x ) = ln x : Neither even nor odd
(g)
f ( x ) = x tan x : Even function
(h)
 48 Integral Calculus

CONCEPT APPLICATOR
1. If function f(x) is even then f(x) + |f(x) | + f(-x) (a) Even function
is (b) Odd function
(a) Even function (c) Neither even nor odd
(b) Odd function (d) Both even and odd
(c) Neither even nor odd Ê pˆ
7. Function f ( x ) = sin Á x + ˜ is
(d) Both even and odd Ë 4¯
2. Function f ( x ) = xe x is (a) Even function
(b) Odd function
(a) Even function
(c) Neither even nor odd
(b) Odd function
(d) Both even and odd
(c) Neither even nor odd
Ê pˆ
(d) Both even and odd 8. Function f ( x ) = sin Á x + ˜ is
Ë 2¯
3. Function f ( x ) = x sin x + cos x is
(a) Even function
(a) Even function
(b) Odd function
(b) Odd function
(c) Neither even nor odd
(c) Neither even nor odd
(d) Both even and odd
(d) Both even and odd
9. Function f ( x ) = log x + log x is
1 Ê 1ˆ
4. Function f ( x ) = log x + + log Á x + ˜ is (a) Even function
x Ë x¯
(b) Odd function
(a) Even function (c) Neither even nor odd
(b) Odd function (d) Both even and odd
(c) Neither even nor odd
10. Let f ( x ) = e x + sin x be defined on the inter-
(d) Both even and odd
val [-4, 0], the odd extension of f ( x ) in the
5. For any function f(x) the function f(x) + f(-x) is interval [-4, 4]
(a) Even function
e - x + sin x , x Π(0, 4)
(a)
(b) Odd function
(c) Neither even nor odd -e - x + sin x , x Π(0, 4)
(b)
(d) Both even and odd e - x - sin x , x Π(0, 4)
(c)
6. Function f ( x ) = x sin x + x cos x is -e - x - sin x , x Π(0, 4)
(d)

CONCEPT BUILDER

(
1. Function f ( x ) = log x + x 2 + 1 is )

(a) an odd function
(b) an even function
(a) an odd function (c) neither odd nor even function
(b) an even function (d) both odd and even function
(c) neither odd nor even function Ê1- xˆ
3. Function f ( x ) = log Á is
(d) both odd and even function Ë 1 + x ˜¯
Ê a x - 1ˆ (a) an odd function
2. Function f ( x ) = x Á x ˜ is (b) an even function
Ë a + 1¯
Functions49 49

(c) neither odd nor even function

È x 2 + 1˘
(d) both odd and even function g(x) = x3 + tan x + Í ˙
Î P ˚
x 2 - 1 (cos x )
4. Function f(x) = is is a odd function then the value of parametric P is
(
1 + log e x + e - x )  [DCE 2005]
(a) an odd function (a) -5 < P < 5 (b) P<5
(b) an even function (c) P > 5 (d) None of these
(c) neither odd nor even function x x
7. The function is ( x) = x + +1
(d) both odd and even function e -1 2

( )
(a) an odd function
5. The function f ( x) = sin log( x + x 2 + 1) is
(b) an even function
 [Orissa JEE 2002] (c) neither an odd nor an even function
(a) Even function (d) a periodic function
(b) Odd function 8. Let f and g be two odd functions, then the func-
(c) Neither even nor odd tion fog is
(d) Periodic function (a) an even function
6. If g: [-2, 2] Æ R where (b) an odd function
(c) neither even nor odd
(d) a periodic function

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

1. Since f(x) is an even function hence f(-x) = f(x) So function is even

Given function is sum of three even functions 6. (c) Given function f ( x ) = x sin x + x cos x
so it is an even function
So f ( - x ) = ( - x ) sin ( - x ) + ( - x ) cos ( - x )
2. (c) Consider f(-x)
= x sin x - x cos x
f (- x ) = - xe - x = xe - x
So function is neither even nor odd
Neither even nor odd
Ê pˆ 1
3. (a) Consider f ( x ) = x sin x + cos x 7. (c) Given function is f ( x ) = sin Á x + ˜ =
Ë 4 ¯ 2
Since both x sin x and cos x are even so the
given function is even.
(sin x + cos x )
1
1 Ê 1ˆ So f (- x ) = (- sin x + cos x )
4. (a) Given f ( x ) = log x + + log Á x + ˜ 2
x Ë x¯ So function is neither even nor odd
1 Ê pˆ
Now consider f ( - x ) = log - x + + log 8. (a) Given function is f ( x ) = sin Á x + ˜ = cos x
-x Ë 2¯
Ê 1 ˆ 1 Ê 1ˆ which is an even function
ÁË - x + - x ˜¯ log x + x + log ÁË x + x ˜¯ = f ( x )
9. (c) Given function f ( x ) = log x + log x
So function is even So f (- x ) = log - x + log - x which is not de-
5. (a) Since function is even so f ( x ) = f (- x ) fine
10. Key. 2
Consider the function g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f (- x )
Sol. f ( x ) = - f (- x )
Or g (- x ) = f (- x ) + f ( x ) = g ( x )
 50 Integral Calculus

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Function is even if f(-x) = f(x) and odd if

È 1 ˘
f(-x) = -f(x) fi f (- x) = sin log Í ˙
ÍÎ ( x + 1 + x 2 ) ˙˚
f ( x ) = log( x + x 2 + 1)

fi f ( - x ) = log( - x + x 2 + 1) fi f (- x) = sin Èlog( x + 1 + x 2 ) -1 ˘

ÍÎ ˙˚
Ê ˆ
= log Á
1 fi f (- x) = sin È- log( x + 1 + x 2 ) ˘
˜ ÍÎ ˙˚
ÁË x + ( x 2 + 1) ˜¯
fi f (- x) = - sin Èlog( x + 1 + x 2 ) ˘
( ) ( ) ÎÍ ˚˙
-1
= log x + x 2 + 1 = - log x + x 2 + 1
fi f (- x) = - f ( x)
= - f ( x)
\ f ( x) is odd function.
So, f ( x ) is an odd function
x2 + 1
Ê a - 1ˆ x 6. (c) g ( x) = x3 + tan x +
2. (b) We have f ( x ) = x Á x ˜ P
Ë a + 1¯ (- x)2 + 1
g (- x) = (- x)3 + tan(- x) +
Ê 1 -1 ˆ P
Ê a x - 1ˆ ax
= - x ÁÁ 1 ˜˜
2
f (- x) = - x Á x ˜ g (- x) = - x3 - tan x +
x +1
Ë a + 1¯ ÁË a x +1 ˜¯ P
g ( x) + g (- x) = 0 because g(x) is a odd func-
Ê1- ax ˆ Ê a x - 1ˆ
= -xÁ ˜ = x Á x ˜ = f ( x) tion
Ë1+ ax ¯ Ë a + 1¯
7. Key. B
Ê 1 - ( - x) ˆ Ê1+ xˆ
3. f ( - x) = log Á = log Á = -f(x). x x 2 x + xe x - x
˜
Ë 1 + ( - x) ¯ Ë 1 - x ˜¯ f ( x) = + + 1 = +1
ex - 1 2 2(e x - 1)
Hence f(x) is odd.
x + xe x
x - 1 (cos x )
2 = +1
4. f(x) = 2(e x - 1)
(
1 + log e x + e - x ) - x - xe - x x + xe x
f ( - x) = + 1 = +1
(- x )2 - 1 (cos (- x )) 2(e - x - 1) 2(e x - 1)
f(–x) = \ f(-x) = f(x) for all x
(
1 + log e - x + e - (- x) ) \ f(x) is an even function.
8. It is given that functions f and g are odd func-
x 2 - 1 (cos x ) tions. Then
=
(
1 + log e x + e - x ) f(–x) = –f(x)
= f(– x) fi f(x) is even. and
g(–x) = – g(x)

(
5. (b) f ( x) = sin log ( x + 1 + x 2 ) ) Now, (fog)(–x) = f(g(–x))
= f(–g(x))[Q g(–x) = –g(x)]
2
fi f (- x) = sin[log (- x + 1 + x )] = –f(g(x))[Q f(–x) = – f(x)]
Ê ( 1 + x 2 + x) ˆ Hence, fog is an odd function.
fi f(-x) sin log Á ( 1 + x 2 - x) ˜
ÁË ( 1 + x 2 + x) ˜¯
 FUNCTIONS

Functions51 51

1.5 Periodic Functions

1.5.1 Periodic function
1.5.2 Properties of periodic function (Page 1.19 – 1.20, till illustration 19)

1.5.1  Periodic Function

(G) Periodic Function:
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists a fixed positive real number T indepen-
dent of x, such that, f (x + T) = f(x) " x ΠDomain. T is called one of the period of the function.
In other words, a function is said to be periodic function if its each value is repeated after a definite
interval.
Here the least positive value of T is called the fundamental period of the function.
Clearly f (x) = f (x + T) = f (x + 2T) = f (x + 3T ) = . . .
For example:
(a) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2p.
(b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with period p.
(c) | sin x |, | cos x |, | tan x |, |cot x |, |sec x |, | cosec x | are periodic functions with period p.
(d) sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx are periodic functions with period 2p or p according as n is odd or
even.
(e) tannx and cotnx are periodic function with period p whether n is odd or even.

1.5.2  Properties of Periodic Function

Properties of Periodic Function:
(i) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
(a) f (x + c) is periodic with period T.
(b) f (x) ± c is periodic with period T.
(c) f (ax + b) has period T/ | a |, i.e., period is affected only by coefficient of x, where; a, b, c, are
constants with a, b π 0.
(ii) If f (x), g(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2 respectively then; we have h(x) = f (x) +
g (x) has period as
(a) LCM of {T1, T2}; if f(x) and g(x) can not be interchanged by adding a least positive number
less than the LCM of {T1, T2}.
(b) k; if f (x) and g(x) can be interchanged by adding a least positive number k (k < LCM of {T1,
T2}).
(iii) A constant function is periodic but does not have a fundamental period.
(iv) If g is periodic then fog will always be a periodic function. Period of fog may or may not be the
period of g.
While taking LCM we should always remember,
(a) LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity.
(b) LCM of rational with rational is possible
Ê a c e ˆ LCM of (a, c, e)
Ex. LCM of Á , , ˜ = ; where a, b, c, d, e, f Œ I with b, d, f π 0
Ë b d f ¯ HCF of (b, d , f )
 52 Integral Calculus

(c) LCM of irrational with irrational is possible (but not always)

(d) But LCM of rational and irrational is not possible.
e.g., LCM of (2p, 1, 6p) is not possible as 2p, 6p are irrational and 1 is rational.
All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the domain as the
same pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain.

Illustration 1: Find the period of f (x) = | sin x | + | cos x |.

Solution: | sin x | has period p, |cos x | has period p
Hence, according to the rule of LCM, period of f (x) must be p.
Êp ˆ Êp ˆ
But sin Á + x˜ = |cos x | and cos Á + x˜ = | sin x |
Ë2 ¯ Ë2 ¯
p p
Since, < p , period of f (x) is
2 2
Illustration 2: Find the period of the function f ( x ) = sin 2 x
Solution: We know that period of function sin x is 2p, so that of sin 2x is (2p)/2 = p
Illustration 3: Find the period of the function f ( x ) = sin 2 x
Solution: We know that period of function sin x is 2p, so that of sin 2 x is p
Illustration 4: Find the period of the function f ( x ) = sin 2 x + tan x
Solution: We know that period of function sin x is 2p, so that of sin 2x is (2p)/2 = p, and period of
tan x is p, so required period of the function is p
p
Illustration 5: Find the period of the functions f ( x ) = tan [ x] , where [.] denotes greatest integer function
2
p p
Solution: f ( x ) = tan [ x ] f ( x + 1) = tan [ x + 1]
2 2
p
= - cot [ x ]
2
p p
f ( x + 2) = tan [ x + 2] = tan (2 + [ x ])
2 2
Ê p ˆ p
= tan Á p + [ x ]˜ = tan [ x ] = f ( x )
Ë 2 ¯ 2
\ 2 is period of f(x)
1 is not a period of f(x)
\ 2 is the fundamental period
sin x + sin 3 x
Illustration 6: Find the period of the function f ( x ) =
cos x + cos 3 x
sin x + sin 3 x
Solution f ( x) =
cos x + cos 3 x
2sin 2 x cos x
= = tan 2 x
2 cos 2 x.cos x
Functions53 53

p p
where x π (2n + 1) , (2n + 1)
4 2
domain is
Ê pˆ Ê pˆ
f Á x + ˜ = tan 2 Á x + ˜
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
p
= tan (2 x + p ) = tan 2 x it seems that
 is a period but it is not because f(0) is defined where
2
Ê pˆ
as f Á ˜ is not defined.
Ë 2¯
\ Period is p

CONCEPT APPLICATOR
1. Find the period of function sin 4x + tan 2x. 5. If f(x) is an odd periodic with period 2, then f(4)
p is:
(a) (b) p
2 (a) 0 (b) 2
3p (c) 4 (d) – 4
(c) (d) None of these
2 6. Find the period of the functions | cos x | ,
2. Period of cos(x2) is p
(a) (b) p
p 2
(a) (b) 2p
2 3p
(c) p (d) none of these (c) (d) None of these
2
3. The period of the function f(x) = sin4x + tan2x Ê x - pˆ
7. Find the period of the functions cos Á
is Ë 3 ˜¯
(a) 2p (b) p (a) 3p (b) p
p (c) 6p (d) None of these
(c) (d) None of these.
2 8. Find the period of the functions sin3x
4. Period of |sin2x| + |cos8x| is (a) 3p (b) p
p p (c) 6p (d) None of these
(a) (b)
2 8 9. Period of |sin 2x| + |cos 8x| is
p (a) p/2 (b) p/8
(c) (d) None of these.
16 (c) p/16 (d) none of these

CONCEPT BUILDER
1.
The period of the function, f(x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 3p
6x|, (where [.] denotes the greatest integer less (c) (d) None of these
2
than or equal to x), is
(a) p (b) 2p/3 If f ( x ) = sin [a ] x , where [ x ] denotes the
3.
greatest integer function, has p as it’s funda-
(c) 2p (d) p/2
mental period, then
Find the period of f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos 4 x .
2 (a) 1a = (b) a Œ[1, 2)
p
(a) (b) p (c) 9 a Œ[4,5)
a = (d)
2
 54 Integral Calculus

Ê pˆ Ê pˆ 10. The period of the function

4. The period of f(x) = sin4 Á x + ˜ + cos 4 Á x + ˜
Ë 6¯ Ë 6¯ 1 Ê | sin x | sin x ˆ
is
f(x) = Á + is
(a) P (b) p/2 2 Ë cos x | cos x | ˜¯
(a) p (b) 2p
(c) 3p (d) none of these
p p
5. The period of f ( x) = sin 5 x + cos 3 x is: (c) (d)
2 3
2p 2p 11. Which of the following is non-periodic
(a) (b)
5 3 tan x
(a) (b) sin x
2p tan x
(c) (d) None of these sin x
3 (c) cos x (d)
sin x
1 12. Period of f(x) = sgn([x] + [−x]) is equal to
6. The period of f(x) = ÎÈcos (sin x ) + cos (cos x )˚˘
is: 2 (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
(a) p (b) p/2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) does not exist
(c) p/4 (d) 2p
13. The period of the function
sin 2nx p
7. Let f ( x ) = 2
, n Œ N has as is its f ( x ) = exp ÈÍ x - [ x ] + x - [ x ] + ( x - [ x ])
2
1 + cos nx 6 Î
fundamental period, then n is equal to
+ sin px + cos px + tan px ˘˚
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 6 (d) 8 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ê xˆ 14. The period of the function f ( x) = sin 3 x cos [3 x ]
8. The period of f ( x ) = cos 5 Á ˜ is
Ë 2¯ - cos3 x sin [3 x ] , where [◊] denotes the great-
(a) P (b) 2p est integer function is
(c) 3p (d) none of these (a) 6 (b) 3
9. Find the period if f ( x ) = sin x + { x} , where (c) 1/3 (d) 1/6
{x} is fractional part of { x} . 15. The period of f ( x) = sin 3p{x} + tan p[ x] is:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 1 (b) p
(c) p (d) None of these.
(c)
f(x) is not periodic (d) None of these

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

p 2p p
1. (a) Period of sin4x is , also period of tan 2x 3. (c) Period of sin 4x is =
p 2 4 2
is . p p
2 Period of tan 2x is =
p 2 2
Hence period of f(x) is
2 p
Hence the period of f(x) is
2. (d) Let cosx2 has periodic T cos(x + T)2 = cosx2 2
fi (x + T)2 = 2np ± x2 p
fi (x+T)2 ± x2 = 2np 4. (a) Clearly period of |sin 2x| =
and period of
2
Since it is a quadratic in T and if solved, T will p p
never be independent of x. Hence it is not peri- |cos8x| = . Hence period =
8 2
odic function.
Functions55 55

5. (a) Given f(x + 2) = f(x) and f(-x) and f(-x) = We know that the period of sin x is 2p and the
-f(x) and clearly 2p
period of sin 3x is .
f(0) = 0, f(2) = 0, f(4) = 0 3
1 + cos 2 x \ f(x) is a periodic function whose period = the
6. (b) f ( x) =| cos x |= cos 2 x = 2p
2 L.C.M of and 2p
3
2p
Hence the period of | cos x |= =p
2 2p 2p
= L.C.M. of and
3 1
Ê x - pˆ
7. (c) f ( x) = cos Á
Ë 3 ˜¯ L.C.M. of 2p and 2p 2p
= = = 2p
T 1 -p H.C.F. of 3 and 1 1
Period of f(ax + b) is here a = , b =
|a| 3 3 9. (a) Clearly period of |sin 2x| = p/2 and period of
|cos 8x| = p/8.
2p
so the period will be = 6p
1/ 3 Now L.C.M. (p/8, p/2) = p/2
1 fi Period of the given function is p/2.
8. (i) (d) f ( x) = sin 3 x = (3sin x - sin 3 x)
4

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Let f1 ( x ) = [sin 3 x] Ê pˆ Ê pˆ

sin 4 Á x + ˜ + cos 4 Á x + ˜
Ë 6 ¯ Ë 6¯
\ Period of f1 ( x ) = 2p / 3 (least positive) and
1 Ê pˆ
2p = 1 - sin 2 Á 2 x + ˜
let f 2 ( x ) =| cos 6 x | \ Period of f 2 ( x ) = 2 Ë 3¯
12
Ê 2p 2p ˆ 3 Ê 2p ˆ p
Hence period of f ( x ) = L.C.M of Á , = + cos Á 4 x + ˜ is of period
Ë 3 12 ˜¯ 4 Ë 3¯ 2
2p
= Since cos x has period 2p so given function
3
p
2. (a) Here f ( x ) is an even function and sin x, is of period
2
cos x are complementary sin 2 x and cos 4 x
both has period p [as n is even] 5. (d) Period of sin 5x is 2p/5.

1 p 2p
Hence f ( x ) has period = {LCM of p, p} = Period of cos 3 x is
2 2 3
2p
3. (d) We know that if f(x) is a periodic function for the period of f(x) LCM of 2p/5 and ,
which doesn’t exist. 3
of period T then f(ax + b) is a periodic function
of period t/|a| Hence f(x) is non-periodic
2p 6. (b) is the correct answer.
= p fi [a ] = 2 7. Simplify denominator by using formula of
[a ] multiple angles
fi [a ] = 4 \ a Œ[4,5) . sin 2nx 2sin 2nx
f ( x) = =
4. (b) Simplify by using formula of multiple Ê 1 + cos 2nx ˆ 3 + cos 2nx
1+ Á ˜¯
angles Ë 2
 FUNCTIONS

56 Integral Calculus

2p p | cos x |
\ T1 = period of sin 2 n x = = Similarly, is periodic with period 2p.
2n n sin x
2p p So, period of f(x) is L.C.M. of {2p, 2p} = 2p .
and T2 = period of cos 2 n x = =
2n n 11. (b) f ( x) = sin x is non-periodic because f(T)
\ Period of f ( x ) = LCM {T1 , T2 } = f(0) = f(–T) is not satisfied.
12. (a) Let f(x) = sgn([x] + [-x])
Ïp p ¸ p p
= LCM Ì , ˝ = = (given ) Ï0; x ŒI
Ón n˛ n 6 =Ì
Ó -1; x œI
\ n=6 Hence f(x) is periodic with period 1.
8. (b) Simplify by using formula of multiple an- 13. (a) The period of x – [x] is 1.
gles
5 5 The period of x - [ x ] is 1.
5x x Ê xˆ
f(x) = cos = cos = Á cos 2 ˜ The period of ( x - [ x ]) is 1.
2
2 2 Ë 2 ¯
5 p
Ê 1 + cos x ˆ The period of sin px = = 1.
=Á p
Ë 2 ˜¯
The period of cos px = 1 .
The given function has period same as cosx so
The period of tan px = 1 .
Required period = 2p
9. (c) LCM of a rational number and an irrational Thus each of the above functions is a periodic
number does not exist function with period 1. Therefore their L.C.M.
is 1. Hence the function f(x) is periodic with
Here sin x is periodic with period 2p, {x} is
fundamental period = 1.
periodic with period 1.
14. (c) f(x) = sin 3{x}, where {.} is a fractional part
Thus, LCM of 2p and 1 fi does not exists
function.
Thus, f(x) is not periodic.
15. (b) tan p {x} = 0 because p {x} will always be
10. (b) Since sin x and cos x are periodic func- integral multiple of p
tion with period p and 2p respectively. fi f(x) = sin 3p {x}
| sin x | Hence period of f(x) is 1
Therefore, is periodic with period 2p.
cos x

CONCEPT CRACKER 3 (BASED ON CH 3, 4 AND 5)

1.
If f (x) = 3 | x | − x − 2 and g (x) = sin x, then 1
2. Given
= f ( x) = , g ( x) f { f ( x)} and
domain of definition of (fog) x is (1 – x)
 π h (x) = f [f {f (x)}]. Then the value of f (x). g (x).
(a)  2 nπ +  h (x) is
 2 n∈I
(a) 0 (b) –1
 7π 11π 
(b) ∪  2 nπ + , 2 nπ +  (c) 1 (d) 2
n∈I  6 6  2
 7π  3. 35. Let f ( x) = , g ( x) = cos x and
(c)  2 nπ +  x +1
 6 n∈I
h( x) = x + 3 then the range of the composite
Ï p ¸
(d) Ì(4m + 1) , m Œ I ˝ function fogoh, is
Ó 2 ˛ (a) R+ (b) R –{0}
È 7p 11p ˘
» Í 2 np + , 2 np +
n ŒI Î 6 6 ˙˚
Functions57 57

(c) [1, ∞) (d) R+ –{1} (a) An odd function.

x (b) An even function
4. If f (x) = , then (fof of) (x) is
1 + x2 (c) Neither even nor odd function
x (d) None of these
3x
(a) (b)
È x2 ˘
1 + x2 1 + 3x 2 10. If f : [-20, 20] Æ R defined by f ( x ) = Í ˙
Îa˚
3x
(c) (d) None of these sin x + cos x is an even function, then the set of
1 − x2 values of ‘a’ is [.] G.I.F
5. Let g : R → R be given by g (x) = 3 + 4x. (a) a Œ (500, • ) (b) a Œ (400, • )
If gn(x) = gogo..... og (x), the g–n (x) = (where a Œ (- 400, 0) (d)
(c) a Π(-300,900)
g–n (x) denotes inverse of gn (x)) 11. If f : [-4, 4] - {-p, o, p} Æ R , such that f(x) =
(a) (4n – 1) + 4nx (b) (x + 1)4–n – 1
(c) (x + 1)4n – 1 (d) (4–n – 1)x + 4n È x 2 ˘ sin 2 x
cot(sin x) + Í ˙ + 2 ,([.] denotes greatest
2 x + a ; x ≥ −1 Îa˚ x
6. 48. If f (x) =  2 and
bx + 3 ; x < −1 integer function) is an odd function, then the
x + 4 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 complete set of values of ‘a’ , is
g (x) =  (a) [-•, -4] » [4, •)
−3 x − 2 ; − 2 < x < 0
If domain of g (f (x) is [–1, 4], then (b)
(-•, -16) » (16, •)
(a) a = 0, b > 5 (b) a = 2, b > 7 (c)
[-16, -16]
(c) a = 2, b > 10 (d) a = 0, b ∈ R (d)
(-•, -16] » [16, •)
sin 2019 x 12. If f is an even function defined in the interval
7. Let f ( x ) = , where [x] denotes the
Èx˘ 1 (−5, 5), find four real values of x satisfying the
+
ÍÎ p ˙˚ 2
Ê x +1 ˆ
equation f ( x) = f Á , the largest of these
integral part of x is Ë x + 2 ˜¯
(a) an odd function four values is


(b) an even function
(c) neither odd nor even function (a)
5 -3 ( 3 -5
(b)
) ( )
(d) both odd and even function 2 2

8. f ( x) =
cos x
, where x is not an integral (c)
(5 -1 )
(d)
(
5 -1 )
Èx˘ 1 2 2
+
ÍÎ p ˙˚ 2
Ê 1 1ˆ
13. Let G ( x) = Á x + F(x), where ‘a’ is a
multiple of p and [x] denote the greatest integer Ë a - 1 2 ˜¯
function, is positive real number not equal to 1 and F(x) is
(a) An odd function (b) An even function an odd function, Which of the following state-
(c) neither odd nor even (d) none of these ments is true?
2 x (sin x + tan x ) (a) G(x) is an odd function
9. The function f ( x ) = is
È x + 21p ˘ (b) G(x) is an even function
2Í - 41
Î p ˙˚ (c) G(x) is neither even nor odd function
(d) Whether G(x) is an odd or even function
(where [.] = G.I.F)
depends on the value of ‘a’
 58 Integral Calculus

(b) an even function when both f and g are odd

a x −1
14. If the graph of the function f ( x) = (c) always an odd function
x n (a x + 1)
(d)always an even function
is symmetric about y-axis, then n =
18. If f ( x ) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function,
(a) 2 (b) 2/3
(c) 1/4 (d) –1/3 then a is
x x (a) Rational number
15. If f ( x) = x + + 1 then f ( x)  is
e -1 2 (b) Irrational Number
(a) Even (c) Any real number
(b) Odd (d) None of these
(c) neither even nor odd x
19. Find the period of f ( x ) = sin x + tan + sin
(d) Both even and odd 2
16. f ( x)  is an even polynomial function. Then sin x x x x
2
+ tan 3
+ ... + sin 11
+ tan
( f ( x) - 3 x)  is 2 2 2 212
(a) an even function 210 p (b)
(a) 212 p
(b) an odd function 211 p
(c) (d) None of these
(c) neither even nor odd
20. The period of the function
p
(d) periodic with period
2 Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ
f ( x ) = 4sin 4 Á + 2 cos Á is
17. If f ( x) and g ( x)  be two functions with all real Ë 6p 2 ˜¯ Ë 3p 2 ˜¯

numbers as their domains, then h( x) = [ f ( x) + 3p 2 3p3

(a) (b)
f (- x)][ g ( x) - g (- x)] is 4 4
(a) an even function when f is even and g is 4p 2
(c)
odd 3

NUMERIC TYPE QUESTIONS

21. Period of the function f ( x ) = sin (sin (px )) , 23. The period of ecos px + x -[ x]+ cos px is ([.] denotes
4 2

+ e(3x ) where {.} denotes the fractional part of the greatest integer function)
1/4
x is: 24. If f (2 + x) = a + ÈÎ1 - ( f ( x) - a ) 4 ˘˚ for all,
22. If f ( x ) is of period 3 and g ( x ) is of period 2, x ΠR then f(x) is periodic with period
[ x]
Ê xˆ 25. The period of the function f ( x ) = (-1)
f ( x) f (Á ˜
Ë 3¯ where [.] = G.I.F
then F ( x ) = is of period
Ê xˆ (a) 2 (b) 1
g ( x) gÁ ˜
Ë 2¯ (c) 3 (d) 4

SOLUTION OF CONCEPT CRACKER 3 (BASED ON CH 3, 4 AND 5)

1. (b) (fog) x = f (g (x)) = f (sin x) 3 | sin x | – sin x – 2 ≥ 0

= (3 | sin x | − sin x − 2) (fog) x is defined Case I : 0 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
if and only if Then, 3 sin x – sin x – 2≥ 0
Functions59 59

∴ sin x ≥ 2 (Impossible) 2
only sin x = 1 F ( x) =
cos x + 3 + 1
π
⇒ x = 2mπ = , m ∈ I
2
Case II : – 1 ≤ sin x < 0
Then, – 3 sin x – sin x – 2 ≥ 0
1 1
or sin x ≤ – ⇒ – sin x ≥
2 2
π
or cos (x + π / 2) ≥ cos
3
π π π Domain : x + 3 ≥ 0
2 nπ − ≤ x + ≤ 2 nπ +
3 2 3 now −1 < cos x + 3 ≤ 1
π π π π
2 nπ − − ≤ x ≤ 2 nπ + − x + 3 ≠ (2n − 1) π, n ∈ N
3 2 3 2
x
5π π 4. (b) f ( x) =
⇒ 2nπ − ≤ x ≤ 2 nπ −
1 + x2
6 6
5π π x
or 2 nπ + 2 π − ≤ x ≤ 2 nπ + 2 π −
6 6 1 + x2 x
fof = =
7π 11π x 2
2 x2 + 1
or 2 nπ + ≤ x ≤ 2 nπ + 1+
6 6 1 + x2
π x
Hence, x ∈ {(4m + 1) ; m ∈ I }
2 x
fofof ( x) = 2 x2 + 1 =
 7π 11π  x2 1 + 3x 2
∪  2 nπ + , 2 nπ +
6  1+
n ∈I 
6
2 x2 + 1
 1  1 5. (b) Here
2. (b) g ( x) = f { f ( x)} = f  =
1− x  1− 1 g2(x) = gog(x) = g{g(x)} = g(3 + 4x)
1− x = 15 + 42x = (42 – 1) + 42x
1− x g3(x) = gogog(x)
=−
x = g(15+42x) = 3 + 4(15 + 42x)
and h(x) = f (f{f (x)}) = f {g(x)} = 63 + 43x = (43 – 1) 43x
1 1 Generalizing, we get
= = =x
1
1 − g ( x) 1 + − x gn(x) = (4n – 1) + 4n x = y (say)

x then x = (y + 1 – 4n)4–n
1  1− x  ⇒ g–n(y) = (y + 1)4–n – 1
f ( x).g ( x).h( x) = −  . x = −1 \ g–n (x) = (x +1) 4–n – 1
1− x  x 
6. (a) f (d) = g (d) ⇒ 8 + a = 8 ⇒ a = 0
3. (c) f image of goh image
f (–1) = – 2 for a = 0
Let fogoh = F (x) = f [goh (x)]
f (–1–) > f (d)
= f [ g ( x + 3 )] = f (cos x + 3 ) b + 3 > 8 ⇒ b > 5
 60 Integral Calculus

7. Key. B - x {sin (- x ) + tan (- x )}

(b) When x = np, n ΠI , sin x = 0 fi f (- x ) = =
È x˘ 1
ÍÎ- p ˙˚ + 2
Èx˘ 1
and Í ˙ + π 0
Îp˚ 2 x (sin x + tan x )
f (x) = 0 (if x π np )
Èx˘ 1
-1 - Í ˙ +
So f (–x) = f(x) Îp˚ 2
When x π np, n Œ I an integer x (sin x + tan x )
=- = - f ( x)
Èx˘ È x˘ È x˘ Èx˘ Èx˘ 1
+
ÍÎ p ˙˚ 2
Í p ˙ + Í- p ˙ = -1 or Í- p ˙ = -1 - Í p ˙
Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚
È x˘ 1 Ê 1 È x ˘ˆ . (if x = np then f ( x ) = 0)
Í- p ˙ + 2 = - ÁË 2 + Í p ˙˜¯
Î ˚ Î ˚
10. Key. B
sin 2019 (- x )
So f (- x ) = = Sol. If f : [-20, 20] Æ R defined by f ( x) =
È x˘ 1
ÍÎ- p ˙˚ + 2 È x2 ˘
Í ˙ sin x + cos x is an even function, find the
- sin 2019 x Îa˚
= f ( x)
Ê È x ˘ 1ˆ set of values of a; [.] = G. I. F.
-ÁÍ ˙ + ˜
Ë Î p ˚ 2¯ [Hint: If f(x) is an even function, then
Hence function is even in all the cases f ( x ) = f (- x ) fi f
cos (- x ) cos x
8. (a) f (- x ) = = È x2 ˘
È x˘ 1 Èx˘ 1 ( x ) - f (- x ) = 0 fi Í ˙ sin x = 0
ÍÎ- p ˚˙ + 2 - ÎÍ p ˚˙ - 1 + 2 Îa˚

x È x2 ˘ x2
Ê È x˘ Èx˘ ˆ fi Í ˙ = a fi 0 £ < 1 fi a > x 2
ÁË as x π np fi p œ I , so as Í- p ˙ = - Í p ˙ - 1˜¯ a a
Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚

cos x fi a > 400

=- = - f ( x)
Èx˘ 1 (since -20 £ x £ 20) \ a Œ (400, • ) .]
ÍÎ p ˙˚ + 2
11. Key. B
fi f ( x ) is an odd function . È x2 ˘
Sol. For f ( x) to be odd, Í ˙ should not depend
9. Key. A Îa˚
on value of x.
È x + 21p ˘ Since x Œ[-4, 4] fi 0 £ x 2 £ 16
Sol. The denominator is = 2 Í ˙ - 41 =
Î p ˚ È x2 ˘
Èx ˘ fi Í ˙ = 0 if a > 16 fi a Œ (-•, -16) »
2 Í + 21˙ - 41
Îp ˚ Îa˚

x (sin x + tan x ) (16, •)

\ f ( x) =
Èx˘ 1
ÍÎ p ˙˚ + 2 12. (d) Since f is an even function, f (- x) = f ( x) .
Functions61 61

Ê x + 1ˆ Ê x + 1ˆ 16. (c) Let g ( x) = sin[ f ( x) - 3 x]

\ Now f Á ˜ = f ( x) implies f Á
Ë x + 2 ¯ Ë x + 2 ˜¯ g (- x) = sin[ f (- x) + 3 x] = sin[ f ( x) + 3 x]
= f (- x) So function is neither even nor odd.
x +1 x +1 17. (c) h(- x) = [ f (- x) + f ( x)][ g (- x) - g ( x)]
This implies = x or =- x
x+2 x+2 = - h( x )
2 2
\ x + x - 1 = 0 or x + 3 x + 1 = 0 2p
18. (a) Period of sin x = 2p = and period of
-1 ± 5 -3 ± 5 1
\x = or x =
2 2 2p
cos ax =
13. Key.B 1
2p
Ê 1 1ˆ \ Period of sin x + cos ax = L.C.M of and
Sol. G ( x) = Á - x + F ( x) 1
Ë a - 1 2 ˜¯ 2p
a
Ê 1 1ˆ
G (- x) = Á - x + F (- x)
Ë a - 1 2 ˜¯ =
L.C.M of 2p and 2p
=
2p
where l is the
H.C.F of 1 and a l
Ê 1x 1ˆ Ê 1x 1ˆ
= -Á x + ˜ F ( x) = Á x - ˜ F ( x) H.C.F of 1 and a.
Ë a -1 2¯ Ë a -1 2¯ 1 a
Since l is the H.C.F of 1 and a, and
Ê ax -1+1 1ˆ Ê 1 1ˆ l l
=Á x - ˜ F ( x) = Á1 + x - ˜ should be both integers.
Ë a -1 2 ¯ Ë a -1 2¯
1 a a /l n
Suppose = m and = n , then = ,
Ê 1 1ˆ l l 1/l m
F ( x) = Á x - F ( x) = G ( x)
Ë a - 1 2 ˜¯
where n, m ΠI i.e., a = n /m
\ G(x) is an even function.
Hence, a is rational number.
1 a x −1
14. (d) f ( x) = × =E 19. (b) We know that if f(x) is a periodic function
xn

x
a +1 of period T then f(ax + b) is a periodic function
g ( x) h( x)
of period t/|a|
(Q graph of f is symmetric about y-axis). xˆ
Ê
We have, Period for Á sin x + tan ˜ is 2p
a− x − 1 1− ax Ë 2¯
h( − x ) = = = −h( x)]
a− x + 1 1 + a x
Ê x x ˆ
ÁË sin 2 + tan 3 ˜¯ is 2 p
3

i.e. h is an odd function. 2 2

Hence …………………………………....
g (x) × O = E ……………………………………
∴ g (x) is an odd function. Ê x xˆ
This possible only if n = – 1/3 ÁË sin n -1 + tan n ˜¯ is 2 p.
n

2 2
x x
15. (a) f ( x) = x
e -1 2
+ +1
{
Thus, LCM of 2p, 23 pº , 2n p = 2n p .}
-x x
f (- x) = - x - +1 Hence, period of f ( x ) is 212 p .
e -1 2
xe x x x x 20. (b) Use formula of multiple angles to reduce
= - +1 = x + +1
ex - 1 2 e -1 2 exponent of trigonometrical function.
 62 Integral Calculus

2
Ï Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ ¸ Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ 1Ï Ê 8 x - 6p ˆ ¸
f ( x ) = Ì2sin 2 Á ˝ + 2 cos Á = Ì2 + 1 + cos Á ˝
Ë 6p ¯ ˛
2 ˜ Ë 3p 2 ˜¯ 2Ó Ë 3p 2 ˜¯ ˛
Ó
2 3 1 Ê 8 x - 6p ˆ
Ï Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ ¸ = + cos Á
= Ì1 - cos Á ˝ + 2 cos 2 2 Ë 3p 2 ˜¯
Ó Ë 3p 2 ˜¯ ˛
2p 6p3 3p3
Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ 2 Ê 4 x - 3p ˆ \ Period of f ( x ) = = =
ÁË ˜ = 1 - cos ÁË ˜ Ê 8 ˆ 8 4
3p 2 ¯ 3p 2 ¯ ÁË 2 ˜¯
3p

NUMERIC TYPE QUESTIONS (SOLUTION)

2p 2p
21. (b) As, sin (px ) has period = =2  Period of cos 2px = =1
p 2p

\ sin (sin (px )) has period 2. and e{3x} has  Period of cos 4px =
2p 1
=
4p 2
1
period Ê 1ˆ
3 \ Period ofcos 4 px = LCM Á1, ˜
Ë 2¯
\ Period of f ( x ) = sin (sin (px )) + e{3 x} , is:
LCM (1,1) 1
= = =1

Ï 1¸
LCM of Ì2, ˝ = 2 HCF (1, 2) 1
Ó 3˛ \ Period of f(x) =1
[Answer is 2] [Answer is 1]
22. F ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x /2) - g ( x ) f ( x /3) . 24. f (2 + x) - a = {1 - [ f ( x) - a ]4 }1/4
f ( I ) is of period 3 and g ( x /2) is of period 4 fi [f(2 + x) – a]4 = 1 – [f(x) – a]4
so that f ( x ) g ( x /2) is of period12. [f(2 + x) – a]4 + [f(x) – a]4 = 1 …(i)
f ( x /3) is of period 9 and g ( x ) is of (i) is true for all x
Replace x by (x + 2) in (i)
period 2 so that f ( x /3) g ( x ) is of period18.
[f(x + 4) – a]4 + [f(x + 2) – a]4 = 1 …(ii)
The period of F(I) is 36 (LCM of 12 and 18) (i) and (ii) gives, f(x) – a]4 = [f(x + 4) – a]4
[Answer is 36] fi f(x + 4) – a = f(x) – a
23. Consider exponent cos 4 px + x - [ x ] + cos 2 px fi f(x + 4) = f(x)
[Answer is 4]
Period of x - [ x ] = 1 [ x]
25. Given: f ( x ) = (-1) .
1 + cos 2px
 cos 2 px = First of all, we sketch the graph of f(x) with the
2 help of piecewise defined functions as follows:
2p Ï 1; -2 x < -1
 Period of cos 2 px = =1
2p Ô -1; -1x < 0
Ô
[ x] Ô
1 f ( x ) = (-1) = Ì 1; 0 £ x < 1
 cos 4 px = {3 + 4 cos 2px + cos 4px} Ô-1: 1 £ x < 2
8
Ô
ÔÓ 1; 2 £ x < 3.
 FUNCTIONS

Functions63 63

The graph of f(x) is given by Therefore the function f(x) is periodic with
From the above graph of f(x), we see that the period 2.
function f(x) repeats its value after the least [Answer is 2]
interval of 2.

1.6 Inverse Functions

1.6.1 Invertible function
1.6.2 Properties of Inverse Function
1.6.3 Method of finding Inverse of a function

1.6.1  Invertible Function

(H) Invertible Function
Let f : x Æ y be a function defined by y = f (x) such that f is both one-one and onto (i.e., bijective),
then f is called invertible function.
(I) Inverse Function
Let f: X Æ Y be a function defined by y = f (x) such that f is invertible (i.e., bijective), then there exists
a unique function g: Y Æ X such that for each y Œ Y, g (y) = x ⇔ y = f (x). The function g so defined
is called the inverse of f.
f g = f –1

x y y x
1 1 1 1
2 4 4 2
3 9 9 3
4 16
          16 4

Further, if g is the inverse of f, then f is the inverse of g i.e., the two functions f and g are inverse of
each other. For the inverse of a function to exist, the function must be invertible (i.e., bijective).
If the components of each ordered pair of a given one-to-one function are interchanged, the resulting
function and the given function are called inverses of each other.
Thus, the functions {(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 12)} and {(3, 1), (6, 2), (12, 4)} are inverse of each other.
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f –1 (read f inverse or the inverse off). If (a, b) is an ordered
pair of f, then (b, a) is an ordered pair of f –1. The domain and range of f –1 are the range and domain
respectively of f.
Do not confuse the –1 in f –1 with a negative exponent. The symbol f –1 does not mean 1/ f 1 ; f–1 refers
to the inverse function of function f.
Graphically, two functions that are inverses of each other are mirror images with reference to the line
y = x, because ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are mirror images with respect to the line y = x as illustrated
in Figure (a).
 64 Integral Calculus

Y Y
Y f
(a,b) x –1
y= f f

(b,a) X X
O O
O
X
y=x

(a) (b) (c)

Therefore, if the graph of a function f is known, as in Figure (b), then the graph of f –1 can be determined
by reflecting f across the line y = x (Figure (c).
If f and g are inverses of each other, then
(a) (f o g) (x) = f (g (x)) = x for all x in the domain of g; and
(b) (g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) = x for all x in the domain of f.
Some standard functions given below along with their inverse functions
Function Inverse Function
(i) f: [ 0, •) Æ [0, •) f – 1: [0, •) Æ [0, •)
defined by f (x) = x2 defined by f –1 (x) = x
È p p˘ È p p˘
(ii) f: Í- , ˙ Æ [–1 , 1] f –1 [–1, 1] Æ Í- , ˙
Î 2 2˚ Î 2 2˚
defined by f (x) = sin x defined by f (x) = sin–1 x
–1

(iii)
f: [0, p] Æ [–1, 1} f –1 [­–1, 1] Æ [0, p]
defined by f (x) = cosx defined by f –1 (x) = cos–1x

1.6.2  Properties of Inverse Function

Properties of Inverse Function:
Let f: X Æ Y and g: Y Æ Z
(a) Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.
(b) Inverse of a bijection is unique.
(c) (f–1)– 1 = f
(d) If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (gof) –1 = f –1o g –1

1.6.3  Method of Finding Inverse of a Function

Method of Finding Inverse of a Function:
If you are asked to check whether the given function y = f (x) is invertible, you need to check that y = f(x) is
bijective (i.e., one-one and onto).
If you are asked to find the inverse of a bijective function f (x), you do the following: If f -1 be the inverse
of ‘f ’ , then f (f –1(x)) = x . Apply the formula of f on f –1(x) and use of the above identity to solve for f –1(x).
Functions65 65

( )
Illustration 1: Find the inverse of the function f (x) = log a x + x 2 + 1 ; a > 1 and assuming it to be an onto
function.

( )
Solution: Given f (x) = log a x + x 2 + 1    \ f ¢ ( x) =
log a e
(1 + x 2 )
>0

Which is a strictly increasing functions.

Thus, f (x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the given function f(x) is invertible.
Ê
(f ( x ))
ˆ
2
Now f ( f –1(x) ) = x fi log a Á f -1 ( x ) + -1
+ 1˜ = x
Ë ¯

fi f -1 ( x) + ( f -1 ( x)) 2 + 1) = ax  ...(i)

and ( f -1 ( x)) 2 + 1) - f -1 ( x) = a– x...(ii)

1 x
From (i) and (ii), we get f -1 ( x) =
(a - a - x )
2
Illustration 2: If f: Q Æ Q, f (x) = 2x ; g: Q Æ Q, g (x) = x + 2, then (fog)–1 (20) equals
Solution: \ f –1 (x) = x/2, g –1 (x) = x – 2
\ (fog) –1 (20) = (g–1 of –1) (20) = g –1 [f­–1 (20)] = g –1 (10) = 10 – 2 = 8

CONCEPT APPLICATOR
1. If the function f : (– ∞ ,∞) → B defined by 1 1
(c) (d)
f (x) = – x2 + 6x – 8 is bijective, then B = 1- x 1+ x
(a) [1, ∞) (b) (–∞, 1] 4. If f : (0, • ) Æ R defined by f ( x ) = log10
x
(c) (– ∞, ∞) (d) none of these
then f -1 ( x ) =
2. If f : R Æ [1, • ) is defined by f ( x ) = x + 1,
- 2

log10
(a) x10
x (b)
the value of f -1 (17 ) and f -1 (3) are
respectively (c) 10 x (d) None
(a)
±4, ± 2 (b)
4, 2 5. Suppose f(x) = (x + 2) for x ≥ -2 . If g(x) is
2

the function whose graph is the reflection of the

(c)
-4, 2 (d)
-4, - 2 graph of f(x) in the line y = x, then g(x) equals
3. If f ( x ) = x - x 2 + x3 - x 4 + ...• when x < 1 (a)
- x - 2, x ≥ 0 (b) x - 2, x ≥ 0
then f -1 ( x ) = 1
(c) 2 , x > 2 (d) x + 2, x > -2
x x ( x + 2)
(a) (b)
1- x 1+ x

CONCEPT BUILDER
1.
Which of the following functions is inverse of
a x - a- x
itself 2. The inverse of the function f ( x ) = is
1- x a x + a- x
(a) f ( x) = (b) g ( x ) = 5log x Ê1- xˆ 1 Ê1- xˆ
1+ x (a)
log a Á (b) log a Á
Ë 1 + x ˜¯ 2 Ë 1 + x ˜¯
h ( x ) = 2 x( x -1)
(c) (d) None of these
 66 Integral Calculus

Ê1+ xˆ 2p Ê x - 2ˆ
(c)
log a Á (d) none of these (c) + cos -1 Á
Ë 1 - x ˜¯ 3 Ë 2 ˜¯

2 10 x - 10- x (d) None of these

3. The inverse of f ( x ) = is 7. If the functions of f and g are defined by f(x) =
3 10 x + 10- x
3 Рx, g(x) = 2 + 3x for x ΠR respectively, then
1 1- x 1 2 + 3x g -1 ( f -1 (2)) =
(a) log10 (b) log10
3 1- x 2 2 - 3x 1
(a) 1 (b) -
1 2 + 3x 1 2 + 3x 3
(c) log10 (d) log10
3 2 - 3x 6 2 - 3x 4 1
(c) - (d)
4. Which of the following function ( ) from f : 3 4
A Æ A are invertible, where A = [-1,1] 8. Which among the functions is inverse of itself?
2

f ( x ) = x /2 (b)
(a) f ( x ) = sin ( x /2) y = a 2log x (b)
(a) y = 5x + 2

f ( x ) = [ x ] (d)
(c) f ( x) = x2 1 + x2 1- x
(c)
y= (d) 2
y=
1- x 1+ x
1/7
The inverse of the function y = È1 - ( x - 3) ˘
4
5. È1 ˆ
Î ˚ 9. If f ( x) = x( x - 1) is a function from Í , •˜ to
is Î2 ¯
( ) ( ) È 1 ˆ
1/4 1/4
3 + 1 - x7
(a) 3 - 1 - x7
(b) -1
Í- 4 , •˜¯ , then {x Œ R / f ( x) = f ( x)} is
Î
3 - (1 + x )
(c) 7 1/4
(d) none of these (a) null set
(b) {1}
È p 2p ˘
6. Let f Í , ˙ Æ [0, 4] be a function defined (c) {0, 2}
Î3 3 ˚ (d) a set containing 3 elements
as f ( x ) = 3 sin x - cos x + 2 . Then f -1 ( x ) is 10. Let f ( x ) = 3 x 2 - 7 x + c , where ‘c’ is a variable
given by
7
x - 2ˆ p co-efficient and x > . The value of ‘c’ such
-1 Ê 6
(a)
sin Á -
Ë 2 ˜¯ 6
that f ( x ) touches f -1 ( x ) is……
Ê x - 2ˆ p (a) 6 (b) 7
sin -1 Á
(b) +
Ë 2 ˜¯ 6
16 4
(c) (d)
3 3

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

1. (b) Since the function f is bijective, therefore f

2. (d) f -1 (17 ) = {x : f ( x ) = 17 and x < 0}
is onto. Therefore range of f = B.
Let y = – x2 + 6x – 8 {
= x : x 2 + 1 = 17 and x < 0 = -4 and }
⇒ x – 6x + (8 + y ) = 0
2
f -1
(3) = {x : x 2
}
+ 1 = 3 and x < 0 = - 2
6 ± 36 − 4 (8 + y ) 6 ± 4 − 4 y
⇒ x= = 3. Key. 1
2 2
x
For x to be real, 4 – 4y ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≤ 1 f ( x ) = x - x 2 + x3 - x 4 + ... =
1+ x
∴ B = range of f = (– ∞, 1].
Functions67 67

t 5. Key. B
f -1 ( x ) = t fi f (t ) = fi x + xt = t fi x Sol. y = (x + 2)2
1+ t
x x Equation of the reflection curve in y = x is
= t (1 - x) fi t = fi f -1 ( x) = obtained by interchanging x and y in y = (x + 2)2
1- x 1- x
fi reflection curve is
4. Key. 3
x = (y + 2)2
Sol. f -1 ( x ) = y fi x = f ( y ) fi x = log10
y
y+2= x
x
fi y = 10 fi f -1
( x ) = 10 x y = x - 2, x ≥ 0
Since x is always ≥ 2 .

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

4. (b) Clearly ‘c’ and ‘d’ are ruled out as these are
1. (a) Since fof ( x ) = f ( f ( x ))
x
many-one. Also f ( x ) = is one-one but not
Ê1- xˆ onto. 2
1- Á
Ê1- xˆ Ë 1 + x ˜¯
= fÁ = = x. for all x Ê px ˆ
Ë 1 + x ˜¯ Ê1- xˆ g ( x ) = sin Á ˜ is both one-one and onto.
1+ Á Ë 2¯
Ë 1 + x ˜¯
5. (a) Clearly y is one-one and onto we have,
So, inverse of f is itself. It can be easily seen
1/7
that y = È1 - ( x - 3) ˘
4
Î ˚
gog ( x ) π x and hoh ( x ) π x
( )
1/4
fi ( x - 3) = 1 - y 7 fi x = 3 + 1 - y 7
4
x -x 2x
a -a a -1
2. (b) Let y = =
( )
x -x 2x 1/4
a +a a +1 i.e. f -1 ( y ) = 3 + 1 - y 7

fi
2x
(
y -1 a -1 - a +1
=
2x
) 6. (b) f ( x ) = 3 sin x - cos x + 2
(
y + 1 a2x - 1 + a2x + 1 ) Ê pˆ
= 2sin Á x - ˜ + 2
(Using componendo and dividendo) Ë 6¯
y -1 -2 1+ y Since f ( x ) is one-one and onto, f is invertible.
fi = 2 x fi a 2 x =
y + 1 2a 1- y
Ê1+ yˆ Now fof -1 ( x ) = x
fi 2 x log a a = log a Á
Ë 1 - y ˜¯ Ê pˆ
fi 2sin Á f -1 ( x ) - ˜ + 2 = x
1 Ê1+ yˆ Ë 6¯
fi x = log a Á
2 Ë 1 - y ˜¯ Ê pˆ x
fi sin Á f -1 ( x ) - ˜ = - 1
2 10 x - 10 - x 3y + 2 Ë 6¯ 2
3. (b) If y = x -x
, 102 x =
3 10 + 10 2 - 3y Êx ˆ p
fi f -1 ( x ) = sin -1 Á - 1˜ +
1 2 + 3y Ë2 ¯ 6
or x = log10
2 2 - 3y x
Because - 1 £ 1for all x Œ[0, 4]
1 2 + 3y 2
\ f -1 ( x ) = log10
2 2 - 3y
 FUNCTIONS

68 Integral Calculus

7. Key. B f ( f ( x) ) = f ( x( x - 1) ) = [ x( x - 1)][ x( x - 1) - 1]
-1 -1 x-2 = x( x - 1)[ x 2 - x - 1]
Sol. f ( x ) = 3 - x, g ( x ) =
3
f (f(x)) = x
-1 -1 -1 1
g [f (2)] = g (1) = - fi x( x –1)( x 2 - x - 1) = x
3
8. Key. D fi x( x3 - 2 x 2 ) = 0
1- x fi x = 0, 2
Sol. Out of 4 choices, if f(x) = .
1+ x 10. Key. C
(1 - x)
1- Sol. f ( x ) and f -1 ( x ) can only intersect on the line
(1 + x) y=x
f[f(x)] = =x
(1 - x)
1+ \ y = x must be tangent
(1 + x)
Solving 3 x 2 - 7 x + c = xp
1- x
\ is the inverse of itself.
1+ x fi 3 x 2 - 8 x + c = 0
9. Key. C The above equation has real and equal roots
Sol. {x ΠR / f -1
( x) = f ( x)} fi 64 - 12c = 0
16
={x ΠR / f f ( x) = x} c=
3
CONCEPT CRACKER 3 (BASED ON CH 6 AND MISC)

1. Let g : R Æ R be given by g ( x ) = 3 + 4 x. If È 3p ˘
(c)
Í 2 np + p , 2 np + 2 ˙ , n Œ I
Î ˚
g n ( x ) = gogo ºº og ( x ) , then g -n ( x) =
È p p˘
(d)
Í 2 np - 2 , 2 np + 2 ˙ , n Œ I
(where g - n ( x ) denotes inverse of g n ( x )) Î ˚

( ) ( ) + (cos x)
2 2
( x + 1) 4- n - 1
4n - 1 + 4n x (b)
(a) 4. Let f ( x ) = sin -1 x -1
then

( x + 1) 4n - 1
(c) (d) (4- n - 1) x + 4n 5p 2
(a) Greatest value of f ( x ) is
1 8
2. (
The inverse of f ( x) = 5 - ( x - 8) )
5 3
is
(b) Greatest value of f ( x ) is
7p 2
4
5 - ( x - 8)5 (b)
(a) 8 + (5 - x3 )1/5
p2
(c) Least value of f ( x ) is
(c)
8 - (5 - x ) 3 1/5
(d) (
5 - ( x - 8) )
1/5 3
8
p2
3. The domain of sin (cos x ) (d) Least value of f ( x ) is
12
È p˘ 5. The greatest and least values of (sin–1 x)3 +
(a)
Í 2 np , 2 np + 2 ˙ , n Œ I
Î ˚ (cos–1 x)3 are
È p ˘
(b)
Í 2 np + 2 , 2 np + p ˙ , n Œ I p3 7p3 7p3 p3
Î ˚ (a) , (b) ,
32 32 8 32
Functions69 69

(c) (0,1]
-p3 7 p3 p3 p3
(c) , (d) , (d) [1, •)
8 8 8 32
6. The function f: [1, •) Æ [1, •) is defined by 11. The domain of f ( x ) = e
(
cos -1 log 4 x 2 ) is
f(x)=2x(x – 1), find f – 1(x).
È 1˘ È1 ˘
1 - 1 + 4 log 2 x
(a) Í-2, - 2 ˙ » Í 2 , 2˙
(a)
Î ˚ Î ˚
2
È 1 ˘ È1 ˘
-1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x
(b) Í –2, - 3 ˙ » Í 3 , 2˙
(b)
Î ˚ Î ˚
2
È 1 ˘ È1 ˘
1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x
(c)
(c) Í –2, - 3 ˙ » Í 3 ,3˙
Î ˚ Î ˚
2
(d) none of these
(d) None of these
12. The sum of the maximum and minimum values
{
7. If f ( x ) = sin [ x + 5] + { x - { x}} } of function f ( x ) = sin -1 2 x + cos–1 2x + sec–1
Ê pˆ 2x is:
for x Œ Á 0, ˜ is invertible, where {.} and [.]
Ë 4¯ p
(a) p (b)
represent fractional part and greatest integer 2
functions respectively, then f -1 ( x ) is
3p
(c) 2p (d)
2
p
(a) 1/2 sin -1 x (b) - cos -1 x +1/2 13. If f (x) is a polynomial function that f (x). f (–x)
2
= f (2x), then–
sin -1 { x} (d)
(c) cos -1 { x} (a) No such function exists
(b) f (x) is linear
8. Let f  be a one one function with domain = {x,
(c) Number of such functions are exactly one
y, z} and range = {1, 2, 3}. It is given that ex-
(d) Number of such functions are exactly two
actly one of the following statements is true
14. If graph of curve y = 16x2 + 8 (a + 5) x – 7a – 5
and the remaining two are false: f ( x ) = 1 ,
is strictly above x-axis, then
f ( y ) π 1 , f ( z ) π 2 , then f -1 (1) = ____ (a) a > – 2 (b) a > – 15
(c) – 2 > a > – 15 (d) 2 < a < 15
(a) x (b) y
x
(c) z (d) 1 15. Let f (x) = and ‘a’ be a real number.
1− x
9. Which among the functions is inverse of itself? If x = a, x = f (x ), x = f (x ), x = f (x ).......
2 0 1 0 2 1 3 2
(a) y = a 2log x (b) y = 5 x + 2 If x2009 = 1, then the value of a is–
1 + x2 1- x 2009
(c)
y= (d) y= (a) 0 (b)
2
1- x 1+ x 2010
10. Range of the function f ( x ) = 1 1
(c) (d)
1 2009 2010
is
{
cos sin -1
(sin x + cos x )} 16. The greatest value of f (x) = cos (xe[x] + 7x2 – 3x),
x ∈ [–1, ∞) is –
[-1,1] - {0}
(a) (a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(-•, -1]» [1, • )
(b)
 70 Integral Calculus

Ê -3 ˘ È -3p 3p ˘ È ˘
(c)
Í 4 , 4 ˙ Æ Î 2, 3 2 ˚
17. Let f be a function defined as f : Á 0, e 2 ˙ , Î ˚
ÁË
˚˙
È p 5p ˘ È ˘
È -1 (d)
Í 4 , 4 ˙ Æ Î 2, 3 2 ˚
Æ Í , • ) f(x) = (ln x)2 + 3ln x + 2, then f –1(x) Î ˚
Î4
equals 19. Let f : R Æ [1, • ) be a quadratic surjective
Ê -3 + 4 x + 1 ˆ function such that f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) and f(1) = 2
(a)
log Á ˜
Ë 2 ¯ If g: (- •, ln 2]Æ (1, 5) is given by g(ln x) =
Ê -3 - 4 x + 1 ˆ f(x) then g -1 ( x ) is
(d)
log Á ˜
Ë 2 ¯
-3+ 4 x +1
(
g -1 ( x ) = ln 2 - x + 1
(a) )
(c)
e 2 g ( x ) = ln (2 -
(b) -1
x - 1)

g ( x ) = ln (2 + x - 1)
-3- 4 x +1
-1
(d)
e 2 (c)

18. Let f : X Æ Y be defined as f(x) = sinx + cosx (d) None of these

+ 2 2 . If f is invertible, then X Æ Y , is 20. If the function f(x) = ax + b has its own inverse
then the ordered pair (a, b) can take how many
È -3p -p ˘ È ˘ of the following values
(a)
Í 4 , 4 ˙ Æ Î 2, 3 2 ˚
Î ˚ (i) (1, 0) (ii) (–1, 0)
È -p 3p ˘ È ˘ (iii) (–1, 1) (iv) (1, 1)
(b)
Í 4 , 4 ˙ Æ Î 2, 3 2 ˚
Î ˚ (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of these

NUMERIC INTEGER TYPE

1 24. If the equation f(x) = f–1 (x) has exactly three

21. If f ( x) = x - then number of solutions of
x solutions "x Œ ÈÎ0, 2a ˘˚ , then the value of a2 is
f ( f ( f ( x)) = 1.
25. If f : R Æ R is a function satisfying the prop-
22. The absolute value of the parameter a, for erty f ( x + 1) + f ( x + 3) = 2 for all x ΠR than
which the function f ( x) = 1 + ax, a π 0 is the f is _____
inverse of itself, is
(a) Periodic with period 3
23. If f ( x ) = x 101 11
- 2 x + 2 x + 1 and ‘g’ be the in- (b) Periodic with period 4
(c) non periodic
verse of ‘f ’, then g¢ (1) is equal to (d) Periodic with period 5

SOLUTION OF CONCEPT CRACKER 3 (BASED ON CH6 AND MISC)

1.

(b) Here
g x = gog ( x ) = g { g ( x )} = g (3 + 4 x )
2
(
g 3 ( x ) = gogog ( x ) = g 15 + 42 x )
(
= 3 + 4 15 + 42 x )
( )
= 15 + 42 x = 42 - 1 + 42 x
Functions71 71

( )
= 63 + 43 x = 43 - 1 + 43 x
Ê pˆ
x cos -1 x Á ˜
Ë 2¯
Generalizing, we get
p3 3p -1 Ê p
( )
g n ( x ) = 4n - 1 + 4n x = y (say ) =
8 2 Ë2
ˆ
- sin x Á - sin -1 x˜
¯
then x = ( y + 1 - 4 ) 4
n -n
2
p3 3p Ï -1 p¸
= + Ìsin x - ˝
fi g - n ( y ) = ( y + 1) 4- n - 1 32 2 Ó 4˛

\ g - n ( x ) = ( x + 1) 4- n - 1 p3 7p3
min = , max =
32 8
2. Key. B
6. (c) Key concept: First check the function for
( )
1/3
Sol. Let y = f(x) = 5 - ( x - 8)5 , then
one-one and onto. And if function is one-one
y3 = 5 - ( x - 8)5 fi ( x - 8)5 = 5 - y 3 and onto then find inverse using the identity

fi x = 8 + (5 - y 3 )1/5
( )
f f -1 ( x ) = x
Solution: Given, f(x) = 2x(x – 1) fi logf(x) = x(x –
3 1/5
Let, z = g ( x) = 8 + (5 - x ) 1) loge2
1
1/3 fi f ¢ ( x) = (2 x - 1) log e 2
Now, f ( g ( x) ) = ÈÎ5 - ( x - 8)5 ˘˚
f ( x)
5 1/3 fif ¢(x) = 2x(x – 1)loge2 (2x – 1)
= Ê 5 - ÎÈ(5 - x3 )1/5 ˚˘ ˆ = (5 - 5 + x3 )1/3 = x Thus f(x) is an increasing function in [1, •),
Ë ¯
Similarly, we can show that g ( f ( x) ) = x . therefore, f(x) is a one-on function.
Also range of f(x) is [1, •) which is equal to
( )
1/5
Hence, g(x) = 8 + 5 - x3 is the inverse of co-domain.
f(x). Hence the function is also onto.
3. Key. 4 TO FIND f – 1(x):
Sol. F(x) is defined when Let f – 1 be the inverse function of f, then by rule

sin (cos x ) ≥ 0 cos x ≥ sin -1 0 fi cos x ≥ 0 (

of identity f f -1 ( x ) = x )
( ) =x
X lies on I and IV quadrant
p p
( )
f f -1 ( x) = 2
f -1 ( x ) f -1 ( x ) -1

2 np - £ x £ 2 np + , n Œ I
( )
2
2 2 \ fi log 2 x = f -1 ( x) - f -1 ( x)
4. Key. 3
p2 1 ± 1 + 4 log 2 x
( ) f -1 ( x) =
2
Sol. f ( x ) = 2 sin -1 x - p sin -1 x +
4 2
2 1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x
Ê pˆ p2 but f -1 ( x) =
= 2 Á sin -1 x - ˜ + 2
Ë 4¯ 8
-1
Ê1 £ f ( x) < • \1 + 4 log 2 ¥ ≥ 1and ¥ ≥ 1ˆ
È p 2 5p 2 ˘ Á ˜
fi f ( x) Œ Í , ˙ Ë Therefore only positive sign is acceptable.¯
Î8 4 ˚
5. Key. B 1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x

Ê pˆ
3 2
Sol. (sin -1 x)3 + (cos -1 x)3 = Á ˜ - 3sin -1
Ë 2¯
 72 Integral Calculus

7. (c) y = f(x) = sin {[x + 5] + {x – {x – {x}}}} = 1 Ê 1ˆ p

sin {x – {x – {x}}} = sin {x – {[x]} = sin {x – Step 1: when x = , i.e. f Á ˜ =
2 Ë 2¯ 2
0} = sin {x] = sin x
p 1 Ê 1 ˆ 3p
0 < x < Step 2: And when x = - , i.e., f Á - ˜ =
2 Ë 2¯ 2
4
 x = sin -1 y or f -1 ( x ) = sin -1 x . Step 3: So function will attain minimum at x =
1/2 and maximum at x = –1/2
8. Key. 2
\ Sum of maximum and minimum value of
Sol. f ( x ) = 1 ( F ) fi f ( x ) = 2 or 3
function is 2p.
f ( y ) π 1 ( F ) fi f ( y ) = 1 13. (d) Let degree of f (x) is n
f ( z ) π 2 (T ) fi f ( z ) = 1 or 3 Equating the degree of LHS and RHS, we get
n+n=n⇒n=0
9. Key. D
⇒ f (x) = c ⇒ c2 = c
1- x ⇒ c = 0, 1 ⇒ f (x) = 0, 1
Out of 4 choices, if f(x) = .
1+ x 14. (c) Q Coefficient of x2 = 16 > 0
(1 - x)
1- ∴ It is upward parabola
(1 + x)
f  [f(x)] = =x Q The graph is strictly above x-axis
(1 - x)
1+ Hence it has no real root.
(1 + x) ∴ D < 0 ⇒ 64 (a + 5)2 + 4.16 (7a + 5) < 0
1- x ∴ (a + 2) (a + 15) < 0
\ is the inverse of itself.
1+ x ⇒ –2 > a > –15
x0 a
10. (d) Step 0: First find the range of sin x + cos x, 15. (d) x0 = a, x1 = f (x) = = ;
1 − x0 1 − a
we know that - 2 £ sin x + cos x £ 2 a
p p x1 1 − a a
Step 1: fi £ sin -1 x(sin x + cos x) £ = x2 f= ( x1 ) = =
2 2 1 − x1 1 − a 1 − 2a
Step 2: fi 0 £ cos(sin -1 x(sin x + cos x) £ 1 1− a
a
1 ∴ x2009 = =1
So range of is [1, • ) 1 − 2009 a
{
cos sin -1
(sin x + cos x )}
⇒ 1 – 2009 a = a  ⇒  a =
1
11. (a) Step 0: The given function is defined if 2010
(
cos -1 log x 2 ) 16. (b) At x = 0
e 4
≥ 0 , which is always true , so now f (x) = cos 0 = 1 → maximum value
we have to see inverse function. 17. (d) f(x) = (ln x)2 + 3 ln x + 2
Step 1: fi -1 £ log 4 x 2 £ 1fi 4-1 £ x 2 £ 41 Ê -3 ˘ Ê -3 ˘
Let ln x = t x Œ Á 0, e 2 ˙ fi t Œ Á -•, ˙
1 1 Ë ˙˚ Ë 2˚
Step 2: fi £ x 2 £ 4 fi £ x £ 2 fi x Œ
4 2 f(x) = t2 + 3t + 2
È 1˘ È1 ˘
Í-2, - 2 ˙ » Í 2 , 2˙
2
Ê 3ˆ 9
Î ˚ Î ˚ f ( x) = Á t + ˜ + 2 -
Ë 2¯ 4
12. (c) Step 0: Here first we need to find the
2
Ï 1 1¸ Ê 3ˆ 1
domain of f ( x ) fi x Œ Ì- , ˝ only i.e it has f ( x) = Á t + ˜ -
Ó 2 2˛ Ë 2¯ 4
only 2 elements
Functions73 73

Ê -1 f(x) = x2 – 4x + 5
\ Range of f(x) is Á , • ]
Ë 4 g(ln x) = x2 – 4x + 5 = (x – 2)2 + 1
-1 g(x) = (ex – 2)2 + 1
f ( x) = when
4
x Œ (-•, ln 2) fi g ( x ) Œ[1, 5)
-3 -3
t= fi ln x = fi x = e -3/2
2 2 fi g ( x ) is invertible function.
Now, y = (ln x) + 3 ln x + 2
2
y = (ex – 2)2 + 1

Graph of f(x) is

e–3/2 (2, 1)
O

–1/4

x=2

(ln x)2 + 3 ln x + 2 – y = 0 e x = 2 + y - 1, 2 - y - 1

-3 ± 9 - 4 (2 - y ) -3 ± 4 y + 1 x = ln(2 - y - 1 as x Œ (-•, ln 2]
ln x = =
2 2 \ g -1 ( x) = ln(2 - x - 1)
-3 - 4 y + 1 20. (c)
ln x =
2 y = f(x) fi x = f -1 ( x )
-3- 4 y +1 3˘
- Given y = ax + b
fi x = e 2 Domain of f is (0, e 2˙
˙˚ y b
x= -
a a
-3 - 4 x + 1
\ f–1(x) = e y b
2 f -1 ( y ) =
-
a a
Ê pˆ
2.sin Á x + ˜ + 2 ÷ 2 x b
Ë 4¯ f -1 ( x ) = -  … (i)
18. (d) f ( x ) = a a
From - 1 to 1
and f(x) = ax + b … (ii)
\ Y = Range of function = ÈÎ 2, 3 2 ˘˚ . Clear- Given that f(x) and its inverse coincide so (i)
and (ii) coincide
ly, f will be one-one also, if
1
a=
È p 5p ˘ a
X =Í , ˙
Î4 4 ˚ b
= -b
a
19. (b) First we will calculate f(x), since it is sym-
From (i), a 2 = 1 fi a = 1 or – 1
(2 + x ) + (2 - x )
metric about x = =2
2 If a = –1 , b = b fi b Œ R
f(x) = a(x – 2)2 + 1 but given that
If a = +1, then 2b = 0 fi b = 0
f (1) = 2\ a = 1
Hence, (–1, R), (1, 0)
 FUNCTIONS

74 Integral Calculus

NUMERIC INTEGER TYPE

21. Key. 2
fi g ¢ ÈÎ f ( x )˘˚ . f ¢ ( x ) = 1
1
Sol. f ( x) = x - , fion putting x = 0
x
fi g ¢ ÈÎ f (0)˘˚ . f ¢ (0) = 1
x 4 - 3x 2 + 1
fi f ( f ( x)) = fi g ¢ (1) .2 = 1
x( x 2 - 1)
1
fi f ( f ( f ( x))) = 1 fi f ( f ( x)) = f -1 fi g ¢ (1) =
2
1+ 5 [Answer is 0.50]
(1) = Æ 2 values exist
2 24. The equation f(x) – f’(x) = 0 has exactly three
solutions
1- 5
Or f -1 (1) = Æ 2 values exist Ï a
2 ÔÔ x2 , 0£ x£
2
y -1 f ( x) = Ì
22. y = 1 + ax   fi  x =
( a
)
2
a Ô a 2 - 2a - x , £x£a
ÔÓ 2
x -1
f -1 ( x) = = f ( x) = 1 + ax
a Ï a2
Ô x, 0£ x£
x -1 Ô 2
fi = 1 + ax f ( x) = Ì
2
a Ô 2a - a 2 - x a £ x £ a 2
fi x – 1 = a + a2 x ÔÓ 2
Equating the coefficient of x Exactly three solutions exists if
a2 = 1 and a = –1 a2 a
a = ±1 = i.e., a = 2
2 2
a = –1 [Answer is 2]
[Answer is 1]
25. Since f ( x + 1) = f ( x + 5)
23. g ÎÈ f ( x )˚˘ = x [Answer is 4]

7.1 Special Type of Function

1.7.1 Special Type Functions
Functions75 75

Special Type Functions:

Polynomial

Rational Modulus
Algebraic
Irrational Signum

Piecewise Greatest integer function

Fractional part function

FUNCTIONS
Least integer function
Trigonometric

Inverse trigonometric

Exponential
Transcendental
Logarithmic/Inverse of exponential

Geometrical

(A) Algebraic Function:
Algebraic functions are
(a) Polynomial function (b) Rational function
(c) Irrational function (d) Piecewise function.

(a) Polynomial Function:

The function of the form f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + ....... + an–1x + an , a0 ≠ 0
where a0, a1, a2, ....... an are constants and n ∈N is called polynomial functions.
(i) f (x) = C, is a polynomial of zero degree or a constant function.
(ii) f (x) = a x + b, is a polynomial of degree one or a linear function.
(iii) f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, is a polynomial of degree two or a quadratic function and so on.
Note: that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. [A function that is not algebraic is
called Transcendental Function].

Graph of Some Simple Polynomial Functions: Y

(i) Graph of f (x) = x
The function f (x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R, is called Identy function.
Domain of the identity function = R
45º
Range of the identity function = R O
X X

Y
 76 Integral Calculus

(ii) Graph of f (x) = x2 Y

A function f (x) = x2 is the simplest quadratic function.
The domain of this function is R and its range is
R+ ∪ {0} or [0, ∞) X
Clearly y = x2, is a parabola. Since y = x2 is an even O
function, so its graph is symmetrical about
y-axis. Y

(iii) Graph of f (x) = x3

A function f (x) = x3 is the simplest Cubic Function.
The domain and range of cubic function are both equal to R. X
O
Since, y = x3 is an odd function, so its graph is symmetrical
about “origion”.

(b) Rational Function: Graph of y = x 3

The function which can be written as the quotient of two polynomial function is said to be a rational
function.
If P (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn
and Q (x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + . . . + bmxm
P( x)
be two polynomial functions then a function f defined by f (x) = , Q( x) π 0 is a rational function
Q( x)
of x.
Domain = R – {x |Q (x) = 0|}
i.e., Domain = R except those points for which denominator = 0
7 x4 - x2 + 2
f (x) = is a rational function which is defined for all real values of x except 1 and 3.
x2 - 4 x + 3
Graph of Some Simple Rational Functions:
Y
1
(i) Graph of f (x) =
x
(1,1)
1 1
A function defined by f ( x) = is called the Reciprocal X
x –1 O 1
Function its graph is rectangular hyperbola, with coordinate
–1
(–1, –1)
1
axis as asymptotes. The domain and range of f (x) = is
x
R – {0}
Since, f (x) is odd function, so its graph is symmetrical about Graph of y =
1
opposite quadrants. Also, we observe x

lim+ f ( x) = + • and lim– f ( x) = – •

xÆ0 xÆ0
Functions77 77
Y
and as x → ± ∞ ⇒ f (x) → 0
1
(ii) Graph of f (x) = 2
x
1
Here, f ( x) = 2 is an Even Function, so its graph is
x
symmetrical about y-axis. O
X

Domain of f (x) is R – {0} and range is (0, ∞).

1
Also, y → ∞ as lim f ( x) or lim f ( x) Graph of y 
xÆ0 x Æs x2
And y → 0 as lim f ( x).
xÆ ± •
Y
(c) Irrational Function
The algebraic function containing terms having non-integral
y x
rational powers of x are called irrational functions. 1

Graph of Some Simple Irrational Functions:

X
(i) Graph of f(x) = x1/2 O

Here; f (x) = x is the portion of the parabola y2 = x, which lies Graph of y  x

above x-axis.
Y
Domain of f (x) = R+ ∪ {0} or [0, ∞)
y  x1/ 3
and range of f (x) = R+ ∪ {0} or [0, ∞].
Thus, the graph of f (x) = x1/2 is shown as; O X

(ii) Graph of f (x) = x1/3

domain f (x) = R.
Graph y  x1/ 3
and range of f (x) = R.

(d) Piecewise Function:

A piecewise function is a function in which different rules apply for different intervals of domain values.
As discussed piecewise function are:
(i) Absolute value function (or modulus function) (ii) Signum function.
(iii) Greatest integer function. (iv) Fractional part function.
(v) Least integer function
(i) Absolute Value Function (or Modulus Function):
Y
y = x, x > 0
Ï - x, x < 0 y = –x, x < 0 135º
f (x) = | x | = Ì  45º
Ó x, x ≥ 0
Domain = R, Range = [0, ∞) X O X
Graph is symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
Properties of Modulus Function: Y
 78 Integral Calculus

(a) | x | ≤ a ⇒ – a ≤ x ≤ a ; (a ≥ 0)
(b) | x | ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ – a or ≥ a; (a ≥ 0)
(c) | x ± y | ≤ | x | + | y |
Y
(d) | x ± y | ≥ | x | – | y |
(ii) Signum Function:
Ï 1, x > 0 1
Ô
f ( x) = Ì 0, x = 0
X X
Ô –1 x < 0 O
Ó
–1
Domain = R, Range = {–1, 0, 1}. It is a many one and
discontinuous function.
Y

(iii) Greatest Integer Function:

[ x ] indicates the integral part of x which is less than or equal to x.
i.e., [ 5 ] = 5, [ –4 ] = –4, [ 0 ] = 0, [ 4. 2 ] = 4, [x]=n
[ 0. 12 ] = 0, [ –3.94 ] = –4, –[ 3.1 ] = 4
If f ( x) = [ x]
then f (x) = k ∀ x Œ[k , k + 1) , where k is any integer,
n n+1
x
[x] is also known as floor of x.
x ........... –2 £ x <–1 -1 £ x < 0 0 £ x <1 1£ x < 2 2£ x<3 3£ x< 4 ..............
y = [ x] -------- -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -----

4
3
2
1
–4 –3 –2 –1
X O 1 2 3 4 5
X
–1
–2
–3
–4

Y
Graph of y = [x]
Properties of Greatest Integer Function:
(a) x – 1 < [x] < x (b) [x + n] = [x] + n, where n∈I
Ï 0; x ŒI
(c) [x] + [– x] = Ì (d) [x] = n ⇒ n £ x < n + 1
Ó-1; x œI
[x] > n ⇒ x > n, n ∈ I
[x] < n ⇒ x < n + 1, n ∈ I
(iv) Fractional Part Function: Here {.} donotes the fractional part of x. Thus f (x) = {x}
Functions79 79

Ï x + 1, x Œ[-1, 0)
Ô x, x Œ[0,1)
Ô
⇒ f (x) = x – [x], x ∈ R i.e., f (x) = {x} = Ì
Ô x - 1, x Œ[1, 2)
ÔÓ 0, x ŒZ

x ........... –2 £ x <–1 -1 £ x < 0 0 £ x <1 1£ x < 2 2£ x<3 ..............

{x} -------- x+2 x +1 x x -1 x-2 -----
Y

1
+3 +2 1 1 2 3
x x x+ x x– x– x– X
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4

Domain = R, Range = [0, 1), Nature is Many one. This is a periodic function with period 1. It is
discontinuous for all integers.
Properties of Fractional Part function:
x = [x] + {x} where [.] and {.} denotes the integral and fractional part of x respectively.
Ï0 ; x ŒI
{x} + {– x} = Ì
Ó1 ; x œI
Illustration 1: Solve the equation, x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0.
Sol. We are given that,
x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 4x + x – {x} + 3 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 3x + 3 = {x} ⇒ 0 < x2 – 3x + 3 < 1
2
9 9 Ê 3ˆ 3
Now x2 – 3x + 3 = x2 – 3x + + 3 – = Áx- ˜ + > 0
4 4 Ë 2¯ 4
⇒ x – 3x + 3 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ x – 3x + 3 < 1 ⇒ x – 3x + 2 < 0 ⇒1 < x < 2, [x] = 1
2 2 2

Now from the original equation we have x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 ⇒ (x – 2)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2,

which does not satisfy 1 < x < 2
Thus the given equation does not have any solution.
(v) Least Integer Function: y = ( x) = È x ˘ , È x ˘ or (x) indicates the integral part of x which is nearest
and greater integer to x.
It is known ceiling of x.
Thus È 2.3203˘ = 3, (0.23) = 1
(–8.0725) = –8, (–0.6) = 0
[n] = n ( x)   x   n  1
In general , n < x £ n + 1 ( n is an integer)
⇒ (x) = n + 1 , [x] = n n x n+1
⇒ (x) = n + 1 = È x ˘
and n < x £ n + 1 ( n is an integer)
Here, f ( x) = ( x) = È x ˘ , can be expressed graphically as
 80 Integral Calculus

x -2 < x £ –1 –1 £ x £ 0 0< x £ 1 1< x £ 2 2< x£3

È x ˘ = ( x) -1 0 1 2 3
Y

1
–3 –2 –1
X X
O 1 2 3
–1

–2

–3

Y
Properties of Least Integer Function:
(a) (x) = x = È x ˘ holds if x is integer
(b) È x + I ˘ = (x + I) = (x) + I, I ∈ integer.
(c) Greatest integral function [ x ] converts x = I + f into (I). while [ x ] converts to ( I + 1)
Illustration 2: Find the solution set of ( x) 2 + ( x + 1) 2 = 25 , where (x) is the least integer greater than
equals to x.
Sol. Let x = I + f where I ( integer) and f (fractional part)
Then, ( I + f ) 2 + ( I + f + 1) 2 = 25 ( i.e., 0 < f < 1)
2 2
⇒ {I + 1} + {I + 2} = 25
⇒ I 2 + 2 I + 1 + I 2 + 4 I + 4 = 25
⇒ 2 I 2 + 6 I + 5 - 25 = 0
⇒ 2 I 2 + 6 I - 20 = 0
So, I = 2, –5
Thus, x = 2 + f , – 5 + f , where 0 < f < 1
⇒ 2 < 2 + f < 3, –5 < –5 + f < –4 … (i)
Again let x=I
∴ x 2 + ( x + 1) 2 = 25
∴ x = 3, – 4 … (ii)
from (i) and (ii); x Œ (–5, – 4] » (2, 3]
Functions81 81

Illustration 3: If [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x, and (x) = the least integer greater than
or equal to x, and [x]2 + (x)2 > 25, then what x belongs to?
Sol. Let; x = I + f where I Œ integer, f Œ fractional part (i.e., 0 £ f < 1 )
∴ [ x]2 + ( x) 2 > 25
⇒ [ I + f ]2 + ( I + f ) 2 > 25
⇒ I 2 + {I + 1}2 > 25
⇒ I 2 + I 2 + 2 I + 1 > 25 ⇒ 2 I 2 + 2 I - 24 > 0
⇒ I 2 + I - 12 > 0 ⇒ ( I + 4)( I - 3) > 0
∴ I < –4 or I >3
Here, x = I + f
So, x < –4 + f or x > 3 + f
Since, 0 £ f < 1
∴ x £ -4 and x ≥ 4 + +
–4 – 3
Hence, x Œ (– •, – 4] » [4, •)

Graph 2:– y = [2x]

When x ∈ [0, ½ ) then [x] = 0

When x ∈ [1/2 , 1) then [x] = 1
When x ∈ [1, 3/2 ) then [x] = 2
When x ∈ [3/2, 2 ) then [x] = 3 and so on
When x ∈ [–1/2, 0 ) then [x] = –1
When x ∈ [–1,– ½ ) then [x] = –2 and so on
The graph of y = [2x] as shown in the figure.
y

–2 –1 1 2

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5
 82 Integral Calculus

Question that can be asked:

2. What is the area between y = [2x] and x-axis between x= 0 and x =2
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) None of these

Question that can be asked:

3. What is the area between y = [3x] and x-axis between x= 0 and x =1
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) None of these
Èx˘
Graph 4:– Í ˙
Î2˚
When x ∈ [0, 2 ) then [x] = 0
When x ∈ [2 , 4) then [x] = 1
When x ∈ [4, 6) then [x] = 2 and so on
When x ∈ [–2, 0 ) then [x] = –1
When x ∈ [–4, –2 ) then [x] = –2 and so on
The graph of y = [x/2] as shown in the figure.

4 Y

X
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

Question that can be asked:

4. What is the area between y = [x/2] and x-axis between x = –1 and = 3
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) None of these
Functions83 83

Graph 6:– y = –[x]

Step 1:– Plot y = [x] as we did earlier
Y
5

X
–5 5

–5

Step 2:– Now plot y = –[x] by taking reflection with respect to X–axis.
When x ∈ [0, 1 ) then [x] = 0 so –[x] = 0
When x ∈ [1 , 2) then [x] = 1 so –[x] = –1
When x ∈ [2, 3) then [x] = 2 so –[x] = –2 and so on
When x ∈ [–1, 0 ) then [x] = –1 so –[x] = 1
When x ∈ [–2, –1 ) then [x] = –2 so –[x] = 2and so on
y

x
–5 5

–5
 84 Integral Calculus

Question that can be asked:

7. Find the area between F(x)= [–x] and G(x) = –[x] between x = –2 to x =3, (Although the area is not
bounded hence take x=t line for all integer t)
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) None of these
Graph 10:– È x 2 ˘
Î ˚
When x ∈ [0, 1 ) then x2 ∈ [0, 1) and [x] = 0
When x ∈ [1 , √2) then x2 ∈ [1, 2) and [x] = 1
When x ∈ [√2, √3) then x2 ∈ [2, 3) and [x] = 2
When x ∈ [√3, 2) then x2 ∈ [3, 4) and [x] = 3 and so on
When x ∈ (–1, 0] then x2 ∈ (0, 1] and [x] = 0
When x ∈ (–√2, –1] then x2 ∈ (1,2] and [x] = 1 and so on
y
5

1
x
–2 –1 1 2
–1

–2

Question that can be asked

9. Find the area between [x2], and x –axis between x= –1 to x = 2
(a) 5 –√3– √2 (b) 5 –√3– 2√2
(c) 5 –2√3– √2 (d) None of these

Graph 11:– [ x ]2
When x ∈ [0, 1 ) then [x] = 0 and [x]2 = 0
When x ∈ [1 , 2) then [x] = 1 and [x]2 = 1
When x ∈ [2, 3) then [x] = 2 and [x]2 = 4 and so on
When x ∈ [–1, 0) then [x] = –1 and [x]2 = 1
When x ∈ [–2, –1) then [x] = –2 and [x]2 = 4 and so on
Functions85 85

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5

–2

Graph of y = [x2] and y = [x]2

2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-2
Question that can be asked
10. Find x if [x2] = [x]2 when x ∈ (0, 3)
(a) (0, √2 ) U [2, √5) (b) (0, √2 )
(c) (0, √2 ) U [2, √6) (d) None of these

Graph 14:– | [ x ]3 |
Step 1:– Plot [x]3 as we did in graph 13
y

x
–5 5

–5
86 Integral Calculus

Step 2:– Now plot |[x]3| by taking reflection of [x]3 with respect to X–axis as shown in the figure.
y

x
–5 5

–5

Question that can be asked

Which one of the following is correct about the function y = | [ x ] | .
3
14.
(a) Function is symmetric about y–axis
(b) Function is symmetric about X–axis
(c) Function is symmetric about x = 1/2
(d) None of these

Graph 17:– { x}2

When x ∈ [–2, –1) then y = ( x + 2)

2

When x ∈ [–1, 0) then y = ( x + 1) 2

When x ∈ [0, 1) then y = x 2
When x ∈ [1, 2) then y = ( x - 1) 2
When x ∈ [2, 3) then y = ( x - 2) 2 and so on

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2
Functions87 87

Question that can be asked:

17. Find the number of roots of the equation x = { x}
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of these

CONCEPT APPLICATOR
1. If [x] denotes the integral part of x. for real x. p
then the value of 5. f ( x ) = sin [ x ] + [sin x ] , 0 < x <
, where [  ]
2
È1˘ È1 1 ˘ È1 1 ˘ È1 3 ˘ represents the greatest integer function, can
Í 4 ˙ + Í 4 + 200 ˙ + Í 4 + 100 ˙ + Í 4 + 200 ˙
Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚ also be represented as
È 1 199 ˘ Ï0 , 0 < x <1
+ ... + Í + ˙ Ô
Î 4 200 ˚ (a) Ì p
ÔÓ1 + sin1 , 1 £ x < 2
(a) 50 (b) 100
(c) 25 (d) 75 Ï 1 p
Ô 2 , 0< x<
2. For x, the solution of [x + 2] + [x – 8] > 0 is: Ô 4
(a) [3, •) (b) [4, •] (b) Ì
Ô1 + 1 + 1 + 3 , p £ x < p
(c) [4, •) (d) (3, •) ÔÓ 2 2 2 4 2
3. For x, the solution of x – 3 = {x} is:
(a) [2, 4] (b) [3, 5] Ï0 , 0 < x <1
Ô
(c)
Ì p
(c) (3, 4) (d) [3, 4]
ÔÓsin1 , 1 £ x < 2
4. Let f ( x ) = cos ÎÈp 2 ˚˘ x + cos ÎÈ-p 2 ˚˘ x where [x]
Ï p
is GIF then Ô0 , 0< x<
4
Ô
Ê pˆ Ô p
(a) f (p ) =1
f Á ˜ = -1 (b) (d)
Ì1 , < x <1
Ë 2¯ Ô 4
Ê pˆ Ô p
f (-p ) = -1 (d)
(c) f Á ˜ =2 Ôsin1 , 1 £ x < 2
Ë 4¯ Ó

CONCEPT BUILDER
6. Find the Domain of the function f ( x ) = 0 for infinite number of values of x
(b)
1
f ( x) = , f ( x ) = 0 for only two real values
(c)
[ ] [ ]
x
2
- 7 x + 10
(d) Both (a) and (b)
where [.] denotes the greatest integer functions. 8. If { } denotes the fractional part of x, the range
(a) (-•, 2) » (5, • ) (b) (-•, 2] » [5, • ) of the function f ( x ) = { x} - 2 { x} is
2

(-•,3] » [5, • )
(c) (d) None of these (a) φ (b) [0, 1/2]
7. Let f ( x ) = [ x ] + [ x + 1] - 3 where [ x ] = the
2
(c) {0, 1/2} (d) {0}
greatest integer function. Then 9. Let f : R Æ R and g : R Æ R be two one-one
(a) f ( x ) is a many one and into function and onto functions such that they are the mirror
 88 Integral Calculus

images of each other 12. The greatest value of the function f(x) = cos
about the line y = a. If h ( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) ,
then h(x) is
{ }
xe[ x] + 2 x 2 - x , x Œ (-1, • ) , where [x] de-
notes the greatest integer less than or equal to x
(a) one-one onto (b) one-one into
is
(c) many-one onto (d) many-one into
(a) 0 (b) 1
10. If f : R Æ R, g : R Æ R be two given func-
(c) 2 (d) 3
tions, then f ( x ) + g ( x ) + f ( x ) - g ( x ) is
2 x(sin x + tan x)
equal to 13. The graph of f ( x ) = is sym-
È x + 21p ˘
(a) 2 max { f ( x ) , g ( x )} 2Í
Î p ˙˚
- 41

(b) 2 max { f ( x) , g ( x) } metric about.

(a) x-axis (b) y-axis
(c) 2 min { f ( x ) , g ( x )} (c) origin (d) none of these
(d) 2 min { f ( x) , g ( x) } a x −1
13. If the graph of the function f ( x) =
11. Range of
the function f defined by x n (a x + 1)
È 1 ˘ is symmetric about y-axis, then n =
f ( x) = Í ˙ (where) [.] and {.} respec-
Î sin { x} ˚ (a) 2 (b) 2/3
tively denotes the greatest integer and the frac- (c) 1/4 (d) –1/3
tional part function) is
1 ax -1
(a) I, the set of integers 14. (d) f ( x ) = ¥ =E
xn ax +1
(b) N, the set of natural numbers
g ( x) h ( x)
(c) W, the set of whole numbers.
(d) Q, the set of rational numbers (∵ graph of f is symmetric about y-axis).

CONCEPT APPLICATOR (CA) SOLUTIONS

1. (a) Since Step 2: fi f (p /2) = cos 9p /2 + cos 5p = -1

È1˘ È1 1 ˘ È 1 149 ˘
Í 4 ˙ = 0, Í 4 + 200 ˙ = 0,º Í 4 + 200 ˙ = 0, f (-p ) = cos (-9p ) + cos (-10p ) = 0 = f (p )
Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚
f (p /4) = cos 9p /4 + cos 5p /2 = 1/ 2
È 1 150 ˘ È 1 151 ˘ È 1 199 ˘
ºÍ +
4 200 ˙ = 1, Í 4 + 200 ˙ = 1, º Í 4 + 200 ˙ = 1 Ê 0 if 0 < x < 1
Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚ p
5. (c) If 0 < x < \[ x ] = Á p
The value of 1st 150 terms is 0, remaining 50 2 Á1 if 1 £ x <
Ë 2
terms each has value 1. So total value is 0 ¥ 150
+ 1 ¥ 50 = 50 Ïsin 0 = 0 if 0 < x < 1
Ô
2. (c) given [x + 2] + [x – 8] > 0 fi sin [ x ] = Ì p
fi [x] + 2 + [x] – 8 > 0 ÔÓsin1 if 1 £ x <
2
fi [x] > 3 or x Œ [4, •) p
3. (d) given x – 3 = [x] We have 0 < sin x < 1 when 0 < x < .
2
fi x Р{x} = 3 so [x] = 3 fi x Π[3, 4] p
\ [sin x ] = 0 for 0 < x <
Step 0:  [p ] = 9 and [ – p ] = 10, so
2 2
4. 2
Step 1: f ( x ) = cos 9 x + cos (-10) x = cos 9x + Ê0 if 0 < x < 1
cos 10x \ sin [ x ] + [sin x ] = Á p
Á sin1 if 1 £ x <
Ë 2
Functions89 89

CONCEPT BUILDER (CB) SOLUTIONS

6. (d) Step 0: We know that 1/ x is defined Case 1: If g 2 ( x ) ≥ f 2 ( x ) , then y 2 = 4 g 2 ( x )

when x > 0
fi y = 2 g ( x )
Step 1: Domain [ x ] - 7 [ x ] + 10 > 0
2

([ x ] - 5) ([ x ] - 2) > 0 fi [ x ] 2 and [ x] 5
{
So, y = 2 max f ( x ) , g ( x ) }
11. (b)  0 < { x} < 1
[ x ] < 2 fi x 2 and [ x ] 5 fi x ≥ 6
0 < sin { x} < sin1
fi x Œ (-•, 2) » [6, • )
1
Also, >0
7. (d) Step 0: f ( x ) = [ x ] + [ x + 1] - 3
2
sin { x}
= {[ x ] + 2} {[ x ] - 1} È 1 ˘
Then, Í ˙ = 1, 2,3, º.
Step 1: So, x = 1, 1.1, 1.2, º fi f ( x) = 0 Î sin { x} ˚
Step 2: f(x) is many one only integral values \ Rf = N
will be attained. 12. (b) The greatest value of cos q is 1 for the point
\ f(x) is into x = 0 , the argument of the given cosine func-
{ }
8. (d) Step 0: x 2 - 2 { x} ≥ 0

tion is
0e[0] + 2.02 - 0 = 0
Step 1: fi { x} ({ x} - 2} ≥ 0
Therefore the greatest value of f ( x ) is 1.
fi { x} £ 0 or { x} ≥ 2 13. (c) Numerator = 2 x (sin x + tan x )
Step 2: Second case is not possible. Hence {x} = O ¥ (O + O ) = O ¥ O = E
= 0.
Èx ˘
as { x} £ [0,1) Here range of f(x) contains only Denominator = 2 Í + 21˙ - 41 = g ( x )(say )
Îp ˚
one element 0.
x
9. (d) Step 0: Since f ( x ) and g ( x ) are mirror Let = n + f n Œ I & f Œ[0,1]
images of each other about the line y = a, f ( x ) p
and g ( x ) are at equal distances from the line Then g ( x ) = 2 [n + f + 21] - 41
y = a.
= 2 (n + 21) - 41 = 2n + 1
Step 1: Let for some particular x0
È x ˘
f ( x0 ) = a + k , then g ( x0 ) = a - k , g ( x ) = 2 Í- + 21˙ - 41
Î p ˚
then h ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) + g ( x0 ) = 2a
= 2 [n - f + 21] - 41
Step 2: \ h ( x ) = 2a " x ΠR. So, h ( x ) must
= 2 ÈÎ(21 - n ) - f ˘˚ - 41
be a constant function, which is many-one into.
10. (b) Let y = f ( x ) + g ( x ) + f ( x ) - g ( x ) = 2 (20 - n ) - 41 = -2n - 1
 g (- x ) = - g ( x ) \ g is an odd function
y 2 = f 2 ( x) + g 2 ( x) + 2 f ( x) g ( x) + f 2 ( x)
E
+ g 2 ( x) - 2 f ( x) g ( x) + 2 f 2 ( x) - g 2 ( x) \ f ( x) =O
O
= 2 f 2 ( x) + 2 g 2 ( x) + 2 f 2 ( x) - g 2 ( x) 1 ax -1
14. (d) f ( x ) = ¥ =E
Case 1: If f 2 ( x ) ≥ g 2 ( x ) , then y 2 = 4 f 2 ( x ) xn ax +1
g ( x) h ( x)
fi y = 2 f ( x )
(∵ graph of f is symmetric about y-axis).
 FUNCTIONS

90 Integral Calculus

a- x - 1 1- ax È 18 ˘ È18 (2) ˘ È18 (3) ˘

h (- x ) = -x
= x
= h ( x) Í 35 ˙ + Í 35 ˙ + Í 35 ˙
a +1 1+ a Î ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚
i.e. h is an odd function. È18 (33) ˘ È18 (34) ˘
Hence + ... + Í ˙+Í ˙
Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚
g ( x) ¥ O = E
[Note: [y] denotes the greatest integer function
\ g ( x ) is an odd function. less than or equally to y]
This possible only if n = -1/ 3 (a) 289 (b) 291
15. If [x] is the greatest integral function, then (c) 245 (d) None of these
4020
È1 k -1 ˘
È18 (1) ˘ È18 (2) ˘ È18 (3) ˘
 ÍÎ 2 + 4020 ˙˚ is equal to
16. (a) x = Í ˙+Í ˙+Í ˙
k =1
Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚
(a) 2010 (b) 2009
(c) 2011 (d) 2005 È18 (33) ˘ È18 (34) ˘
 +º+ Í ˙+Í ˙   … (i)
15. (a) For k = 1, 2, 3... upto 2010, the value of Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚
È1 k -1 ˘
Í 2 + 4020 ˙ is equal to zero È 18 ˘ È 18 (2) ˘ È 18 (3) ˘
Î ˚ x = Í18 - ˙ + Í18 - ˙ + Í18 - ˙
Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚
For k = 2011, 2010, ... 4020, the value of
È1 k -1 ˘ È 18 (33) ˘ È 18 (34) ˘
Í 2 + 4020 ˙ = 1 + ... + Í18 - ˙ + Í18 - ˙   … (ii)
Î ˚ Î 35 ˚ Î 35 ˚
\ The sum value is 2010. Adding above two results we get fi 2N = (18 –
16. Find the value of expression 1) + (18 – 1) + ... + (18 – 1) = 17(34)
fi N = 17 (17 ) = 289

EXTRA QUESTIONS

1. If f ( x ) = cos (sin x ) + sin (cos x ) , then the (0, • )

(a) (b) (0, 5)
range of f(x) is (c) ( - •, 0 ) (d) None
È cos1, sin1 ˘
(a) 4. The range of the function
Î ˚
È 1˘ È 1˘
È cos1, 1 + sin1 ˘
(b)
Î ˚ f ( x ) = sin -1 Í x 2 + ˙ + cos -1 Í x 2 - ˙
Î 2˚ Î 2˚
È
(c) ˘
Î 1 - cos1, sin1 ˚ where [.] = G. I. F
(d) È cos1,1˘ Ïp ¸
Î ˚ (a) {p} (b) Ì ˝
2. The Range of the function Ó2˛
(c) {2p} (d) {0}

Ï
(
3p ¸
f ( x ) = log10 Ìsin -1 x - 5 + ˝ is
Ó 2˛
) 5. The range of
È 3p ˘ È 3p ˘ Êp ˆ
(a) f ( x) = sec Á cos 2 x˜ , - • < x < • is
Ílog 2 , log 2p ˙ (b) Ílog 2 , log 3p ˙ Ë4 ¯
Î ˚ Î ˚
È 3p ˘ È 3p ˘ [Orissa JEE 2002]
(c) Ílog 2 , log p ˙ (d) Ílog 4 , log 2p ˙
Î ˚ Î ˚ (a)
[1, 2] (b)
[1, •)
3. The domain of the function (c)
[- 2, - 1] » [1, 2]
{ (
f ( x ) = log10 1 - log10 x - 5 x + 10
2
)} is (d)
(-•, - 1] » [1, •)
Functions91 91

x x Ï a2
24. The function f ( x ) = sin - cos is a x. 0£ x£
n! (n + 1)! Ô
Ô 2
f -1 ( x ) = Ì
(b)
periodic with period ? [Question 86] ,pg-1.64 Ô 2 a + a 2 - x, a2
(a) 2(n!) (b) (n + 1) ÔÓ £ x £ a2
2
(c) (n + 1)p (d) None of these
Ï a2
25. The period of the function Ô x. 0£ x£
Ô 2
Ê pˆ Ê pˆ
sin 2 x + sin 2 Á x + ˜ + cos x cos Á x + ˜
(c) f ( x) = Ì
-1

f ( x) = c Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯
is Ô 2 a - a 2 + x, a2
ÔÓ £ x £ a2
2
(where c is constant)
(d) None of these
p
(a) 1 (b) 22. Find the domain of f -1 ( x )
2
(c) p
x Œ ÈÎ0, 2a 2 ˘˚
x Œ ÈÎ0, 2a ˘˚ (b)
(a)
(d) cannot be determined
27. A real valued function f satisfies f(10 + x) = x Œ ÈÎ 2a, a 2 ˘˚ (d)
(c) x Œ ÈÎ0, a 2 ˘˚
f(10 – x) and f (20 - x) = - f (20 + x) , for all
x Œ R which of the following statements is 23. For a = 2, the domain of the function ∆(x) =
true? f -1 ( x ) - f ( x ) is/are
(a) f is an even function (a) x Œ[0,1] (b) x Œ[0, 2]
(b) f is an odd function
x Œ[1, 2] (d)
(c) x ŒÈÎ2, • )
(c) f is aconstant function
25. Let f : N Æ N where f(x) = x + (-1)
x-1
(d) f is a non-periodic function . Find
30. If a, b be two fixed positive integers such that the inverse of f.
f (a + x) = b + [b3 + 1 - 3b 2 f ( x) + 3b{ f ( x)}2 (a) f  –1(x) = x – (–1)x+1
1 (b) f  –1(x) = x – (–1)x+1
- { f ( x)}3 ]3 (c) f  –1(x) = x + (–1)x–1
for all real x, then f(x) is a periodic function (d) None of these
with period [Orissa JEE 2003]
26. The range of sin -1 x - cos -1 x is
(a) a (b) 2a
(c) b (d) 2b È -3p p ˘ È -5p p ˘
(a)
Í 2 , 2 ˙ (b)
Í 2 , 3˙
Î ˚ Î ˚
Direction for question number 21-24 È -3p ˘ È p˘
2˘
(c)
Í 2 , p ˙ (d)
Í0, 2 ˙
Consider a function f : ÈÎ0, 2a ˘˚ Æ ÈÎ0, a ˚ Î ˚ Î ˚
27. The domain of the function
Ï a
ÔÔ x2 , 0£ x£
2 f ( x ) = 10 - x 4 - 21x 2 is
f ( x) = Ì
( a
)
2
Ô a 2 - 2a - x , £x£a (a)
[5, •)
ÔÓ 2
È- 21, 21˘
(b)
Î ˚
21. Find f -1 ( x )
È-5, - 21˘ » È 21,5˘ » {0}
(c)
Ï a2 Î ˚ Î ˚
Ô x. 0£ x£ (d)
(-•, -5]
Ô 2
f -1 ( x ) = Ì
(a)
2
Ô 2 a - a 2 - x, a
ÔÓ £ x £ a2
2
 92 Integral Calculus

EXTRA QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS

1. Key. B 3. Key. B
Sol. Period of f(x) is 2p, but f(x) is not defined for Sol. (a) The function f(x) is defined if (i) x2 – 5x +
x Π(p/2, 3p/2). Hence it suffices to consider
x Œ [–p/2, p/2]. Further since f(x) is even, we
(
10 > 0, (ii) 1 - log10 x 2 - 5 x + 10 > 0 )
consider x Œ [0, p/2]. Now, (ii) fi log (x – 5x + 10) < 1 fi x2 –
10 2

5x + 10 < 10
Now cos (sin x ) and sin (cos x ) are de-
fi x2 – 5x < 0 fi x(x – 5) < 0
creasing functions for x Π[p,p/2].
fi 0 < x < 5 ...(A)
fi Rf = ÈÎ f (p /2) , f (0)˘˚ = ÈÎ cos1, 1 + sin1 ˘˚ Again, x 2 - 5 x + 10 > 0 for all x,...(B)
2. Key. A Since the discriminate of the corresponding
Ï
(
Sol. Let f ( x ) = log10 Ìsin -1 x - 5 + ˝ .
Ó
)
3p ¸
2˛
equation x 2 - 5 x + 10 = 0 is negative, so
that the roots of the equation are imaginary.
The function is defined if (i) x - 5 ≥ 0 (ii) Combining (A) and (B), we find that the
-1 £ x - 5 £ 1 and domain of f(x) is (0, 5).
(b) The function g(x) is defined if (i) (x – 4)2 >
(
(iii) sin -1 x - 5 +
3p
2
) >0.
0, (ii) log 4 ( x - 4) > 0
2

Now (i) fi x ≥ 5
(ii) fi 0 £ x - 5 £ 1 fi 6 £ x £ 6 . {
(iii) log 3 log 4 ( x - 4)
2
}>0
(iii) is satisfied by virtue of (ii). (i) is true for all x.…(A)
Hence, considering (i) and (ii), we find that the (ii) is true if ( x - 4) > 1 fi x 2 - 8 x + 15 > 0
2

domain of the function viz. D f = [5, 6] .

fi ( x - 3)( x - 5) > 0 fi x < 3 or x > 5
Let y1 = sin -1 ( )
x - 5 and y2 = sin -1 ( x-5 ) ...(B)
(iii) is true if log 4 ( x - 4) > 1
3p 2
+ so that y = log10 ( y2 ) where y2 = y1 +
2
fi ( x - 4) > 4 fi x 2 - 8 x + 12 > 0
2
3p
2 fi (x – 2)(x – 6) > 0
Now, for y1 since x Œ[5, 6] , y1 ≥ 0 so that fi x < 2 or x > 6 ...(C)
Hence combining (A), (B) and (C), we find
pÊ p pˆ
ÁË - £ sin ( z ) £ ˜¯
0 £ y1 £ -1 that the domain of g(x) is (- •, 2) » (6, • ) .
2 2 2
4. Key. A
Consequently
È 1˘
3p 3p p 3p 3p Sol. Let y1 = sin -1 Í x 2 + ˙
0+ £ y1 + £ + fi £ y2 £ 2 p Î 2˚
2 2 2 2 2
È 1˘
Ê 3p ˆ and y2 = cos -1 Í x 2 - ˙ . Then y = y1 + y2 .
fi log Á ˜ £ log ( y2 ) £ log (2p ) , Î 2˚
Ë 2¯
since u = log z is an increasing function È 1˘
Now, y1 = sin -1 Í x 2 + ˙ is defined
Ê 3p ˆ Î 2˚
fi log Á ˜ £ log ( y2 ) £ log (2p ) .
Ë 2¯ È 1˘ 1
if -1 £ Í x 2 + ˙ £ 1 fi -1 £ x 2 + < 2
Î 2˚ 2
È 3p ˘
Hence the range of f(x) is Ílog , log 2p ˙ .
Î 2 ˚ 3 3
fi - £ x 2 < ...(1)
2 2
Functions93 93

È 1˘ 5 2 5 5
Again y2 = cos -1 Í x 2 - ˙ is defined = sin x + cos 2 x =
Î 2˚ 4 4 4
È 1˘ 1 5
If -1 £ Í x 2 - ˙ £ 1 fi -1 £ x 2 - < 2 So f ( x ) =c4 is a constant function whose pe-
Î 2˚ 2
riod can not be determined.
1 5
£ x 2 < ...(2)
fi - 27. (b) Change x to 10 – x to obtain
2 2
Taking the intersection of (1) and (2), we find f (20 - x ) = f ( x )
that We have f(20 – x) = –f(20 – x)
1 3 3 fi f(x) = –f(20 + x)
- £ x 2 < fi 0 £ x 2 < ,
2 2 2 Now change x to 20 + x
since x2 cannot be negative. f(20 + x) = –f(40 + x)
1 1 –f(x) = –f(40 + x)
Now, for x2 so that £ x 2 + £ 1 and
2 2 f(x) = f(40 + x), so f is periodic
1 2 1 Again f(–x) = –f(20 – x) = –f(x)
- £ x - £ 0 , we have
2 2 Thus f is odd
y = sin -1 (0) + cos -1 (-1) = 0 + p - cos -1 (1) 30. (b) f (a + x) = b + (1 + {b - f ( x)}3 )1/3
= 0 + p - 0 = p. fi f (a + x) - b = {1 - { f ( x) - b}3 }1/3
1 3
Similarly for £ x 2 < , we have fi j(a + x) = {1 - {j( x)}3 }1/3 ,
2 2
p p [j( x) = f ( x) - b ]
y = sin -1 (1) + cos -1 (0) = + = p .
2 2 fi j( x + 2a ) = {1 - {j( x + a )}3 }1/3 = j( x)
Hence the range of the given function is [p].
fi f ( x + 2a ) - b = f ( x ) - b
Êp ˆ
5. (a) f ( x) = sec Á cos 2 x˜ fi f ( x + 2a ) = f ( x )
Ë4 ¯
\f(x) is periodic with period 2a.
We know that, 0 £ cos 2 x £ 1 at cos x = 0,
f ( x) = 1 and at cos x = 1, = a.1 - b.1 = a - b. Solution for question number 21-24
; \ 1 £ x £ 2 fi x Œ[1, 2] . 21. (a) Given that f : ÈÎ0, 2a ˘˚ Æ ÈÎ0, a 2 ˘˚
x 2p
24. (d) Period of sin is = 2pn ! a
n ! 1/ n ! Ï
ÔÔ x2 , 0£ x£
x 2p 2
Period of cos = = 2p (n + 1)! f ( x) = Ì
(n + 1)! 1/ (n + 1)! 2
(
2
Ô a - 2a - x , a
)
£x£a
Period of f(x) is LCM of 2pn! and 2p(n + 1)! = ÔÓ 2
2p(n + 1)! a a2
25. (d) First consider the exponent when 0 £ x £ , f ( x) = x2 , 0 £ f ( x) £
2 2
Ê pˆ Ê pˆ
sin 2 x + sin 2 Á x + ˜ + cos x cos Á x + ˜

{ }
2
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Put x = f -1 ( x ) fi f -1 ( x ) = x,
2
Ê sin x 3 cos x ˆ a2 a
= sin 2 x + Á + 0£ x£ , 0 £ f -1 ( x ) £
Ë 2 2 ˜¯ 2 2
Ê cos x 3 sin x ˆ a2
+ cos x Á - fi f -1 ( x ) = x , 0 £ x £
Ë 2 2 ˜¯ 2
 94 Integral Calculus

a fi 0 £ x £1
When £ x £ 2a,
2 Case II: 2£x£2
È 1 ˘
a2
( ) f -1 ( x ) = x i.e., f -1 ( x ) ŒÍ2 4 ,
2
f ( x) = a2 - 2a - x , £ f ( x) £ a2 2˙
2 ÍÎ ˙˚

{ }
2
2a - f -1 ( x ) , ( )
2
Now let x = f–1(x), x = a 2 - and f ( X ) = 4 - 2 2 - x ,

a2
2
£ x £ a2 ,
a
2
£ f -1 ( x ) £ 2a f ( x ) Œ È2, 8
Î ( )
2 -1 ˘
˚
Hence, f -1 ( x ) - f ( x ) ≥ 0 " x Œ∆
{ }
2
fi 2a - f -1 ( x ) = a2 - x
Hence, domain of f -1 ( x ) - f ( x ) is x Œ[0,1]
fi 2a - f -1
( x) = ± 2
a -x for a = 2
25. (c) We have, f(x) = x + (–1)x–1.
fi f -1 ( x ) = 2a  a 2 - x
Putting successively x = 1, 2, 3, … , we get
Neglecting positive sign since
a f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2; f(2) = 2 + (–1) = 1;
£ f -1 ( x ) £ 2a f(3) = 3 + (–1)2 = 3 + 1 = 4; f(4) – 1 = 3
2
f(4) = 5 + 1 = 6; f(5) = 6 – 1 = 5; ...
fi f ( x ) = 2a - a 2 - x
From above, we see that the graph of f(x) con-
Ï a2 sists of the points (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5,
Ô x. 0£ x£ 6), (6, 5), … .
Ô 2
fi f -1 ( x ) = Ì
a 2 Thus if (a, b) is a point on the graph, then (b, a)
Ô 2 a - a 2 - x, £ x £ a2
ÔÓ is also a point on the graph.
2
Hence the inverse of is f itself
22. (d)
i.e. f -1 ( x ) = x + (-1)
x -1
Hence, domain of f–1(x) is x Œ ÈÎ0, a 2 ˘˚ ; x ŒN .
23. (a) p
For a = 2 26. (a) Step 0: We know that sin -1 x + cos -1 x =
2
Ï
Ô x2 , 0£ x£ 2 p
f ( x) = Ì Step 1: sin -1 x - cos -1 x = - cos -1 x - cos -1 x
( )
2
2
ÔÓ4 - 2 2 - x , 2£x£2
p
= - 2 cos -1 x
ÔÏ x, 0£ x£2 2
and f -1 ( x ) = Ì
ÔÓ2 2 - 4 - x, 2£x£2 Step 2: 0 £ cos -1 x £ p fi 0 £ 2 cos -1 x £ 2p

Domain of f -1 ( x ) - f ( x ) is when f  –1(x) – fi -2p £ -2 cos -1 x £ 0

f(x) ≥ 0 -3p p p
fi £ - 2 cos -1 x £
We have two cases 2 2 2
Case I: 0 £ x £ 2 È -3p p ˘
\ Range = Í , ˙
x - x2 ≥ 0 Î 2 2˚
Ê 3ˆ 27. (c) Step 0: Given function is defined if x4 –
fi x Á1 - x 2 ˜ ≥ 0
Ë ¯ 21x2 ≥ 0 and 10 - x 4 - 21x 2 ≥ 0
 FUNCTIONS

Functions95 95

( )
Step 1: fi x 2 x 2 - 21 ≥ 0 ...(1)


(a) 2
(c) 1
(b) –2
(d) None of these
and 100 ≥ x 4 - 21x 2 ...(2) 31. Find the minimum value of y = f(x)
Step 2: From (1) we get x = 0 or x £ 21 or x = 2|x – 2| – |x + 1|
(a) 2 (b) –2
≥ 21
(c) 1 (d) None of these
And from (2) we get fi x 4 - 21x 2 - 100 £ 0 32. Consider a function y = f (x) = 3 |x + 2| + 2 |x – 2|
( )( )
fi x 2 - 25 x 2 + 4 £ 0 + |x – 4| find the minimum value of the function
(a) 11 (b) 14
fi x 2 - 25 £ 0 (as x 2 + 4 > 0 always) (c) 13 (d) None of these
fi -5 £ x £ 5 33. If x is a positive real number, then
Step 3: Combining the above two results we  x   x + 1
get  2  +  2  =

Domain is given by ÈÎ-5, - 21˘˚ » ÈÎ 21,5˘˚ and 
(a) 1
x−

(b) [x]
x = 0. 2 
28. Find x if |x – 1| – |x + 2| < 1  1  1
(a) (–∞, –1) (b) (–1, ∞)  2 x + 4 
 x + 4  (d)
(c)
(c) (1, ∞) (d) None of these
34. Let F (x) be a function defined by F (x) = x –
29. Find the minimum value of y = f(x) [x], 0 ≠ x ∈ R, where [x] is the greatest integer
= |x – 2| + |x + 3| – |x + 1| less than or equal to x. Then the number of
(a) 2 (b) 3
1
(c) 5 (d) None of these solutions of F (x) + F   = 1 is
30. Find the minimum value of y = f(x)
x
= |x – 2| – |x + 3| + |x + 1| (a) 0 (b) infinite
(c) 1 (d) 2

CONCEPT CRACKER 5 (BASED ON MISC)

The range of the function f ( x ) = sin -1 (log [ x ]

1. Ê1 ˆ
3. The graph of f ( x ) = Á - n˜ - n is lie in the
+ log(sin -1 [ x ]; (where[.] denotes the greatest Ë x ¯
integer function) is (n > 0)
(a) R (b) [1, 2) (a) I and II quadrant
Ï p ¸ (b) I and II quadrant
(c) Ìlog ˝ (d) {–sin 1}
Ó 2˛ (c) I and IV quadrant
2. The range of the function (d) II and III quadrant
È 1˘ È 1˘ 4. The range of f(x) = [sin x + [cos x + [tan x + [sec
f ( x ) = sin -1 Í x 2 + ˙ + cos -1 Í x 2 - ˙ ,
Î 2˚ Î 2˚ x]]]], x Œ (0, p/4), where [.]denotes the greatest
integer function £ x, is
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
is (a) {0, 1} (b) {–1, 0, 1}
Ïp ¸ (c) {1} (d) none of these
(a) Ì ˝ (b) {p} x x
Ó2˛ 5. Let f ( x) = e{e sgn x} and g ( x) = e[e sgn x ] , x Œ R
where {} and [] denotes the fractional and inte-
Ï 1 ¸ Ê pˆ
(c)
Ì- , 0 ˝ (d)
ÁË 0, ˜¯ gral part functions respectively. Also h ( x ) is =
Ó 2 ˛ 2
log ( f ( x )) + log ( g ( x )) then for real x, h(x) is
 96 Integral Calculus

(a) An odd function (c) 15 (d) 16

(b) And even function [Note: sgn(y), [y] and {y} denote signum func-
(c) Neither an odd nor an even function tion, greatest integer function and fractional
(d) Both odd as well as even function. part function respectively.]
12. The sum of all positive integral values of ‘a’,
6. If F : R Æ [-2, 2] , then
a Œ[1, 500] for which the equation [x]3 + x – a
 [Question 94] ,pg-1.65
= 0 has solution is
(a) F ( x ) is one-one function [Note: [ ] denotes the greatest integer func-
F ( x ) is many-one function
(b) tion.]
(a) 462 (b) 512
F ( x ) is onto function
(c)
(c) 784 (d) 812
F ( x ) is into function
(d) 13. Let f(x) = ||x – 4x + 3| –2|. If f(x) = m has exact-
2

7. Let f ( x) = [ x] and g ( x) = x + [ x] . Then the ly two real solutions then the value of m is
number of solutions of the equality ([.] is G.I.F) (a) (2, • ) (b) (2, • ) » {0}
4(x – f(x)) = g(x) is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (-2, • ) » {0}
(c) (d) None of these
(c) 4 (d) 0 14. Let f(x) = |x – 9| − |x – a|. Find the number of
2

integers in the range of a so that f(x) = 0 has 4

8. If f ( x) = [ x 2 ] - [ x]2 , [ ] denotes greatest in-
distinct real root.
teger function and x Œ[0, n] , n Œ N , then the
number of elements in the range of f ( x) is (a) 12 (b) 15
(a) 1 (b) n - 1 (c) 17 (d) None of these
(c) n (d) 2n - 1 15. The sum of all real roots of the equation
9. Find the integral solutions to the equation [x] |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0 is
[y] = x + y. Show that all the non-integral solu- (a) 7 (b) 4
tions lie on exactly two lines. Determine these (c) 1 (d) 5
lines. Here[.] denotes greatest integer function. 16. The solution of ||x| – 1| < |1 – x|, x ∈ R is
(a) Number of pairs of integral solution is 4 (a) (–1, 1) (b) (0, ∞)
(b) Non integral solution lie on two straight (c) (–1, ∞) (d) None of these
lines 17. Find the number of integral values of x which
(c) Number of pairs of integral solution is 3 satisfy, –1 ≤ [2x2 –3] ≤ 1 where [.] is GIF
(a) 0 (b) 1
(b) Non integral solution lie on one straight
(c) 2 (d) None of these
lines
10. If the equation |x – 2| – |x + 1| = p has exactly 18. If |x – 1| + |x| + |x + 1| ≥ 6; then x lies in
one solution, then number of integral values of (a) (–∞, 2] (b) (–∞, –2] ∪ [2, ∞)
p, is (c) R (d) f
(a) 3 (b) 4 19. The product of all the solutions of the equation
(x – 2)2 – 3|x – 2| + 2 = 0, is
(c) 5 (d) None of these
(a) 2 (b) – 4
11. Sum of all the integral values of x satisfying the (c) 0 (d) None of these
Ê È 15 ˘ˆ
equation sgn Á Í = [1 + {2x}] is 20. Find x if |x – 1| – |x + 2| < 1
Ë Î1 + x 2 ˙˚˜¯ (a) (–∞, –1) (b) (–1, ∞)
(a) 0 (b) 7 (c) (1, ∞) (d) None of these
Functions97 97

NUMERICAL TYPE
117
1 (a) 3 (b) 5
21. Let S = Â where [.] denotes the (c) 7 (d) None of these
2[ r ] + 1
r =1
24. The number of solutions of the equation
greatest integer function. The value of S is
x 2 + [ x ] - 4 x + 3 = 0 is ([.] Æ denotes the
22. The range of the function Y = ÈÎ x 2 ˘˚ - [ x ] ,
2
greatest integer function)
x Œ[0, 2] where [.] denotes the integral part, (a) 0 (b) 1
has how many elements (c) 2 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1 25. Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal
(c) 2 (d) None of these to x. If all the values of x such that the product
23. If n is a natural and 1 £ n £ 100 , then the number È 1˘ È 1˘
Èn˘ Èn˘ Èn˘ n n n Í x - 2 ˙ Í x + 2 ˙ is prime, belongs to the set [a,
of solutions of Í ˙ + Í ˙ + Í ˙ = + + Î ˚Î ˚
Î2˚ Î3˚ Î5˚ 2 3 5 b) » [c, d), find the value of a + b + c + d is
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) (a) 0 (a) 2
(c) 7 (d) 5

SOLUTION CONCEPT CRACKER 5 (BASED ON MISC)

1. (c) sin -1 (log [ x ]) is defined if -1 £ log [ x ] £ 1 È 2 1˘ -1 Ê È 2 1˘ ˆ

Í x + 2 ˙ + cos ÁË Í x + 2 ˙ - 1˜¯
and [ x ] > 0 Î ˚ Î ˚
Ê 1ˆ 1
1  Á x2 + ˜ ≥
fi £ [ x ] £ e fi [ x ] = 1, 2 fi x Œ[1,3) Ë 2¯ 2
e
( )
Again, log sin -1 [ x ] is defined if
È 1˘
\ Í x 2 + ˙ = 0 or1
2˚
Î
sin -1 [ x ] > 0 and -1 £ [ x ] £ 1
È 1˘
fi [ x ] > 0 and -1 £ [ x ] £ 1 fi 0 < [ x ] £ 1 if Í x 2 + ˙ = 0
Î 2˚
fi x Œ[1, 2) Then f ( x ) = sin -1 (0) + cos -1 (0 - 1) = 0 + p =
\ Domain of f ( x ) = [1, 2) p and for

For 1 £ x < 2,[ x ] = 1

È 2 1˘
Íx + 2 ˙ = 1
p p Î ˚
\ f ( x ) = sin -1 0 + log= log , "x Œ[1, 2)
2 2 f ( x ) = sin -1 1 + cos -1 (1 - 1) = sin -1 1 + cos -1 0
Ï p¸ p p
\ Range of f ( x ) = Ìlog ˝ = + =p
Ó 2˛ 2 2
\ g - n ( x ) = ( x + 1) 4- n - 1 Therefore, range of f ( x ) is {p}
È 1˘ È 1 ˘ È 1˘ 3. (b)  f ( x ) ≥ 0"x Œ R ~ {0}
2. (b)  Í x 2 - ˙ = Í x 2 + - 1˙ = Í x 2 + ˙ - 1
Î 2˚ Î 2 ˚ Î 2˚
i.e, I and II quadrant (\ x > 0 and x < 0)
\ f ( x ) = sin -1
 98 Integral Calculus

4. (c) Given 8. (d) If x Π(n - 1, n) then [x] = n Р1 fi [x]2 =

f ( x ) = ÎÈsin x + [cos x +[ tan x + sec x]]]˚˘ (n – 1)2 and (n - 1) 2 £ [n 2 ] £ n 2 - 1

= [sin + p ] , where p = [cos x + [tan x[sec x]]] 0 £ [ x 2 ] - [ x]2 £ n 2 - 1 - (n - 1) 2

0 £ f ( x ) £ 2n - 2
= [sin x ] + p, (as p is an integer )
Since f(x) has to be integer, range of
= [sin x ] + [cos x + [tan x[sec x]]] f ( x) = {0,1, 2,3,.....2n - 2}
= [sin x ] + [cos x ] + [ tan x ] + [sec x ] \ The number of elements in range of f is
(2n - 1)
Ê 1 ˆ
Now, for x Œ (0, p /4), sin x Œ Á 0, ˜ 9. (b) Given that [x] [y] = x + y
Ë 2¯ let x = I1 + f1
Ê 1 ˆ y = I2 + f2
cos x Œ Á ,1 , tan x Œ (0,1) ,
Ë 2 ˜¯ then I1 I 2 = I1 + I 2 + f1 + f 2

(
sec x Π1, 2 ) (i) if x, y ΠI
then
fi [sin x ] = 0, [cos x ] = 0, [ tan x ] = 0 xy = x + y
and [sec x ] = 1 x
or y =
x -1
fi The range of f ( x ) is1. fi (x, y) is (0, 0), (2, 2)
(ii) if x, y œ I
5. (a) h ( x ) = log ( f ( x ) .g ( x )) = log e{ y}+[ y ]
x = I1 + f1
= { y} + [ y ] = e x sgn x y = I 2 + f 2
Ï e x ,x > 0 then I1 + I 2 + f1 + f 2 = I1 I 2
Ô
\ h ( x ) = e sgn x = Ì 0 ,x = 0
x
fi f1 + f 2 ΠI
Ô -x
Ó-e ,x < 0 0 < f1 + f 2 < 2 fi f1 + f 2 = 1
Ï e - x ,x > 0 I1 + I 2 + 1 = I1 I 2
Ô
fi h (- x ) = Ì 0 ,x = 0 I1 =
I2 + 1
= 1+
2
Ô x I2 - 1 I2 - 1
Ó-e ,x < 0
I 2 - 1 = ± 1, ± 2, I 2 = 2, 0, 3, -1
fi h ( x ) + h (- x ) = 0 for all x.
I1 = 3, - 1, 2, 0
6. (c)  F ( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
I1 I 2 = 6, 0
= 1 - 2sin 2 x + cos 2 x x + y = I1 I 2
= 2 cos 2 x - 1cos 2 x £ 1
fi x + y = 0 or x + y = 6
fi -2 £ 2 cos 2 x £ 2
Integral solution (0, 0); (2, 2). x + y = 6, x
Range of F ( x ) = condomain of F ( x ) fi F ( x ) +y=0
is onto function. 10. (d) Let f(x) = |x – 2| – |x + 1|
7. (a) The given equation is
Ï 3; x < -1
4( x - [ x]) = x + [ x] = 2[ x] + {x} Ô
= Ì1 - 2 x; -1 £ x £ 2
4{x} = 2[ x] + {x} Ô -3;
Ó x>2
2[ x]
\ 0£ < 1 fi x = 0, 5/3
3
Functions99 99

Y Y

4
y=3
3
(0, 1)
x=2 2
X
1
x = –1 Ê1 ˆ
ÁË , 0˜¯
2 X
y = –3 1 2 3 4 5

14. (c) For tangency, x2 – 9 = x – a

fi x2 – x + a – 9 = 0
\ p Œ (–3, 3), required integral values are {–2,
–1, 0, 1, 2} Required sum is 0 Since D = 0 fi 1 – 4a + 36 = 0
y
Ê È 15 ˘ˆ |x2
11. (a) sgn Á Í =1 – 9| = |x – a|
Ë Î1 + x 2 ˙˚˜¯
(0, 9)
Æ |x2 – 9|

1 + x 2 £ 15 fi x 2 £ 14
\ Number of integral values of x are {–3, –2,
–1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
x
12. (d) x = a - [ x ] fi x ΠI
3 -37 –3 O 3 37
4 4
\ a = x3 + x
2 37
7 7
Ê 7 ¥ 8ˆ 7¥8 fi a=
Âa = Âr 3 + Âr = ÁË 2 ˜¯ + 2 4
r =1 r =1
-37
= 784 + 28 = 812 also a =
4
13. (b) See graph y = f(x) = ||x2 – 4x + 3| – 2|, y = \ For 4 distinct solution,
m is a horizontal line with intersection points, Ê -37 ˆ Ê 37 ˆ
from which the x-values have different signs, a ŒÁ , -3˜ » (-3, 3) » Á 3, ˜
Ë 4 ¯ Ë 4¯
only if m > 2.
Hence, number of integers are 17.

SOLUTION NUMERICAL TYPE

22. We have, y = ÈÎ x 2 ˘˚ - [ x ] , x Œ[0, 2]

2
21. [ 117] = 10; If r Œ[n 2 , (n + 1) 2 ) : n Œ then
[ r] = n i.e., y = ÈÎ x 2 ˘˚ , 0 £ x < 1
2 2
The interval [n , (n + 1) ) has 2n + 1 integers
y = [x2] – 1,  1 £ x < 2
1 1
S= .3 + .5 = [x2] – 1,  x = 2
2.1 + 1 2.2 + 1
= 0  x = 2
1 1
+.... + .19 + .18 i.e., y = 0,  0 £ x < 1
2.9 + 1 2.10 + 1
18 69 = 1 – 1 = 0  1 £ < x < 2
= 9+ = .
21 7 = 2 – 1 = 1,  2 £x< 3
[Answer is 9.86]
100 Integral Calculus

fi ( x - 2) = 0 fi x = 2 .
2
= 3 – 1 = 2,  3 £x<2
= 0  x = 2 But x = 2 does not satisfy the inequality 1 < x <
Hence, the range is {0, 1, 2 } 2.
[Answer is 3] Hence no x is available to satisfy the equation.
That is, the given equation has no solution.
23. From the given equation, we have
[Answer is 0]
Ê n È n ˘ˆ Ê n È n ˘ˆ Ê n È n ˘ˆ 25. Product of two integers is prime if one of them
- + - + - =0
ËÁ 2 ÍÎ 2 ˙˚¯˜ ËÁ 3 ÍÎ 3 ˙˚¯˜ ËÁ 5 ÍÎ 5 ˙˚¯˜ is 1.
È 1˘ È 1˘
Ïn¸ Ïn¸ Ïn¸ Now Í x - ˙ Í x + ˙ is to be prime
fi Ì ˝ + Ì ˝ + Ì ˝ = 0 ; where {.} is a F.P.F. Î 2 ˚Î 2˚
Ó2˛ Ó3˛ Ó5˛
1 È 1˘
But each of the fraction part functions is pos- Case I: Let x - = 1 and Í x + ˙ = 2
itive and their sum is zero. Hence each of the 2 Î 2˚
fraction part function is zero. Consequently, 1 1
\ 1£ x - < 2 and 2 £ x + < 3
n n n 2 2
each of , , is an integer. The 1 c.m. of 2,
2 3 5 3 5 3 5
3, 5 is 30. Therefore we can take n = 30k where £ x < and £ x <
2 2 2 2
k is an integer.
Hence the number of solutions such that È 3 5ˆ
Hence, x Œ Í , ˜ ...(i)
1 £ n £ 100 is = 3 (viz. n = 30, 60 and 90) Î 2 2¯
[Answer is 3] È 1˘ 1
Case II: Let Í x - ˙ = -1 and x + = -2 (we
24. From the given equation, we have x2 + (x – f) – Î 2 ˚ 2
4x + 3 = 0, where f = F. P. F. such that 0 £ f < 1 will find no solution)

( )
fi x 2 - 3 x + 3 - f = 0 fi f = x 2 - 3 x + 3 .

È 1˘ È 1˘
Case III: Let Í x + ˙ = 1 and Í x - ˙ = 2 (we
Î 2 ˚ Î 2˚
But 0 £ f < 1 .
will find no solution)
Therefore 0 £ x 2 - 3 x + 3 < 1 …(1)
È 1˘ È 1˘
Now, solving x 2 - 3 x + 3 = 0 , we get Case IV: Let Í x + ˙ = -1 and Í x - ˙ = -2
Î 2˚ Î 2˚
3 ± 9 - 12 1 1
x= = imaginary \ -1 £ x + < 0 and -2 £ x - < -1
2 2 2
\ x 2 - 3 x + 3 ≥ 0 for all x Œ R . 3 1 3 1
- £ x < - and - £ x < -
2 2 2 2 2
Again from x - 3 x + 3 < 1 , we get
È 3 1˘
x 2 - 3 x + 2 < 0 fi ( x - 2)( x - 1) < 0 Hence, x Œ Í- , - ˙ ...(ii)
Î 2 2˚
fi 1 < x < 2 .
Thus the inequality (1) is satisfied if 1 < x < 2 È 3 1ˆ È 3 5ˆ
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x Œ Í- , - ˜ » Í , ˜
fi [x] = 1. Î 2 2¯ Î 2 2¯
Putting {x} = 1 in the given equation, we get \a+b+c+d=2
2 2
x + 1 - 4 x + 3 = 0 fi x - 4 x + 4 = 0 [Answer is 2]
 FUNCTIONS

Functions101 101

Concept Deviator CD Test A

Single Correct: 6 Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

Ê1- xˆ A6. If f ( x ) = ax 2 - c such that -4 £ f (1) £ -1

A1. Let f ( x) = ln Á . The set of values of ‘a’
Ë 1 + x ˜¯
and -1 £ f (2) £ 5 then which of the following
2 Ê a ˆ is true
for which f (a ) + f (a ) = f Á 2 is
Ë a - a + 1˜¯ (a) -7 £ f (3) £ 26
satisfied are (b)
-4 £ f (3) £ 15
(a) (–1/8, 1/8) (b) (-1, 1)
(c)
-1 £ f (3) £ 20
(c) (–1/2, 1/2) (d) None of these
2 + x2 -28 35
A2. The range of the function (d) £ f (3) £
5 + 4 x2 + x4 3 3

Ê 3ˆ
(0,1)
(a) (b) Á 0, ˜
Ë 4¯
INTEGER TYPE
A7. Let f(x) = max. {sin t : 0 £ t £ x}, g(x) = min,
Ê 2ˆ
(c) ÁË 0, ˜¯ (d) None of these {sin t : 0 £ t £ x} and h(x) = [f(x) – g(x)} where
3 [ ] denotes greatest integer function, and the
A3. If ‘f’ is a differentiable function satisfying the range of h(x) has how many ‘k’ elements. Sum
equation of all the elements is S, find S/4
f ( x - f ( y )) = f ( f ( y )) + x f ( y ) A8. The sum of all possible values of n is ‘k’, where
+ f ( x) - 1, "x, y Œ R n Œ N , x > 0 and 10 < n £ 100 such that the
Then equation [2x2] + x – n = 0 has solution, find
(a) f(0) < -1 (b) f(-1) > f(1) k/100
(c) f(2) < 0 (d) f ¢(2) > 0 [Note: [x] denotes largest integer less than or
equal to x.]
A4. Let ‘m’ be the least value of the function f(x) =
|x. ln x| , x Œ [e, •), then the number of values x2 + x + e
A9. If the range of function f(x) = ,x ŒR
2
of x for which e| x - 4 x + 5| = m is true is x2 + 2 x + c
(a) 2 (b) 4 È5 3˘
is Í , ˙ , then c/5 is equal to
(c) 1 (d) zero Î6 2˚
A5. The range of function f(x) defined by f(x) = A10. If a polynomial function ‘f’ satisfies the relation
x2 + 1 Ê 2 2 ˆ
, x Œ R - {0} is log2[f(x)] = log2 Á 2 + + +º+ •˜ .log 3
(
log e x 2 + 1 ) Ë 3 9 ¯

(-0,1) (b)
(a) (0, 2) Ê ˆ
Á f ( x) ˜
[e, • )
(c) (d) (-•, • ) Á1 +
Ê 1ˆ ˜
˜ and f(10) = 1001, then the value
Á f Á ˜˜
ÁË Ë x¯ ¯
102 Integral Calculus

of f(12)/100 is (c) one curve y = g1(x) passes through (1, 1)

Ï x ˘¸ Ï È x ˘¸ and the other y = g2 (x) passes through (2,
A11. If f ( x) = {x} + Ì x + ÍÈ + x+Í
2 ˙˝ Ì 2 ˙˝ 3).
Ó Î1 + x ˚ ˛ Ó Î1 + 2 x ˚ ˛
A15. Which of the following statement is true :

Ï È
+º+ Ì x + Í
x ˘¸
2 ˙˝
Ó Î1 + 99 x ˚ ˛
then value of f ( 2 ) is (a) y = g1(x) is odd , y = g2 (x) is even
(b) y = g1 (x) , y = g2 (x) both are odd
Note: [k] and {k} denote greatest integer and (c) y = g1(x) is even, y = g2 (x) is odd
fractional part functions of k respectively. (d) None of these
A12. Let f(x) = 4x(1 – x), 0 £ x £ 1. The number of A16. Which of the following statement is true :
x (a) g1 (1) + g 2 (2) = 3
solution of f(f(f(x))) = is
3
g1 (1) - g 2 (2) = -1
(b)
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 16 g1 (1) + g (2) = 4
(c)
(d) g1 (1) + g 2 (2) = 6
PARAGRAPH TYPE A17 If both curves satisfy Ist condition, then Which
QUESTION of the following statement is true :
Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 14 (
g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) = x g11 ( x ) - g12 ( x )
(a) )
Consider a quadratic function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
(a, b, c Œ R, a π 0) and satisfying the following con- g1 ( x ) - g 2
(b) ( x ) = x ( g ( x ) + g ( x ))
1
1
1
2

ditions. g1 ( x ) .g11 ( x ) = g 2 ( x ) g12 ( x )

(c)
(a)
f(x – 4) = f(2 – x) " x Œ R and f(x) ≥ x " x
(d) g12 ( x ) + g 22 ( x ) = const
ŒR
2
Ê x + 1ˆ
f ( x) £ Á
(b) "x Π(0, 2) ASSERTION & REASONING
Ë 2 ˜¯
(c) The minimum value of f(x) is zero A18. Statement-1: f (x) = loge x cannot be expressed
as a sum of odd and even function.
A13. Find the value of f(3)
Statement-2: f (x) = loge x is neither odd nor
(a) 4 (b) 3 even function.
(c) 8 (d) None of these
A19. Consider the function satisfying the relation if
A14. f ¢ (5) has the value equal to
 2 tan x  (1 + cos 2 x)(sec 2 x + 2 tan x)
(a) 1/4 (b) 3 f =
(c) 1/2 (d) None of these  1 + tan 2 x  2
Paragraph for Question Nos. 15 to 17 Statement-1: Range of y = f (x) is R.
Statement-2: Linear function has range R if
Consider a pair of curves y = g1(x) and y = g2 (x) are
domain is R.
such that
A20. Statement-1: If f (x) = cos x and g (x) = x2, then
(a) The tangent drawn at points with equal f (g (x)) is an even function.
abscissa intersect in y-axis Statement-2: If f (g(x)) is an even function,
(b) the normal drawn at points with equal then both f (x) and g (x) must be even function.
x-coordinates intersect on x-axis
Functions103 103

Concept Deviator CD Test B

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

B1. f ( x + 1) = (-1) x +1 x - 1 f ( x) for natural num- È -p p ˘

" t Œ Í , ˙ . If the range of g(f(x)) is [a, b]
ber x and f (1) = f (1986) . Then the value of Î 4 4˚
( f (1) + f (2) + ... + f (1985)) is then find the value of a4 + b4.
(a) 994 (b) 993 (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 793 (d) None of these (c) 8 (d) None of these
B2. The domain of the function

{ (
f ( x ) = log e sgn 9 - x 2 )} + [ x ]3 - 4 [ x ] MULTIPLE CORRECT
B7. Let f(x) = – x100. If f(x) is divided by x2 + x, then
where [x] = G.I.F the remainder is r(x). Find the value of r(10).
[- 2,1) » [2,3] (b)
(a) [- 4,1) » [2,3] (a) f(3) >2 (b) f(5) <7
(c) f(4) > 4 (d) f(9) > f(4)
[4,1) » [2,3]
(c) (d) [2,1) » [2,3]
B8. Let function f(x) be defined as f(x) = x2 +
B3. The domain of the function of f ( x ) = log[ x] bx + c, where b, c are real numbers and
{sgn ( x )} (where [.] G.I.F) is
2 f(1) –2f(5) + f(9) = 32. Number of ordered pairs
(b, c) such that f ( x ) £ 8 for all x in the inter-
[2, • )
(a) (b) (–2, 2) val [1, 9]
( - •, 2 )
(c) (d) None (a) b = 7 (b) b = –10
(c) c = 17 (d) b + c = 24
B4. The range of f ( x ) = - x3 + x 2 - x + cos -1 x, is
3 x 2 + mx + n
B9. f : R Æ R, f ( x ) = . If the range
[-1,3 + p ] (b)
(a) [0,p - 1] x2 + 1
[-1, 2 + p ]
(c) (d) [-1, p ] of this function is [–4, 3), then find the value of
m2 + n2.
B5. Let f be an odd periodic function from R to R.
(a) m = 0 (b) m = –1
If the period of f is 2 and it is given that
(c) n = 4 (d) n = –4
Ê Ê 1 1 1 ˆˆ
f Á (3.65 + log 9 Á 6- 6- ... • ˜ ˜ Ï x + 3 if x Œ[-4, -2)
ÁË Á2 3 2 3 2 3 ˜¯ ˜¯ Ô
4Ë B10. Let f ( x ) = Ì 1 if x Œ[-2, 2) ,
= 1, then Ô3 - x if x Œ[2, 4]
Ó
(a) f(0.85) = 1 (b) f(0.85) = –1
È x+6 x < 0
(c) f(0.85) = 2 (d) None of these g ( x) = Í then:
Î2 x + 6 x ≥ 0
B6. Let f ( x ) = sin 4 x + 4 cos 2 x + 4 cos 2 x (a) gof (x) = k will have one atleast solution if
4 2
- cos x + 4sin x and g(sin 2t) = sin t + cos t k Œ[5, 8]
(b) Range of fog (x) is [–1, 1]
104 Integral Calculus

lim fog ( x ) = -1
(c) x π 0 where [x] denotes the greatest integer function
x Æ-2 ≤x
(d) gof (x) is an even function. B16. The number of solutions of the equation
x 2 + ( f ( x )) = 1 is {-1 £ x £ 1}
2

INTEGER TYPE
(a) 0 (b) 2
B11. If f ( x) = 2sin 2 q + 4 cos( x + q) sin q = cos(2x + (c) 4 (d) 6
Èp ˘ B17. The sum of all the roots of the equation g(x) –
2q) then value of f 2 ( x) + f 2 Í - x ˙
Î4 ˚ h(x) = 0 is {–2 ≤ x ≤ 2}
5 2
B12. f ( x) = x + x + 1 has roots x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, (a) positive (b)negative
and g ( x) = x 2 - 2 then g(x1) g(x2) g(x3) g(x4) (c) zero (d) none of these
B18. (d) The range of the function y = f ( f ( f (g(x))) is
g(x5) -30 g ( x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 ) = ____
(a) 2 (b) 5 ÎÈ-1, • ) (b)
(a) ÈÎ0, • )
(c) 7 (d) 11 (c) ÈÎ1, • ) (d) ÈÎ2, • )
B13. If f ( x). f ( y ) = f ( x) + ( y ) + f ( xy ) - 2"x, y Œ R B19. (c) The domain of y = g(g(g( f (x)))) is
and if f(x) is not a constant function, then the
value of f(1)/5 is equal to ÎÈ-1, • ) (b)
(a) ÈÎ0, • )

B14. f ( x ) = x - 1 , f : R + Æ R and g ( x ) = e x , g : (c) ÈÎ1, • ) (d) ÈÎ2, • )

B20. (d) The number of solution(s) of the equation
[-1, • ) Æ R if the function fog(x) is defined,
f(x) = g(x) is (are)
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ is the number non-positive inte-
(a) 0 (b) 1
gers in its domain and range respectively then
find a + b (c) 2 (d) 3
B15. Let g (x) be a polynomial of degree 8 satisfying
1
g (r ) = , r = 1, 2,3,...,9, and f ( x ) =
r
ÏÊ x ˆ Ê x ˆ Ê x ˆ Êx ˆ
Ô ÁË 1 - 1˜¯ ÁË 2 - 1˜¯ ÁË 3 - 1˜¯ ........ ÁË 9 - 1˜¯ 1
Ô + ,x π 0
Ì x x
Ô 1 1 1
Ô 1 + + + .......... + , x=0
Ó 2 3 9
1 f (-1)
Then =
15 g (10)
(a) 50 (b) 45
(c) 5 (d) 50

PARAGRAPH BASED
Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 17
Let f ( x ) = min { x - [ x ] , - x - [- x ]} , -2 £ x £ 2 , g(x)
sin x
= 2 - x - 2 , -2 £ x £ 2; h ( x ) = , –2 £ x £ 2
sin x
Functions105 105

Concept Deviator CD Test C

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

C1. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a < b) and f(x) ≥ 0 “ x (a) 2004, 2094 (b) 1804, 1994
a+b+c (c) 1904, 1994 (d) 1894
ΠR. Find the minimum value of
b-a Ê 2[| sin x | + | cos x |] ˆ
(a) –3 (b) 3 C6. f ( x) = cos -1 Á 2
11 ˜
Ë sin x + 2sin x + 4 ¯
(c) 2 (d) None of these
C2. Find the sum of all integral values of a where ( [ ] denotes greatest integer function}. Then
a Œ[-10,10] such that the graph of the func- domain of f(x) is the internal [0, 2p] is.
tion f(x) = ||x – 2 | – a| – 3 has exactly there È 7 p ˘ È11p ˘
x-intercepts.
(a) Í0, 6 ˙ U Í 6 , 2p ˙ (b) [0, 2p ]
Î ˚ Î ˚
(a) –3 (b) 0
È 7 p 11p ˘ È 3p 11p ˘
(c) 3 (d) None of these Í 6 , 6 ˙
(c) (d) Í , ˙
Î ˚ Î2 6 ˚
C3. If f(x) = x + 3x + 4x + b sin x + c cos x " ΠR
3 2

is a one-one function, then find the maximum

value of (b2 + c2) MULTIPLE CORRECT
b 2 + c 2 £ 1 (b)
(a) b2 + c2 £ 2 C7. If f(x) = x2 + bx + c and f(2 + t) = f(2 – t) for all
real numbers t, then which of the following is
(c) b2 + c2 £ 2 (d) None of these
true?
10 + x
C4. If e f ( x ) = , x Π(-10,10) and f ( x) = kf (a) f(2) < f(4) (b) f(1) < f(4)
10 - x
(c) f(2) < f(1) (d) f(4) < f(2)
Ê 200 x ˆ
ÁË ˜ , then k = C8. If the range of the function f ( x ) =
x -1
100 + x 2 ¯
p - x2 + 1
A. 2 B. 10
does not contain any values belonging to the
1 1
C. D. È -1˘
2 10 interal to the interval Í-1, ˙ then p can be
Î 3˚
C5. Let f be a function defined on the set of
non-negative integers and taking values in the (a)
-100 (b)
-99
same set. Given that 99 100
(c) - (d) -
Èx˘ È f ( x) ˘ 100 99
(i) x - f ( x ) = 19 Í ˙ - 90 Í ˙”
19
Î ˚ Î 90 ˚ C9. If f: R Æ R, f(x) is a differentiable function such
x
non-negative integers x. [x] denotes
greatest integer functions.
that { f ( x )}2 = e2 + Ú ÈÍÎ f (t )2 + { f ¢ (t )}2 ˘˙˚ dt ,
0
(ii) 1900 £ f (1990) £ 2000 . Then possible “ x ŒR. The value of f(1) can take is/are
values of f(1990)can take. (a) e2 (b) –e2
(c) 1 (d) –1
106 Integral Calculus

x-5 elements in the set A. Also let F denote the set of all
C10. Let f be a function defined by f(x) = , functions f : {1, 2,..., n} Æ {1, 2,...., k }(n ≥ 3, k ≥ 2)
x-3
x π 3, 2; f k ( x) denote the composition of f satisfying f (i ) π f (i + 1) for every i, 1 £ i £ n - 1 .
with itself taken k times i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))) 16. Total number of mappings in F equals
then
k n (k - 1) (b)
k (k - 1)
n
(a)
f 2012 (2009) = 2009
(a)
k n -1 (k - 1) (d) k (k - 1)
n -1
2006 (c)
2009
(b)
f (2010) =
2007 17. If c (n, k ) denote the number of functions in F
1003 satisfying
f 2009 (2011) =
(c)
1004
f (n ) π f (1) , then, for n ≥ 4, c (n, k ) =
(d) f 2012 (2012) = 2012
k (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k )
n -1
(a)
INTEGER TYPE k (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k - 1)
(b)
n

C11. The maximum value of the function f(x) =

k n -1 (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k )
(c)
x4 - x2
where x > 1 is equal to p/q then (d) k n (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k )
x 6 + 2 x3 - 1
find the value of (p + q)/5 18. For n ≥ k , c(n, k ) equals
C12. Let xi be the solution of the equation
k n + (-1) (k - 1)
n
(a)
Ê (
( x - 2) x 2 + 10 x + 24 ) ˆ
x + 2 -3 = sgn Á1 - 2 ˜ (k - 1) + (-1)
(b)
n n -1
(k - 1)
Á
Ë ( ) (
x + 1 ( x + 4) x 2 , + 4 x - 12 ) ˜
¯
(k - 1) + (-1) (k - 1)
(c)
n n

 xi
(d) k n + (-1) (k - 1)
then find n -1

5
[Note: sgn (y) denotes the signum function of y.] Paragraph for Question Nos. 19
2010 to 20
C13. Let f ( x) = 5 + Â a2r -1 x 2r -1 and f (-1) = 4
An even periodic function f : R Æ R with period 4
r =1
then f(1)/4 Èmax . (| x |, x 2 ; 0 £ x < 1
is such that f ( x ) = Í
C14. If m, n (n > m) are positive integers, then num- Î x; 1£ x £ 2
ber of solutions of the equation 19. The equation of circle with centre lies on the
n | sin x | = m | cos x | in [0, 2p] is curve f(x) at x = 9 and touches x-axis is
C15. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4 with leading (a) x2 + y2 – 14x – 2y + 49 = 0
coefficient one satisfying f (1) = 1 , f (2) = 2 , (b) x2 + y2 – 18x – 4y + 84 = 0
f (3) = 3 then
(c) x2 + y2 – 18x – 2y + 81 = 0
È f (-1) + f (5) ˘ (d) x2 + y2 – 18x + 2y + 81 = 0
1/4 Í ˙= ([.] denotes GIF)
Î f (0) + f (4) ˚ 20. If g(x) = |3 sin x|, then the number of solutions
of f(x) = g(x) for x Π(-6, 6) , are
PARAGRAPH BASED (a) 5 (b) 7
Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 18 (c) 3 (d) 9
For a finite set A, Let |A| denote the number of
Functions107 107

Concept Deviator CD Test D

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

1 1 1 (c) 4p (d) 5 p
D1. f ( x) = + + then number of
x -1 x - 2 x - 3 D4. If the range of the function
points where f ( x) = 0 Ê 1ˆ
f(x) = cos x Á sinx + sin 2 x + ˜ .
(a) 1 (b) 2 Ë 2¯
(c) 3 (d) 4
Is [-p, q] then find p2 + q2
p
D2. f ( x ) = sin [ x ] + [sin x ] , 0 < x < , where [ ] (a) 3/2 (b) 3
2
(c) 5/2 (d) None of these
represents the greatest integer function, can
also be represented as D5. The set of real values of ‘x’ satisfying the
È3˘ È4˘
Ï0 , 0 < x <1 equality Í ˙ + Í ˙ = 5 (where [ ] denotes the
Ô Îx˚ Îx˚
(a) Ì p
ÔÓ1 + sin1 , 1 £ x < 2 greatest integer function) belongs to the inter-
Ê b˘ b
Ï 1 p val Á a, ˙ where a, b, c Œ N and is in its
, 0< x< Ë c˚ c
Ô 2 4
Ô lowest form. Find the value of a + b + c + abc.
(b)
Ì
Ô1 + 1 + 1 + 3 , p £ x < p (a) 20 (b) 15
ÔÓ 2 2 2 4 2 (c) 21 (d) None of these
Ï0 , 0 < x <1 D6. The function f : [0, 2] Æ [0, 4] , defined by f(x)
Ô = x3 – 5x2 + 7x + 1, is
(c)
Ì p
ÔÓsin1 , 1 £ x < 2 (a) one-one and onto
(b) onto but not one-one
Ï p
Ô0 , 0< x<
4
(c) one-one but not onto
Ô (d) neither one-one nor onto
Ô p
(d) Ì1 , < x <1
Ô 4
Ô p MULTIPLE CORRECT
Ôsin1 , 1 £ x < 2 D7. Let f(x) = |x – 2| and
Ó
g(x) = f ( f ( f ( f ...( f ( x))))...). If the equa-
  
D3. Let f : R Æ R - {3} be a function such that for n time

f ( x) - 5 tion for, k Π(0, 2) then

some p > 0, f ( x + p ) = for all x ΠR. (a) g(x) = k has 8 distinct solutions then n = 4
f ( x) - 3
Then, period of f is (b) g(x) = k has 11 distinct solutions then n = 5
(a) 2 p (b) 3p (c) g(x) = k has 6 distinct solutions then n = 3
108 Integral Calculus

(d) g(x) = k has 7 distinct solutions then n = 3 ÈÂxi ˘˚

(a) 3 (b) 4 is xi, then find Î here (where [x] & {x}
5
(c) 5 (d) 8
denotes integral and fractional part of x)
D8. If f : [2, • ) Æ [8, • ) is a surjective function
x -1
defined by f(x) = x2 Р(p Р2) x + 3p Р2, p ΠR D14. If the function f ( x) = does not take
c - x2 + 1
(a) There exists two values of p 1˘
È
(b) Minimum value of p is 2 any value in the interval Í-1, - ˙ , then the
Î 3˚
(c) All values of p is less than 10
largest value that [c] can attain is equal to here
(c) Maximum value of p is less than 15 [.] is greatest integer function.
D9. Which of the following statements are true for D15. The sum of all positive integral values of ‘a’,
the function a Œ[1,500] for which the equation [x]3 + x – a
Ê x2 + e ˆ Ê x2 + e ˆ = 0 has solution is k then find k/100 ([.] denote
f(x) = sin log Á 2 ˜ + cos log Á 2 ˜ G.I.F)
Ë x + 1¯ Ë x + 1¯
(
(a) range of the function is 1, 641/8 ˘˚ MATRIX MATCH
(b) domain of the function Œ R D16.
(c) function is even Column-I Column-II
(d) function is invertible (A) Let f (x) = max {1 + (p) g (f (a)) = 1
D10. Let f(x) be a real valued function such that sin x, 1, 1 – cos x}, x ∈
1 [0, 2π] and g (x) = max,
f (0) = and
2 {1, |x – 1|}, x ∈ R, then (q) f (g (0)) = 0
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (a - y ) + f ( y ) f (a - x ) (B)  1 + x  (r) f (g (0)) = 1
Let f (x) = n  
" x, y Œ R then for some real ‘a’  1− x 
∀x∈(–1, 1) and g (x)
f ( x ) is a periodic function
(a)
 3 x + x3 
= ,
f ( x ) is constant function
(b)  1 + 3 x 2  then
 
(c) f(2π) = 1/2
(C) Let f (x) = 1+ x2 and g (x) (s) g (f (0)) = 1
cos x
(d) f ( x ) = = x – x2, then
2
(t) 
 e −1  
g f   = 1
INTEGER TYPE   e +1 
D11. Possible prime numbers (less than 100) values D17. Let f : R → R and g : R → R be functions such
of x which can lie in the domain of the func- that f (g (x)) is a one-one function.
tion:
Column-I Column-II
f(x) = log(ax3 + (a + b)x2 + (b + c)x + c) if b2 –
4ac < 0 and a > 0, is (A) Then g (x) (p) must be one-one
(B) Then f (x) (q) may not be one-one
( )
2
D12. The greatest value of f(x) = 3 - 4 - x2 (C) If g (x) is onto (r) may be many-one
( ) is k then find k/10
3
+ 1+ 4 - x 2 then f (x)
(D) If g (x) is into (s) must be many-one
D13. If roots of the equation |x – 1| = 2 [x] – 3{x} then f (x)
Functions109 109

D18. ASSERTION REASONING

Column-I: Column-II:
ax + b
Function Type of func- D19. Statement-1:The function y = , (ad –
tion cx + d
bc ≠ 0) cannot attain the value a/c.
(A) f (x) = {(sgn x) } ; x ≠ 0, (p) odd func-
sgn x n

tion b − dy
n is an odd integer Statement-2 : The domain of g ( y ) =
cy − a
(B) x x (q) even func- does not contain a/c.
f ( x) = + +1 tion
ex −1 2 D20. Statement-1 : Let: R – {1, 2, 3} → R be a
1 2 3
(C) 0, If x is rational (r) neither function defined by f (x) + + .
f ( x) =  odd nor x −1 x − 2 x − 3
1, If x is irrational even func- Then f is many-one function.
tion Statement-2 : If either f ¢(x) > 0 or f ¢ (x) < 0, ∀ x
∈ domain of f, then y = f (x) is one-one function.
(D) f (x) = max {tan x, cot x} (s) periodic
110 Integral Calculus

Concept Deviator CD Test E

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

E1. Period of the function f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + E6. Let f and g be functions satisfying the condi-
n(n + 1) x tions that
[4x] + … + [nx] – , where n Œ N and
2 f (0) = g (0) = 1, g ( x ) = f ' ( x ) , g ¢ ( x ) = –f(x)
[ ] denotes the greatest integer function, is then how many of the following statements are
(a) 1 (b) n correct
1 (i) f(x) is periodic function
(c) (d) 2n
n (ii) f ¢¢ ( x ) = - f ( x )
E2. If f ( x) is a polynomial function such that |f(x)| (iii) Range of f(x) is [–1, 1]
f ( x) f ( x)
e -e
£ 1 “ x Œ R and g ( x) = , then the (iv) Range of f(x) is ÈÎ- 2, 2 ˘˚
range of g(x) is e f ( x)
+ e f ( x)
(a) 1 (b) 2
È e 2 + 1˘ (c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) [0, 1] (b) Í0, 2 ˙
Î e - 1˚
MULTIPLE CORRECT
È e 2 - 1˘ È1 - e 2 ˘
(c) Í0, 2 ˙
Î e + 1˚
(d) Í
Î1 + e
2
, 0˙
˚
E7. Let R = {( x, y ); x, y ΠR, x 2
}
+ y 2 £ 25 and

3 Ï 4 ¸
E3. If f ( x) = x 2 + x + and g ( x) = x 2 + ax + 1 be R ¢ - Ì( x, y ) : x, y Œ R, y ≥ x 2 ˝ then
4 Ó 9 ˛
two real functions, then the range of a for which (a) domain of R « R ¢ = [-3,3]
g ( f ( x)) = 0 has no real solution is ______
(b) Range of R « R ¢ = [0, 4]
(a) (-•, -2) (b) (-2, 2)
(c) (-2, •) (d) (2, •) (c) Range of R « R ¢ = [0, 5]
E4. The range of the function f ( x ) = 3x 4 (d) R « R ¢ defines a function
-4 x3 - 12 x 2 + 1 is E8. Let f and g be functions satisfying the condi-
tions that
[31, • ) (b)
(a) [- 31, • )
f (0) = g (0) = 1, g ( x ) = f ¢( x ) , g ¢ ( x ) = - f ( x )
[3, • )
(c) (d) [- 3, • )
then
E5. If 2 f (sin x) + f (cos x) = x"x Œ then range (a) f(x) is periodic function
of f(x) is
(b) f ¢¢ ( x ) = - f ( x )
È -p p ˘ È -2p p ˘
(a) Í 3 , 3 ˙ (b) Í 3 , 3˙ (c) Range of f(x) is [–1, 1]
Î ˚ Î ˚
(d) Range of f(x) is ÈÎ- 2, 2 ˘˚
È -2p p ˘ È -p p ˘
Í 3 , 6˙
(c) (d) Í , ˙ E9. The function f : R Æ R , defined as f(x) = (x2
Î ˚ Î 6 6˚
– x –21) (x2 – x – 39). Which of the following
Functions111 111

is(are) is(are) correct? ASSERTION REASONING

(a) Neither injective nor surjective
E17. Statement-1: Period of the function
(b) Minimum value of f(x) is –81
f(x)= 1 + sin 2 x + e{x} does not exist
(c) f(x) = 0 has 2 real and distinct roots.
Statement–2: LCM of rational and irrational
(d) f(x) is an even function does not exist
È p ˘
E 10. Let the function f : (-• ,• ) Æ Í- , ˙ be given E18. Statement-1: Range of f(x) = 4 − x 2 is [0, 2]
Î 2 ˚
Statement-2: f(x) is increasing for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
Ê Ê x 2 - x + 1ˆ ˆ and decreasing for – 2 ≤ x ≤ 0.
by f ( x ) = - sin -1 Á log 3 Á 2 ˜ ˜ then
Ë Ë x + x + 1¯ ¯ E19. Statement-1: Period of f (x) = sin 4p {x} +
tan p [x] were, [×] & {×} denote we G.I.F. &
Ê 1ˆ
f Á ˜ = - f (- x )
(a) fractional part respectively is 1.
Ë x¯
Statement-2: A function f (x) is said to be
(b) f(x) is a strictly increasing function in (–•, periodic if there exist a positive number T
•) independent of x such that f (T + x) = f (x). The
(c) f(x) is a surjective function smallest such positive value of T is called the
(d) f(x) is an odd fundtion period or fundamental period.
a+x
E20. Let a, b ∈ R, a ≠ b and let f (x) = .
PARAGRAPH BASED b+ x
Statement-1: f is a one–one function.
E 11 to E 13) Passage 4 From Book (Page 1.69)
Statement-2: Range of f is R – {1}
E 14 to E 16) Passage 5From Book (Page 1.69)
112 Integral Calculus

Concept Deviator CD Test F

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

MULTIPLE CORRECT

F1. Which of the following functions are periodic (c) f (x) = 0 for only two real values
(a) sgn (e–x) (d) None of these
1 if x is a rational number F6. If R = (8 + 3 7 )20 and [R] denotes the greatest
(b) f ( x) = 
0 if x is an irrational numbber integer less than or equal to R, then
8 8 (a) [R] is even (b) [R] is odd
f ( x) =
(c) + 1
1 + cos x 1 − cos x (c) R − [R ] = 1 − (d) R (R – [R] – 1) = – 1
 1  1 R
(d)  x +  +  x −  + 2 [− x]
 2   2
INTEGER TYPE
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)
π
F2. f (x) = | x |2 −5 | x | +6 + 8 + 2 | x | − | x |2 F7. Find the period of function f (x) = tan [ x] ,
2
is real for all x in where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function.
(a) [–4, –3] (b) [–3, –2] F8. The integral value of λ for which the roots
(c) [–2, 2] (d) [3, 4] of equation λx2 + (2λ – 1) x + λ – 2 = 0 are
F3.
Consider the functions f (x) = sin (2 cot–1 x) and rational, if 2 < λ ≤ 9, is –
g (x) = sin (2 tan–1 x) which of the following
sin −1 (sin x)
statements hold good– F9. If domain of f (x) =
(a) f and g have the same range but different  2x −1 
− log x + 4  log 2  
domain    3+ x 
 2 
(b) f and g has same domain and same range
(c) f (x) and g (x) have the same number of is (a, b) ∪ (c, ∞), then find the value of a + b + 3c.
inflection points F10. If f : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) satisfy f (x f (y)) = x2ya (a
(d) both f (x) and g (x) and symmetric w.r.t. ∈ R), then find the value of a.
origin
ln x , which of the PARAGRAPH BASED
F4. For function f ( x) =
x Passage 6 for Question (F11-F13)
following statements are true
(a) f (x) has horizontal tangent at x = e Based upon each paragraph, three multiple choice
(b) f (x) cuts the x-axis only at one point questions have to be answered. Each question has four
(c) f (x) is many-one function choices a, b, c and d, out of which only one is correct.
(d) f (x) has one vertical tangent  1− x 
If ( f ( x)) 2 × f   = 64 x, x ≠ 0,1, then
F5. Let f (x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] – 3, where [x] = the 1+ x 
greatest integer ≤ x. Then F11. f (x) is equal to
(a) f (x) is a many-one and into function 1/ 3
 1− x 
1/3
1+ x  x1/3 
(b) f (x) = 0 for infinite number of values of x (a)
4 x2/3   (b) 
 1− x  1+ x 
Functions113 113

1/ 3
 1− x  1+ x 
1/ 3 (C) Function (r) into
(c) x2/3   (d) x    π 4π  function
1+ x   1− x  f :  − ,  → [−1,1]
F12. The domain of f (x) is  2 3 
(a) [0, ∞) (b) R – {– 1, 1} defined f (x) = sin x is
(c) (– ∞, ∞) (d) None of these (D) Function f : (2, ∞) → [8, ∞) (s) onto
F13. The value of f (9/7) is x2 function
(a) 8 (7/9)2/3 (b) 4 (9/7)1/3 define f ( x) = is
x−2
(c) – 8 (9/7)2/3 (d) none of these
(t) f ‘ (x)
Passage 7 for Question (F14-F16) <0
Consider the function f (x) satisfying the identity F18.
 x −1  Column-I Column-II
f ( x) + f   = 1 + x ∀ x ∈ R – {0, 1} and g (x)
 x  (A) The integral value of x ∈ (–π, π) (p) 0
= 2f (x) – x + 1.
satisfying the equation |x2 – 1 +
F14. The domain of y = g ( x) is cos x| = |x2 – 1| + |cos x| can be
 1− 5   1+ 5  (B) The number of solutions of [x]2 = (q) 1
(a)  − ∞,  ∪ 1,  x + 2{x} is equal to
 2   2 
(C) If f (x) = sin–1x + cos–1x + tan–1x, (r) 2
 1− 5  1 + 5 
 − ∞,
(b)  ∪ (0, 1) ∪  , ∞ then [f (x)] can be equal to
 2   2  (D) An allowable value of f(x) = (s) 4
 −1 − 5   −1 + 5  ln(cos(sin x)) can be
(c)  , 0 ∪  ,1
 2   2  (t) –1
(d) none of these ([.] and {.} represent integral and fractional
F15. The range of y = g (x) is parts respectively)
(a) (– ∞, 5) (b) [1, ∞]
(c) (– ∞, 1) ∪ [5, ∞] (d) none of these ASSERTION REASONING
F16. The number of roots of the equation g (x) = 1 is F19. Statement-1: Function f (x) = x2 + tan–1 x is a
(a) 2 (b) 1 non-periodic function.
(c) 3 (d) 0 Statement-2 : The sum of two non-periodic
function is always non-periodic.
MATRIX MATCH F20. Consider f and g be real-valued functions such
F17. that f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2f (x). g (y) ∀ x, y ∈ R.
Statement-1 : If f (x) is not identically zero and
Column-I Column-II
| f (x) | ≤ 1 ∀ x ∈ R, then |g (y)|≤1 ∀ y ∈ R.
(A)  π (p) one-one Statement-2 : For any two real numbers x and
Function f : 0,  → [0,1] function
 3 y, |x + y| ≤ 1, |x| + |y|.
defined by f ( x) = sin x is
(B) Function f : (1, ∞) → (1, ∞) (q) many-
x+3 one
defined by f ( x) = is function
x −1
114 Integral Calculus

Concept Deviator CD Test G

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

MULTIPLE CORRECT

G1. Let f : A → B and g : B → C be functions and G7. Let f be a function such that f(x+f(y)) = f(x) +
gof : A → C. Which of the following statement y, ∀ x, y ∈ R then f (1000)=
is true x −1
(a) If gof is one-one then f and g both are one- G8. If the function f ( x) = does not take
c − x2 + 1
one
(b) If gof is one-one then if is one-one  1
any value in the internal  −1, −  , then the
(c) If gof is bijection then f is one-one and g is  3
onto largest integral value that c can attain is equal
(d) If f and g are both one-one then gof is one- to
one.
1 PARAGRAPH BASED
G2. Let f (x) = g(x) + h(x) where g(x) = (sin–1x
π Passage 8 for Question (G9-G11)
x +1
+ tan–1x) and h (x) = 2 then  [ x], −2 ≤ x ≤ − 1
x + 2x + 5 Consider to functions f ( x) = 
(a) Domain of f (x) is [–1,1] | x | +1, −1 < x ≤ 2
(b) Maximum value of g(x) is 3/4  [ x], −π≤ x<0
and g ( x) =  ,
(c) Maximum value of h(x) is 1/4 | x | +1, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
 3  where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
(d) Range of f (x) is  − , 1
 4  G9. The exhaustive domain of g (f (x)) is
G3. Let f (x) = max {1 + sinx, 1, 1 – cosx}, x ∈[0, (a) [0, 2] (b) [– 2, 0]
2p] and g (x) = max {1, |x – 1|} x ∈ R, then (c) [– 2, 2] (d) [– 1, 2]
(a) g(f (0)) = 1 (b) g(f (a)) = 1 G10. The range of g (f (x)) is
(c) f (g(1)) = 1 (d) f (g(0)) = 1+ sin 1 (a) [sin 3, sin 1]
G4. Let f : D → R be defined by f (x) = ln(ln(ln(ln (b) [sin 3, 1] ∪ {– 2, –1, 0}
x))) then (c) [sin 1, 1] ∪ {– 2, – 1}
(a) f (x) is into (b) f (x) is one-one (d) [sin 1, 1]
(c) f (x) is onto (d) D = (ee, ∞) G11. The number of integral points in the range of g
(f (x)) is
INTEGER TYPE (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 5
G5. If f : R – {2} → R satisfying
 2 x + 29 
2 f ( x) + 3 f   = 100 x + 80, then f (3)= Passage 9 for Question (G12-G14)
 x−2 
G6. If 2f(xy) = (f(x))y + (f(y))x, for all x, y ∈ R an Let f (x) = f1 (x) – 2f2 (x),
f(1) = 2, then f (8)=  min{x 2 ,| x |}, | x |≤ 1
where f1 ( x) = 
max{x ,| x |}, | x |> 1
2
Functions115 115

 min{x 2 ,| x |}, | x |> 1 (C)  2 tan x  (r) π

and f 2 ( x) =  If f   +1
2
max{x ,| x |}, | x |≤ 1  1 + tan 2 x 
2

min{ f (t ) : −3 ≤ t ≤ x, −3 ≤ x < 0} ( cos 2 x + 1) ( sec2 + 2 tan x )

and g ( x) =  =
 max{ f (t ) : 0 ≤ t ≤ x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3} 2
then f (4) is equal to
G12. For – 3 ≤ x ≤ – 1, the range of g (x) is
(D)  π  (s) π
(a) [– 1, 3] (b) [– 1, – 15] Let f : R →  − , 0  given by
(c) [– 1, 9] (d) none of these  2 
G13. For x ∈ (– 1, 0), f (x) + g (x) is f (x) = tan (2a – 2x – x2) is onto
–1

(a) x2 – 2x + 1 (b) x2 + 2x – 1 then a is equal to

(c) x + 2x + 1
2
(d) x2 – 2x – 1
G14. The graph of y = g (x) in its domain is broken at ASSERTION REASONING
(a) 1 point (b) 2 points x +1
(c) 3 points (d) none of these G17. Statement-1: f (x) = is one-one function
x −1
MATRIX MATCH x +1
Statement-2: is monotonically
x −1
G15. decreasing function and every decreasing
Column-I Column-II function is one-one.
(A) Domain of f (x) = loge (p)  5   x; x ∈ Q
G18. Statement-1 : f ( x) =  is one to
{(ax3 +(a + b) x2 + (b + c)  −1, 4  C
x + c} if b2 – 4ac < 0, a > 0   − x; x ∈ Q
one and non-monotonic function.
(B) Domain of f (x) = ln tan–1 (q) 1 
R −  ,1 Statement-2: Every one to one function is
{(x 3 –6x 2 + 11x – 6) x
5  monotonic.
(ex – 1)}
G19. Statement-1: If f is even function, g is odd
(C) Range of f (x) (r) (–1, ∞)
function then b/g (g ≠ 0) is an odd function.
x 2 − 3x + 2 Statement-2: If f (–x) = –f (x) for every x of its
=
x2 + x − 6 domain, then f(x) is called an odd function and
if f (–x) = f (x) for every x of its domain, then f
(D) Range of f (x) (s) (1, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
(x) is called an even function.
2 x x
= sin + cos G20. Statement-1: f : A → B and g : B → C are two
4 4
function then (gof)–1 = f–1 og–1.
G16. Statement-2: f : A → B and g : B → C are
Column-I Column-II bijections then f –1 & g–1 are also bijections.
(A) Range of the function f(x) = sin (p) 2 –1

(x2 + 1) + cos–1 (x2 + 1) + [1 + x2]1/x,

where [◊] is the greatest integer
function, contains
(B) Period of the function f(x) (q) 1
π −
= cot [ x] is where [◊] is the 2
2
greatest integer function
116 Integral Calculus

Concept Deviator CD Test H

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

−1
cos (sin( x + π / 3) (b) |sinx| + |cos x|
H1. Given f (x) = e (c) sin2x + cos2x
Ê 4 - 2 cos x ˆ (d) cos (sinx) + cos (cosx)
g ( x) = cosec -1 Á ˜¯ and the function
Ë 3 H7. Which of the following functions are identical?
h(x) = f (x) defined only for those values of (a) f (x) = ln x2 and g (x) = 2ln x
x which are common to the domain of the 1
function f (x) and g (x) then range of h (x) is log e x
(b) f (x) = log x e and g (x) =
(a) [eπ/2, eπ] (b) [e–π, eπ]
(c) [1, e ]
π
(d) [eπ/6, eπ] (c) f (x) = sin (cos–1 x) and g (x) = cos (sin–1 x)
(d) none of these
H2. If graph of curve y = 16x2 + 8 (a + 5) x – 7a – 5
is strictly above x-axis, then H8. f : R → [– 1, ∞) and f (x) = ln ( [ | sin 2 x| +
(a) a > – 2 (b) a > – 15 |cos 2x | ]) (where [.] is the greatest integer
(c) – 2 > a > – 15 (d) 2 < a < 15 function).
H3. Function f : (– ∞, –1] → (0, e5] defined by (a) Z
3 (b) f (x) is periodic with fundamental period π/4
f ( x) = e x is−3 x + 2
π
(c) f (x) is invertible in 0, 
(a) many one and onto (b) Many one and into  4
(c) one one and onto (d) one one and into (d) f (x) is into function
H4. If g : D → R be a function such that H9. If the following functions are defined from [–1,
g ( x) = ln  [4(x + x + 1) + sin
2
ln ln
 ln
......ln 1] to [–1, 1], select those which are bijective
n times
2 −1
(πx)]. (n ∈ N), then the least value of n for (a) sin (sin–1 x) (b) sin (sin x)
which g becomes onto, is π
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (sgn (x)) ln (ex) (d) x3 (sgn (x))
(c) 3 (d) 4
H5. Range of f (x) = 1 + sin x + sin3 x + sin5 x + ...;
 π π
INTEGER TYPE
x ∈  − ,  is
 2 2 H10. The largest integral value of n, such that the
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 2)  5x 
function f (x) = cos(nx) sin   has period
(c) (– 2, 2) (d) (– ∞, ∞) 3π, is equal to  n 

MULTIPLE CORRECT  x + y  f ( x) + f ( y )
H11. Let f  = ∀ x, y ∈ R
H6. π is the FUNDAMENTAL period of  2  2
1 + sin x If f ′ (0) exists and equals – 1 and f (0) = 1, then
(a) the value of f (–1) is equal to
cos x(1 + cosecx)
Functions117 117

1− x PARAGRAPH BASED
H12. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] defined by f (x) = ,
1+ x Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 18
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and let g : [0, 1] → [0, 1] defined Ê ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x - 3) ˆ
by g (x) = 4x (1 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. If range of fog Consider, f ( x ) Á ˜¯ £ 0 and g(x)
Ë x-4
(x) is [α, β], then α + β =
= 3kx2 + 2x + 4 (1 – 3k) where [a] denotes the largest
sin −1 (sin x) integer less than or equal to a
H13. If domain of f (x) =
 2x −1  Let A = {x| f(x) £ 0} and k Œ[a, b ] for which every
− log x + 4  log 2  
   3+ x  element of set A satisfies the inequality g(x) ≥ 0
 2 
is (a, b) ∪ (c, ∞), then find the value of a + b + 3c. H16. The set A is given by equation
(a) [x]2 + [x + 6] = 0 (b) [x]2 – [x + 12]
MATRIX MATCH (c) [x]2 – [x + 6] = 0 (d) None of these
H17. The value of (6b – 3a) is equal to
H14.
(a) 1 (b) -1
Column-I Column-II
(c) -2 (d) 2
(A) The function f (x) = (x – (p) periodic
[x])2, (where [x] is greatest H18. If k = a and g : A Æ B is onto then set b is
integer function ≤ x) is equal to
(a) [0, 5) (b) (-5, 5)
(B) The function f (x) = loga (q) non-periodic
(c) (-5, 0] (d) [-5, 5]
( x + x 2 + 1); a > 0, a ≠ 1, Paragraph for Question Nos. 19 to 20
is (assume it to be an onto) Let f: R Æ R is a function satisfying f(2 – x) = f(2 +
(C) The function f (x) = cos (r) non-one x) and f(20 Рx) = f(x), "x ΠR . Then
(5x + 2) is
H19. If f(0) = 5, then minimum possible number of
(s) many one values of x satisfying f(x) = 5, for x Œ[0, 170] ,
(t) invertiable is
H15. (a) 21 (b) 12
Column-I Column-II (c) 11 (d) 22
(A) The inverse function of (p) cot (cos–1 x) H20. Graph of y = f(x) is
sin (tan–1 x) is (a) symmetrical about x = 18
(B) The inverse function of (q) log 2 x (b) symmetrical about x = 5
f (x) = 1 – 2–x is (c) symmetrical about x = 8
log 2 x − 1
(d) symmetrical about x = 20
(C) The inverse function of (r) tan (sin–1 x)
f (x) = 2x/(x – 1)
(s) – log2 (1 – x)
(t) x
1 − x2
118 Integral Calculus

Concept Deviator CD Test I

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

I1. If ‘f’ is a polynomial function satisfying the  2π π 

condition (c) range of f (x) is  − , 
 3 3
f ( tan x ) + f (cot x ) = f ( tan x ) . f (cot x ) (d) range of f (x) is R
Ê -p p ˆ I6. Which of the following function is periodic
"x Œ Á , - {0} and f (2) = 9 then the
Ë 2 2 ˜¯ (a) Sgn (e–x)
(b) sin x + |sin x |
f ¢ (2)
value of is. (c) min (sin x, | x |)
6  1  1
(a) 2 (b) 5 (d)  x +  +  x −  + 2[− x]
 2  2
(c) –5 (d) None of these
([x] denotes the greatest integer function)
1- x
I2. Let f : [0,1] Æ [0,1] defined by f ( x) = , I7. Let f (x) = sec–1 [1 + cos2 x], where [.] denotes
1+ x the greatest integer function, then
for 0 £ x £ 1 and let g : [0,1] Æ [0,1] defined by (a) the domain of f is R
g ( x) = 4 x(1 - x), 0 £ x £ 1 . If range of fog ( x) (b) the domain of f is [1, 2]
is [a.b] , then a + b = (c) the range of f is [1, 2]
(d) the range of f is {sec–1 1, sec–1 2}
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) –5 (d) None of these 5 sin x
I8. Let f ( x) = . If D is the domain of f,
I3. Number of real values of x, satisfying the equa- 1 + 3 sin x
tion [ x ] - 5 [ x ] + 6 - sin x = 0 [.] denoting the
2 then D contains
greatest integer function is (a) (0, π) (b) (– 2π, – π)
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) (2π, 3π) (d) (4π, 6π)
(c) 1 (d) None of these
INTEGER TYPE
I4. Number of distinct real solutions of sin px =
|ln|x|| is I9. Let f : R Æ ÈÎ1, • ) be defined as f ( x ) = log10


(a) 0
(c) 1
(b) 5
(d) None of these ( 3x - 4x + k + 1 + 10). The number of values
2

that k can assume If f(x) is surjective is

MULTIPLE CORRECT I10. The sum of all the elements in the range of
function f(x) = sgn (sin x) + sgn (cos x) + sgn
I5. Consider the real-valued function satisfying np
2f (sin x) + f (cos x) = x. Then (tan x) + sgn (cot x), x π (n Œ I ) is k then
find k/4 2
(a) domain of f (x) is R
(b) domain of f (x) is [– 1, 1] [Here sgn k denotes signum function of k]
(a) {–2, 4} (b) {–2, 0, 4}
Functions119 119

(c) {–4, –2, 0, 4} (d) {0, 2, 4} I15. Let f ( x ) = [ x ] 0 £ x < 3 where [ ] denotes
I11. Let a, b are positive real numbers such that a = the greatest integer function. The representa-
b + 20, then the smallest value of the constant tion of f(x) in terms of unit step function is
K for which (x 2
+ ax - ) (x 2
)
+ bx < K for (a) f ( x ) = u ( x ) + u ( x - 1) + u ( x - 2) + ( x - 3) ,
all x > 0, is: 0 £ x £ 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (b) f ( x ) = u ( x - 1) + u ( x - 2) + u ( x - 3) ,
(c) 4 (d) 5 0 £ x < 3
I12. f ( x) = x 2 + lx + m cos x , l Œ, m Œ . The (c) f ( x ) = u ( x - 1) - u ( x - 2) + u ( x - 3) ,
number of ordered pairs (l, m ) for which 0 £ x < 3
f(x) = 0 and f ( f ( x)) = 0 have same set of real
roots. (d) f ( x ) = u ( x - 1) + 2u ( x - 2) + 3u ( x - 3) ,
0 £ x < 3
PARAGRAPH BASED I16. Graph of y = f ( x ) , 0 £ x < 3 is shown below:
2
Paragraph for question number 13 & 14
Consider f, g and h be three functions defined as fol-
1
lows
32
f ( x) = , x
4 + x2 + x4
0 1 2 3

g(x) = 9 + x2 and –1
h(x) = –x2 – 3x + k

I13. Number of integral values of k for which h Representation of f ( x ) in terms of the unit
(f(x)) > 0 and h(g(x)) < 0 "x ΠR is step function is given by
(a) 20 (b) 19 f ( x ) = x {u ( x ) - u ( x - 1)} - 2u ( x - 2)
(a)
(c) 21 (d) None of these
f ( x ) = x {u ( x ) - u ( x - 1)} - u ( x - 2) +
(b)
I14. Maximum value of g(f(x)) is 73
2u ( x - 3) , 0 £ x < 3
(a) 63 (b) 79
(c) f ( x ) = x {u ( x ) - u ( x - 1)} - u 3 ( x - 1) +
(c) 71 (d) None of these
3u ( x - 2) , 0 £ x <
Paragraph for question number 15, 16 & 17
(d) f ( x ) = xu ( x ) - u ( x - 1) + 2u ( x - 2) ,
The unit step function u ( x - a ) is defined as 0 £ x < 3
Ï0 , x < a
u ( x - a) = Ì .
Ó1 , x ≥ a MATRIX MATCH
The graph of y = u ( x - a ) is as shown below:
I17.
Domain of u ( x - a ) is R and its range is {0,1}
Column-I: Column-II:
y
(Function) (Range)
(A) f (x) = log3 (5 + 4x – x2) (p) function not
1 defined
(B) f (x) = log3 (x2 – 4x – 5) (q) [0, ∞]
0 a x (C) f (x) = log3 (x2 – 4x + 5) (r) (– ∞, 2]
(D) f (x) = log3 (4x – 5 – x ) 2
(s) R
Answer the following questions.
120 Integral Calculus

I18. ASSERTION REASONING

Column-I: Column-II: I19. Statement-1: If a function y = f (x) is symmetric
Function Period about y = x, then f (f (x)) = x.
(A) f (x) = cos (|sin x| – |cos x|) (p) π
 x : x is rational
(B) f (x) = cos (tan x + cot x) cos (q) π/2 Statement-2: If f (x) = 
(tan x – cot x) 1− x : x is irrational
then f (f(x)) = x
(C) f (x) = sin–1 (sin x) + etan x (r) 4π I20. Statement-1: A function y = f (x) is defined by
(D) f (x) = sin x sin 3x
3
(s) 2π x2 – arc cos y = π, then domain of f (x) is R.
Statement-2: cos–1 y ∈ [0, π].
Functions121 121

Concept Deviator CD Test J

Single Correct: Multiple Correct:
Integer Type: Passage Type:
Matrix Match: Assertion & Reason:

SINGLE CORRECT

f : [0,1] Æ R is a differentiable function such

J1. MULTIPLE CORRECT
that f (0) = 0 and f ( x ) £ k f ( x ) for all x x -1
J6. The function f ( x) = is
Œ[0,1], (k > 0) , then which of the following is/ x2
are always true? (a) one-one in (2, •)
(a) f ( x ) = 0, "x ΠR
(b) one-one in (0,1)
(b) f ( x ) = 0, "x Œ[0,1]
(c) one-one in (-•, 0)
(c) f ( x ) π 0, "x Œ[0,1]
(d) one-one in (1, 2)
(d) f (1) = k
J7. Consider f : R Æ [–1, •) and f(x) = ln([|sin2x|
sin -1 (sin x ) + |cos2x|]) (where [◊] is greatest integer func-
J2. If domain of f ( x ) =
Ê 2 x - 1ˆ tion).
- log Ê x + 4 ˆ log 2 Á
Á ˜ Ë 3 + x ˜¯ (a) R – « range of f is null set
Ë 2 ¯
(b) f(x) is periodic but fundamental period not
is (a, b ) » (c, • ) , then find the value of a2 + b2 defined
+ c2 is
È p˘
(a) 34 (b) 41 (c) f(x) is invertible in Í0, ˙
Î 4˚
(c) 43 (d) None of these
(d) f(x) is into function.
J3. If function f satisfies the relation f(x). f ¢(–x) =
J8. Let f : R Æ R, such that f ≤(x) – 2f ¢(x) + f(x) =
f(–x). f ¢(x) for all x and f(0) = 3, now if f(3) = 3,
then the value of f(–3) is 2ex and f ¢ ( x ) > 0, " x Œ R, then which of the
(a) 0 (b) -3 following can be correct
(c) 1 (d) None of these (a) | f ( x) |= - f ( x), " x R
J4. Let f(x) be a real function not identically zero (b)
| f ( x) |= f ( x), " x R
such that (c) f(3) = –5
(
f x+ y 2 n +1
) = f ( x) + { f ( y )}2 n +1
(d) f(3) = 7
n Œ N and x, y are any real numbers and f ¢(0) J9. Let f ( x ) = a1 cos (a1 + x ) + a2 cos (a 2 + x )
> 0, then the value of f(5) is. +... + an cos (a n + x ) .
(a) 5 (b) -5 If f ( x ) vanishes for x = 0 and x = x1 (where
(c) 1 (d) None of these
x1 π k p, k Œ Z ), then
J5. Range of f ( x ) = log 3 10 ( 5 (2 sin x + cos x) +
5) is (a)
a1 cos a1 + a2 cos a 2 + ... + an cos a n = 0
(a) [0, 1] (b) [0, 3] (b)
a1 sin a1 + a2 sin a 2 + ... + an sin a n = 0
Ê 1˘ f ( x ) = 0 has only two solutions 0, x1
(c)
(c) ÁË - •, ˙ (d) none of these
3˚ (d) f(x) is identically Zero “ x
122 Integral Calculus

J10. p is the FUNDAMENTAL period of J14. f ( x 2 + 1) + f ( x - 1) =

1 + sin x
(a) (a) 0 (b) 2x 2 + x
cos x(1 + cosec x)
(c) 1 (d) x 2 - x + 2
(b)
sin x + cos x J15. f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ... + f (100) =
(c)
sin 2 x + cos 2 x (a) 5050 (b) 50
(d) cos(sin x) + cos(cos x) (c) 100 (d) 5000
x2 + 2 x Ê 1ˆ
J16. If g ( x) = then ( fog ) Á ˜ + gof (4) =
INTEGER TYPE 2x + 12 Ë 4¯
J11. If a is an integer satisfying | a | £ 5- | [ x ] | , (a) 0 (b) 3/4
(c) 4/3 (d) 1
where x is a real number for which 2 x tan -1 x
is greater than or equal to ln (1 + x2), then the
number of maximum non-negative possible ASSERTION REASONING
values of a is
J17. Statement-1 : If f (x) is odd function and g (x)
(where [.] denotes the greater integer function) is even function, then f (x) + g (x) is neither
n even nor odd.
J12. For the natural number c for which  f (c + r ) Statement-2 : Odd function is symmetrical
r =1
in opposite quadrants and even function is
( )
= 16 2n - 1 where the function satisfies the re- symmetrical about the y-axis.
lation f(x + y) = f(x) .f(y) for all x, y Œ N (nat- J18. Statement-1 : A function f : R → R be defined
ural numbers) and f(1) = 2 find c^2/4 by f (x) = x – [x] (where [x] is greatest integer
J13. Let f: R Æ R be a function defined by f(x + 1) = ≤ x) for all x ∈ R. f is not invertiable.
f ( x) - 5 Statement-2 : f (x) is periodic function.
" x ΠR then f(x) is a periodic func- J19. Statement-1 : The least period of the function,
f ( x) - 3
f (x) = cos (cos x) + cos (sin x) + sin 4x is π.
tion of period Statement-2 : Q f (x + π) = f (x).
J20. Statement-1 : The domains of
PARAGRAPH BASED f ( x) = cos(sin x) and g (x) = sin(cos x)

Paragraph for question number 14, 15 & 16 are same.
1 Statement-2 : Q – 1 ≤ cos (sin x) ≤ 1 and – 1
Let f be a real valued function such that f (0) =
2 ≤ sin (cos x) ≤ 1
and f ( x + y ) = f ( x) f (a - y ) + f ( y ) f (a - x) for all
x, y ΠR , for some a ΠR , then
 FUNCTIONS

Functions123 123

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST A
Single Correct Ê 2˘
min f ( x ) Æ 0 fi range Œ Á 0, ˙
A1. (b) Core Concept: Any relation of a function Ë 5˚
is satisfied if and only if function is defined
A3. (c) Put x = f(y) and then put x and y equal to
First find the value of a for which function is zero
defined
f ( x - f ( y )) = f ( f ( y )) + xf ( y ) + f ( x) - 1 Æ I
1- a
(i) > 0 fi -1 < a < 1 ...(1) put x = f ( y ) = 0
1+ a
fi f (0) = f (0) + 0 + f (0) - 1
1 - a2
(ii) 2 > 0 fi 1 - a 2 > 0 fi f (0) = 1
1+ a
put x = f ( y ) = k in I
fi -1 < a < 1 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have -1 < a < 1 f (0) = f (k ) + k (k ) + f (k ) - 1
\ The set of values of a = (-1,1) . 1 = k 2 + 2 f (k ) - 1
Now consider the given relation fi 2 f (k ) = 2 - k 2
ÈÊ 1 - a ˆ Ê 1 - a 2 ˆ ˘ k2
f (a ) + f (a ) 2 = ln ÍÁ ˜¯ Á 2 ˜˙ fi f (k ) = 1 -
Ë
ÎÍ 1 + a Ë 1 + a ¯ ˚˙ 2
x2
È (1 - a ) 2 ˘ fi f ( x) = 1 -
= ln Í 2 ˙ 2
Î 1+ a ˚ 1
fi f ( x) = - x
È a ˘ A4. (d) Core concept: Given function f(x) = fi |x
Ê a ˆ Í1 - a 2 - a + 1 ˙
fÁ 2 = ln Í ˙ ln x| attains minimum value at x = e
Ë a - a + 1˜¯ Í1 + a ˙ \ m = |e ln e| = e.
ÍÎ a 2 - a + 1 ˙˚ 2
\ e| x - 4 x + 5| = e1
2
È (1 - a ) ˘
= ln Í fi x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 and x2 – 4x + 6 = 0
2 ˙
Î 1+ a ˚ fi x = 2 and no solution
Ê a ˆ But x = 2 œ [e, •)
\ f (a ) + f (a 2 ) = f Á 2 for all val-
Ë a - a + 1˜¯ fi No value of x is possible.
ues of a for which the functions are defined, y

A2. (d) Core Concept: (x + 1/x) ≥ 2 for all positive x

1
f ( x) = , x2 + 2 = t , t ≥ 2
(
2
x +x + 2
1
)
x +2 ( ) O
x
y1/e 1 2 e
1 2
max f ( x ) = =
1 5 A5. (c) Core Concept: For a differentiable func-
2+
2 tion, it will attain minimum or maximum when
f ¢(x) = 0
124 Integral Calculus

t 3p
Let t = x 2 + 1 , then (t > 1) and g (t ) = = sin x; p < x <
log t 2
log t - 1
fi g ¢ (t ) = .
log 2 t
Thus g(t) decreases for t Œ[1, e ] and increases
e 3p/2
for t Œ[e, • ) , g (e ) = =e. O p/2 p 2p
log e
We observe that lim+ g (t ) Æ • and lim g (t ) Æ •
t Æ1 t Æ•
3p
Thus range of g is [e, • ) . Hence range of f is = -1; £ x £ 2p , Now finally h(x) is defined
as 2
[e, • ) .
p
A6. (a) Core Concept: From the given conditions h(x) = 0; 0 £ x <
2
we can find the range of ‘a’ and ‘c’.
p 3p
f ( x) = ax 2 - c -1; £ x <
2 2
-4 £ f (1) £ -1 fi -4 £ a - c £ -1 ;
3p
or 1 £ c - a £ 4 Æ (1) = 2; x ≥
2
-1 £ f (2) £ 5 fi -1 £ 4a - c £ 5 Æ (2) Hence, the range of h(x) is {0, 1, 2}, so h(x) has
(1) + (2) fi 0 £ 3a £ a three elements.
0 £ a £ 3 Æ (3) A8. (Ans 1.90) We have [2x2] + x – n = 0
fi x has to be an integer.’
We know from (1)
fi n = 2x2 + x = x (2x + 1)
-16 £ 4a - 4c £ -4 fi 4 £ 4c - 4a £ 16
\ n can be 21, 36, 55, 78 corresponding to x =
Then from From (2) 3, 4, 5, 6.
-1 £ 4a - c £ 5 Hence, sum of all possible values of n is equal
3 £ 3c £ 21 fi 1 £ c £ 7 Æ (4) to 190.
Now f (3) = 9a - c is max of a is max and c is x2 + x + c
A9. (Ans 0.80) Let y =
min x2 + 2 x + c
f (3) max = 9(3) - 1 = 26 fi (y – 1)x + (2y – 1)x + c (x – 1) = 0
2

f (3) min = 9(0) - 7 = -7 As x is real, so D ≥ 0

\ -7 £ f (3) £ 26 fi (2y – 1)2 ≥ 4c (y – 1)2
fi 4(c – 1)y2 + 4(1 – 1c)y + (4c – 1) £ 0 ...(i)
Integer Type
A7. (Ans 0.75) First define f(x) as per the given È5 3˘
But we are given that the range is Í , ˙
condition Î6 2˚
p (6y – 5) (2y – 3) £ 0 fi 12y2
f(x) = sin x; 0 £ x <
2 – 28y + 15 £ 0   ...(ii)
p \On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 1; £ x £ 2p
2 c - 1 1 - 2c 4c - 1
= =
Now define g(x) 3 -7 15
g(x) = 0; 0 £ x £ p fic=4
Functions125 125

A10. (Ans 17.29) Ans. A 13. (a); A 14. (b)

Ê ˆ Ê ˆ Given that minimum value is zero hence y = f(x)
Á 2 ˜ Á f ( x) ˜ touches the x-axis and graph opens upwards i.e.,
log 2 { f ( x )} = log 2 Á .log Á1 + ˜ a > 0 also given f(x – 4) = f(2 – x)
1˜ Á Ê 1ˆ ˜
Á1- ˜ ÁË f ÁË ˜¯ ˜¯
Ë 3¯ x xÆ x + 3
f(x – 1) = f(-1 – x)
Ê ˆ
Á f ( x) ˜ f(-1 + x) = f(-1 – x)
fi log2 {f(x)} = log2 3.log Á1 + ˜
Á Ê 1ˆ ˜ Hence, f is symmetric about the line
ÁË f ÁË ˜¯ ˜¯
x ( x - 4) + (2 - x )
x= or   x = –1
f ( x) Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ 2
f(x) = 1 + fi f ( x ) . f ÁË ˜¯ = f ÁË ˜¯ + f ( x )
Ê 1ˆ x x \ f(x) = a(x + 1)2
fÁ ˜
Ë x¯ Now, given f ( x ) ≥ x " x
fi f ( x) = 1 ± x n f(1) ≥ 1 … (i)
2
f ( x ) = 1 ± 10n = 1001 Ê x + 1ˆ
and f ( x ) ≥ Á in (0, 2)
Ë 2 ˜¯
fi ± 10n = 1000
f(1) £ 1 … (ii)
fi Positive sign must be taken and n = 3
\ f(x) = 1+ x3 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), f(1) = 1
f(12) =1 + (12)3 = 1729 Now f(x) = a(x + 1)2
Ï È x ˘¸ 1
A11. (Ans 41.42) f ( x ) = {x} + Ì x + Í 2 ˙˝
f(1) = 4a = 1 fi a =
Ó Î1 + x ˚ ˛ 4
Ï È x ˘¸ Ï È x ˘¸ ( x + 1)2
+ Ìx + Í 2 ˙˝
+ º+ Ì x + Í 2 ˙˝
\ f(x) =
Ó Î1 + 2 x ˚ ˛ Ó Î1 + 99 x ˚ ˛ 4
So f(3) = 4 and f’ (5) = 3
= 100 {x} fi ( {x + m} = {x} , m Œ I )
Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 15 to 17
f ( 2 ) = 100 (0.4142) = 41.42 The equation of tangents with equal abscissa x, are
A12. (Ans 8) f(x) = 4x(1 – x), 0 £ x £ 1 Y - g1 ( x ) = g11 ( x )( X -x ) and Y - g 2 ( x ) = g12 ( x ) (X –
y = f [f{f(x)}], 0 £ x £ 1 x) these intersect at y-axis,
y y
fi - x g11 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) = - x g12 ( x ) + g 2 ( x )

( )
1 1
g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) = x g11 ( x ) - g12 ( x )
On integrating we get
fi log g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) = log x + c - (i )
Equation of normals with equal abscissa x, are
x x
O 1 1 O 1 1
1
2 2 Y - g1 ( x ) = - ( X - x)
g11 ( x)
Paragraph Type Question 1
and Y - g 2 ( x ) = - ( X - x)
Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 and g12 ( x )
14
126 Integral Calculus

These two lines intersect on x-axis From (i) and (ii), we get.
fi x + g1 ( x ) g11 ( x) = x + g2 ( x) ( x)
g12 Êl ˆ Êl ˆ
2 g1 x = ± Á 2 + c1 x˜ , 2 g 2 ( x ) = ± Á 2 - c1 x˜
Ë x ¯ Ë x ¯
fi g1 ( x ) g11 ( x ) = g 2 ( x ) g12 ( x )
We have g1 (1) = 1 g 2 (2) = 3
Integrating g12 ( x ) - g 22 ( x ) = c
2 2
c c fi g1 ( x ) = - x and g 2 ( x ) = + x
fi g1 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) = = ± 2x x 3
g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) c1 15. Option (b)
l2 c c l2 16. Option (c)
=± = ± 2x = ± ...(ii)
x g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) c1 x 17. Option (a)

 (using (i)) Assertion & Reasoning

Functions127 127

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST B
Single Correct B3. (a) Core Concept: Find domain of each of the
1985 1985 1985 functions simultaneously
B1. (b) Â f ( x + 1) = Â (-1) x +1 x - 2 Â f ( x)
( )
The function is defined if (*i) sgn x 2 > 0 and
x =1 x =1 x =1
(ii) [x] > 0 but [x] π 1.
Since f (1) = f (1986)
Ï1 if x 2 > 0
1985
3 Â f ( x) = 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 ... + 1985 ( ) Ô
We know that sgn x 2 = Ì0 if x = 0
x =1 Ô 2
Ó-1 if x < 0
= (1 + 3 + ... + 1985) - 2(1 + 2 + 3 + ... 992)
(i) Since sgn (x2) is non-negative, we have
993 Ê 992 ¥ 993 ˆ x 2 > 0 fi x Œ R - {0} ....(A)
= (1986) - 2 Á ˜¯
2 Ë 2
fi [x] = 2, 3, 4, … \ x Œ[2, • ) ...(B)
(ii)
= (993) - 993 ¥ 992 = 993
2
Hence, D f = A « B = [2, • ) .
B2. (a) Core Concept: Find domain of each of the B4. (a) Core Concept: For a differential function,
functions simultaneously for maximum and minimum value of f(x), f ¢(x)
Given f ( x ) = log e sgn 9 - x 2{ ( )}
=0
f ( x) = - x3 + x 2 - x + cos -1 x
+ [ x]
3
- 4 [ x ] = y1 + y2 (say ) Domain = [–1, 1]
1
Now, y1 is defined if sgn 9 - x 2 > 0 ( ) f ¢ ( x) = -3 x 2 + x - 1 -
1 - x2
<0
But sgn x = 1 (i.e. > 0) if x > 0
‘f’ is a decreasing function
( )
\ sgn 9 - x 2 > 0 fi 9 - x 2 > 0 fi x 2 - 9 < 0 \ Min of f(x) is f (1) = – 1+ 1 – 1 + 0 = – 1
fi ( x - 3)( x + 3) < 0 fi -3 < x < 3 ...(i) Max of f(x) is f (-1) = 1 + 1 + 1 + p = 3 + p
Again, y2 is defined if [ x ] - 4 [ x ] ≥ 0 .
3
Range = [-1,3 + p ]

{
fi [ x ] [ x ] - 4 ≥ 0 fi [ x ] ([ x ] - 2) ≥ 0
2
B5. (b) Let x =
1
2 3
Following the wavy curve method, we find
Thus [ x ] ≥ 2 or [ x ] lies between –2 and 0, 1 1 1
6- 6- 6- ... •
i.e. [x] = –2, – 1 or 0 2 3 2 3 2 3
Now, [ x ] ≥ 2 fi x ≥ 2 …(ii) 1
x= 6 - x fi 12 x 2 + x - 6 = 0
[x] = –2 fi –2 £ x < 1 2 3
[x] = –1 fi –1 £ x < 0 -1 ± 1 + 288 -1 ± 17 16
x= = =
[x] = 0 fi 0 £ x < 1. 24 24 24
Hence [x] = –2, –1, 0 fi -2 £ x < 1 2
x=
\( B ) » (C ) = ( x ≥ 2) or (-2 £ x < 1) …(iii) 3
Ê 2ˆ
Hence D f = ( A) » (C ) = [-2,1) » [2,3) . \ f Á 3.65 + log 9/ 4 ˜ = 1
Ë 3¯
128 Integral Calculus

Ê 1ˆ f (1) £ 8; f (5) £ 8; f (9) £ 8

fi f Á 3.65 - ˜ = 1 fi f (3.15) = 1
Ë 2¯ Now from Eq. (i),
f (3.15) = f (3.15 - 2) = f (1.15) 32 = f (1) - 2 f (5) + f (9)
£ f (1) + 2 f (5) + f (9) £ 32
= f (1.15 - 2) = f (-0.85)
It is possible only when f(1) = f(9) = 8; f(5) =
But f is odd function. −8
fi f (3.15) = – f (0.85) i.e. b + c + 1 = 8; 9b + c + 81 = 8; 5b + c + 25
fi f (0.85) = – f (3.15) = –1 =−8
B6. (b) f ( x ) = sin 4 + 4 cos 2 x The only pair (b, c) that satisfies the condition
when b = –10 and c = 17
- cos 4 x + 4sin 2 x

B9. (a, d) f ( x ) =
( )
3 x 2 + 1 + mx + n - 3
;
= sin 4 x + 4 - 4sin 2 x - cos 4 x + 4 - 4 cos 2 x 1 + x2
= 2 – sin2x – (2 – cos2x) = cos2x – sin2x = cos2x mx + n - 3
f ( x) = 3 +
g(sin 2t) = sin t + cos t 1 + x2
(g(sin 2t))2 = 1 + sin 2t mx + n - 3
y = 3+
fi g (sin 2t ) = 1 + sin 2t 1 + x2
For y to lie in [−4, 3)
\ g ( x) = 1 + x - 1 £ x £ 1 mx + n - 3 < 0 " x Œ R
Now, g{f(x)} = g(cos 2x) = 1 + cos 2x This is possible only if m = 0
n-3
= 2 cos x when m = 0 then y = 3 +
1 + x2
\ Range of g{f(x)} is ÈÎ0 , 2 ˘˚ but n – 3 < 0 or n < 3
fi a4 + b4 = 4 if x Æ •, ymax Æ 3-
Multiple Correct now ymin occurs at x = 0
B7. (a, b, d) We have, ymin = 3 + n – 3 = n fi n = -4
f(x) – x(x + 1) Q
 ( x) + (a x + b) …(i) B10. (a, b, c, d)
 
Quotient r ( x )(Remainder) È x + 9 [-4, -3)
Put x = 0 and x = –1 in equation (i), we get Í
Í2 x + 12 [-3, -2)
b = 0 …(ii)
gof ( x ) = Í 8 [-2, 2)
and –1 = −a + b…(iii) Í
[As f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = –1] Í 12 - 2 x [-2, 2)
Í 9 - x [3, 4]
\ a = 1, b = 0 Î
y
So, r(x) = ax + b = x
8
B8. (b, c) Given f(x) = x2 + bx + c 7
so f(1) = 1 + b + c 6
f(5) = 25 + 5b + c 5
4
f(9) = 81 + 9b + c
3
Also given f(1) –2f(5) + f(9) = 32
2
Since f ( x ) £ 8 for all x in the interval [1, 9], 1 x
we have –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
Functions129 129

È x+9 [-10, -8] = -23 + 30 = 7

Í
fog ( x ) = Í 1 [-8, -4] 13. (0.40)
ÍÎ-3 - x [-4, -2] (
Put x = y = 1, f (1) 2 = 3 f (1) - 2 )
graph of gof(x)
y
fi f (1) = 1 or 2
Let f(1) = 1, then put y = 1
1
f(x). f(1) = f(x) + f(1) + f(x) –2
fi f(x) = 1 constant function
\ f (1) π 1 , hence f(1) = 2
B14. (3.00)
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 Ï1 - x 0 < x < 1
f ( x) = x - 1 = Ì
Óx -1 x ≥1

–1 g ( x) = e x x ≥ -1

( fog )( x ) =
graph of fog(x)
ÔÏ1 - g ( x ) 0 < g ( x ) < 1 i.e. - 1 £ x < 0
Integer Type Ì
ÔÓ g ( x ) - 1 g ( x) ≥ 1 i.e. 0£ x
B11. Step 0: First simplify the function
ÏÔ1 - e x -1 £ x < 0
f ( x) = 2sin 2 q + 4 cos( x + q) sin x.sin q + cos =Ì
x
(2 x + 2q) ÔÓe - 1 x≥0
= 2sin 2 q + cos(2 x + 2q) + 2 cos \ domain = [-1, • )
Fog is decreasing in [–1, 0] and increasing in
( x + q) cos( x - q) - 2 cos 2 ( x + q)
(0, •)
f(x) = 2sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 ( x + q) - 1 + 2 cos 2 1
fog (-1) = 1 - and fog (0) = 0
x - 2sin 2 q - 2 cos 2 ( x + q) = cos 2x e
Èp ˘ lie x Æ • fog (x) = • \ range [0, •)
\ f 2 ( x) + f 2 Í - x ˙ = cos 2 2 x + sin 2 2 x = 1 so a =2 and b=1, so a + b = 3
Î4 ˚
[Answer is 1] [Answer is 3]
B12. [Answer is 3] B15. (45.00)
Notes that f ( x ) = g ( x )
Put g ( x) = y = x 2 - 2 fi x
= y + 2 fi f ( y + 2) = 0 f (-1) f (-1)
fi =
g (10) f (10)
fi y 5 + 20 y 4 + 40 y 3 + 79 y 2 + 74 y + 23 = 0
9
Roots are g ( x1 ), g ( x2 ), g ( x3 ), g ( x4 ), g ( x5 ) fi = 45
1
g ( x1 ).g ( x2 ).g ( x3 ).g ( x4 ).g ( x5 ) = -23 5
And x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 = -1 Paragraph Based
g ( x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 ) = g (-1) = -1 B16. (b)
\ g ( x1 ).g ( x2 ).g ( x3 ).g ( x4 ).g ( x5 ) Let Y = f ( x ) fi x 2 + y 2 = 1
-30 g ( x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 )
130 Integral Calculus

B18. y = f(f(f(g(x))))
1 From the graph it is clear that domain of g(x) is
1/2 [0, • ) and range of g(x) is [-1, • ) , similarly as
shown in table below.
–2
–1
0
1
2 Function Domain Range
g(x) [0, •) [–1, •)
f(g(x)) [–1, •) [0, •)
f(f(g(x))) [0, •) [1, •)
B17. (a) f(f(f(g(x)))) [1, •) [2, •)
Let y = g(x) = h(x)
B19. For the domain of y = g(g(g(f(x))))
2 y = g(x) g(g(f(x))) Œ[0, • )

fi g ( f ( x )) Œ (1, • )
y = g(x)
1 y = h(x)
fi f ( x ) Œ[2, • )
fi x Œ[1, • )
–1
y = h(x) B20. The solution of equation f(x) = g(x) same as
( x - 1)2
Paragraph for Question Nos. 18 to 20 solution of the equation f(x) = x +2= x
4
Ï
Ô 1 - x2 , fi x 2 - 2 x + 1 = 4 ( x - 2)
-1 £ x < 0
Ô
Ô 2 fi x 2 - 6 x + 9 = 0
Consider, f(x) = Ì x , 0 £ x <1
Ô
fi ( x - 3) = 0
2
Ô ( x - 1)
2

ÔÓ 4 + 2, x ≥1
fix=3
Consider another function g is defined such that
g (f (x)) = x " x ≥ –1 and f [g (x)] = x " x ≥ 0
Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 18 to 20
Graph of f(x) is

y=x
3 ( x - 1) 2
+2
4
y
2 f(x) g(x)

1 - x2

x
–1 0 1 2 3

–1
Functions131 131

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST C
Single Correct Ê 200 x ˆ
10 +
C1 (b) f(1) = a + b + c 200 x Á 100 + x 2 ˜
f( ) = log e Á
f(–2) = 4a – 2b + c 100 + x 2 200 x ˜
Á 10 - ˜
Also note that f(1) – f(–2) = 3(b – a) Ë 100 + x 2 ¯
a+b+c 3 f (1) 3
E= = = Ê 10 + x ˆ
f (1) - f (-2) f (-2) = 2 log Á = 2 f ( x)
b-a
1- Ë 10 - x ˜¯
f (1) C5. (c) Core Concept: Put the value of x = 1990,
Hence, Emin. occurs when f(–2) = 0 and the find the condition associated with GIF
Hence, Emin. = 3 Since 1900 £ f (1990) £ 2000
C2. (c) For x-intercept y = 0
\ ||x – 2 || – a | = 3 È1900 ˘ È f (1990) ˘ È 2000 ˘
fi Í £Í ˙£
fi |x – 2| – a = 3 or – 3 Î 90 ˙˚ Î 90 ˚ ÍÎ 90 ˙˚
fi |x – 2| = a + 3 or a – 3 È f (1990) ˘
For exactly there x-intercepts fi 21 £ Í ˙ £ 22
Î 90 ˚
a + 3 > 0 and a – 3 = 0 or a = 3
or a + 3 = 0 and a – 3 > 0 no value of a satisfy Case I:
this condition È f (1990) ˘
If Í ˙ = 21,
Hence, required sum = 3 Î 90 ˚
C3. (a) We have f ¢ ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6 x + 4 + b cos x - c
Èx˘ È f ( x) ˘
sin x x - f ( x ) = 19 Í ˙ - 90 Í ˙
Now, for f(x) to be one-one, only possibility is Î19 ˚ Î 90 ˚
f ¢ ( x) ≥ 0 " x Œ R Substitute x = 1990

i.e., 3x2 + 6x + 4 + b cos x – c sin x ≥ 0 " x Œ R È1990 ˘ È f (1990) ˘

1990 - f (1990) = 19 Í ˙ - 90 Í ˙
i.e., 3x2 + 6x + 4 ≥ c sin x – b cos x " x Œ R Î 19 ˚ Î 90 ˚

i.e., 3 x 2 + 6 x + 4 ≥ b 2 + c 2 " x Œ R 1990 - f (1990) = 19 ¥ 104 - 90 ¥ 21

fi f (1990) = 1904
i.e., ( )
b2 + c2 £ 3 x2 + 2 x + 1 + 1 " x Œ R

Case II:
b 2 + c 2 £ 3 ( x + 1) + 1 " x Œ R
2
i.e., È f (1990) ˘
If Í ˙ = 22
fi b2 + c2 £ 1 " x Œ R Î 90 ˚

fi b2 + c2 £ 1 " x Œ R fi 1990 - f (1990) = 19 ¥ 104 - 90 ¥ 22

C4. (c) From the given information first find f(x) fi f (1990) = 1994
Ê 10 + x ˆ C6. (a) Core Concept: -1£ cos -1 x £ 1
f ( x) = log e Á
Ë 10 - x ˜¯
| £| sin x | + | cos x |£ 2
132 Integral Calculus

[| sin x | + | cos x |] = 1 "x Œ Ê 2 y + 1ˆ

2
Hence, p < - Á
11 7 Ë 2 y ˜¯
Now sin 2 x + 2sin x + = (sin x + 1) 2 + min
4 4 2
Ê 2 y + 1ˆ
7 2 Now, max. value of Á occurs at y = –1
For f to be well defined (sin x + 1) + ≥ 2 Ë 2 y ˜¯
4
-1
12 and is equal to
(sin x + 1) ≥ 4
4
-1
1 1 \ P<
fi sin x + 1 ≥, sin x + 1 £ - 4
2 2
C9. (a, b) Given expression can be written as
1 3 2f(x) f ¢(x) = {f(x)}2 + {f ¢(x)}2
sin x ≥ - , sin x £ - (This is impossible
2 2 fi [f(x) – f ¢(x)]2 = 0
È 7 p ˘ È11p ˘ fi f(x) = f ¢(x)
fi x Œ Í0, ˙U Í , 2p ˙ fi f(x) = Aex = ±e(x + 1)
Î 6 ˚ Î 6 ˚
fi f(1) = ±e2.
Multiple Correct C10. (a, c, d)
C7. (a, b, d) Since f(2 + t) = f(2 – t) x-5 2x - 5
f ( x) = fi f 2 ( x) = = g ( x)
fi Function is symmetric about the line x = 2 x-3 x-2
\ –b/2 = 2 fi b = –4 Then g 2 n ( x) = x and g 2 n +1 = g ( x)
\ f(x) = x2 – 4x + c
f 2012 (2009) = g1006 (2009) = 2009
So, f(1) = c – 3
f(2) = c – 4 f 2009 (2010) = f [ g1004 (2010)] = f (2010)
f(4) = c 2005
=
f(2) < f(1) < f(4) 2007
x -1 f 2009 (2011) = f [ g1004 (2011)] = f (2011)
C8. (a, b, c, d) We have y =
p - x2 + 1
2006
2 =
fi py - x y + y = x - 1 2008
fi x 2 y + x - y ( p + 1) -1 = 0 f 2012 (2012) = g1006 (2012) = 2012
As, x Œ R, so D ≥ 0 Integer Type
fi 1 + 4 y { y ( p + 1) +1} ≥ 0 1
x-
x4 - x2 x
fi 4 y 2
( p + 1) + 4 y + 1 ≥ 0 C11. (Ans 1.40) =
x 6 + 2 x3 - 1 1
È -1˘ x3 + 2 -
Since, y π Í-1, ˙ x3
Î 3˚
1
È -1˘ x-
So, 4y2(p + 1) + 4y + 1 < 0 " y Œ Í-1, ˙ = x
Î 3˚ Ê 1ˆ
3
Ê 1ˆ
ÁË1 - ˜¯ + 1 + 1 + 3 ÁË x - ˜¯
fi (2 y + 1) + 4 y 2 p < 0
2
x x
2 1
Ê 2 y + 1ˆ È -1˘ x-
fi p < -1Á "y Œ Í-1, ˙ x 1
Ë 2 y ¯˜ Î 3˚ £
Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
=
6
3Á x - ˜ + 3Á x - ˜
Ë x ¯ Ë x¯
Functions133 133

So p + q = 6 + 1 = 7 f (4) = 6(4 - a ) + 4
C12. (Ans is 2.40) ||x + 2| – 3| = sgn
f (5) = 24(5 - a ) + 5
Ê
Á1 - ( x - 2)( x + 6)( x + 4) ˆ˜ È f (-1) + f (5) ˘ È148 ˘
Í f (0) + f (4) ˙ = Í 28 ˙ = 5
Á
Ë ( )
x 2 + 1 ( x + 4)( x + 6)) x - 2) ˜¯ Î ˚ Î ˚
Paragraph Based
Ê 1 ˆ
||x + 2| – 3 | = sgn Á1 - 2  x π 2, -4, -6 Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 18
Ë x + 1 ˜¯
16. (d) The image of the element 1 can be selected
||x + 2| – 3 = 1 fi |x + 2| – 3 = ±1 in k ways and for each of the remaining (n – 1)
fi |x + 2| = 4, 2 elements, the image can be defined in (k – 1)
fi x + 2 = ± 4, ±2 ways, since it is given that f (i ) π f (i + 1)
fi x = 2, – 4, 0, – 6 \ Total number of mappings in F = k (k – 1)n – 1
 xi = 2 + 4 + 0 + 6 = 12 17. (a) Out of the total number of mappings in F,
the number of mappings which satisfy f (n) =
C13. (Ans is 1.50)
1 is same as the number of maps which satisfy
f ( x) = 5 + a1 x + a3 x3 + a5 x5 + ... + a4019 x 4019 f (n - 1) π 1 and this number is c(n – 1, k)
f ( -1) = 5 - a1 - a3 - a5 ... - a4019 = 4
\ c (n, k ) = F - c (n - 1, k )
f (1) = 5 + a1 + a3 + a5 ... + a4019 = l say
18. (c) c (n, k ) = k (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k )
n -1
10 = 4 + l fi l = 6
= (k - 1) + (k - 1) - c (n - 1, k )
n n -1
C14. (Ans is 4)
From the graph number of solutions = 4
fi c (n, k ) - (k - 1)
n

n (
= ( -1) c (n - 1, k ) - (k - 1)
n -1
)
m = (-1)
n -3
(c (3, k ) - (k - 1) ) 3

But c(3, k) = number of maps f in F for which

f (3) π f (1)
o p/2 p 3p 2p = k(k – 1) (k – 2)
2
\ c (n, k ) - (k - 1)
n

C15. (Answer is 1.25) Consider expression 2f(sin x)
= ( -1) (k - 1) ÈÎ k (k - 2) - (k - 1)2 ˘˚
n -1

+ f (cos x) = x"x Œ
= (-1) (k - 1)
n
f (-1) = 24(1 + a ) - 1

\ c (n, k ) = (k - 1) + (-1) (k - 1)
n n
f (0) = 6a
134 Integral Calculus

Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 19 to 20

Graph of the function is as shown

2
4 –x 4– 4 8–
x x– 8
x+ 1 x x
x–
x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(0, 0)

y¢

19. (c) At x = 9, centre of the circle lies on f(x) = x – 8, then f(9) = 1

So, centre is (9, 1) and radius = 1
Hence, required equation of circle is x2 + y2 – 18x – 2y + 81 = 0
20. (b) Consider the intersection point of two functions as shown below
y

3
2
1

x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

y¢

From above graph, clearly number of solutions are 7.

Functions135 135

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST D
Single Correct f ( x) = f ( x + p + p)
D1. (b) Plot the graph with the help of “Method of
interval”. f ( x) - 5 - 5
f ( x + p) - 5 f ( x) - 3
= =
f ( x + p) - 3 f ( x) - 5 - 3
f ( x) - 3
1 2 3 -4 f ( x ) + 10 2 f ( x ) - 5
= =
-2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x) - 2
2
so that ÈÎ f ( x ) - 2˘˚ = -1 which is not possible.
Therefore, 2p is not a period. Again
D2. (c) Core Concept: Define the function piece 2 f ( x + p) - 5
wise f ( x + 3 p) =
f ( x + p) - 2
p
When 0 < x < 3 f ( x) - 5
2 = π f ( x) .
Ê 0 if 0 < x < 1 f ( x) - 1
\[ x ] = Á p Now f ( x + 4 p ) = f ( x + 3 p + p )
Á1 if 1 £ x <
Ë 2 3 f ( x) - 5
Ïsin 0 = 0 if 0 < x < 1 -5
Ô f ( x + 3 p) - 5 f ( x) - 1
fi sin [ x ] = Ì p = =
sin1 if 1 £ x < f ( x + 3 p) - 3 3 f ( x) - 5
ÓÔ 2 f ( x) - 1
-3
p
We have 0 < sin x < 1 when 0 < x < . -2 f ( x )
2 = = f ( x ).
p -2
\ [sin x ] = 0 for 0 < x < Therefore 4p is a period.
2
Ê0 if 0 < x < 1 Ê 1ˆ
D4. (b) y = cosx Á sinx + sin 2 x + ˜
\ sin [ x ] + [sin x ] = Á p Ë 2¯
Á sin1 if 1 £ x <
Ë 2 1
(ysecx – sinx)2 = sin 2 x +
D3. (c) Core Concept: Think, why {3} is not in the 2
range of the function
1
Since 3 does not belong to the range of f im- y2(1 + tan2x) – 2y tanx =
2
plies 2 also cannot belong to range of f because,
if f ( x ) = 2 for some x ΠR . Then f ( x + p ) 1
y2tan2x – 2y tanx + y2 - =0
2-5 2
= = 3 which is not in the range of
2-3 tan x Œ \ D ≥ 0
f. Hence 2 and 3 are not in the range of f. If Ê 1ˆ
4 y2 - 4 y2 Á y2 - ˜ ≥ 0
Ë 2¯
f ( x + 2 p ) = f ( x ) , this implies
136 Integral Calculus

Ê 1ˆ 1 x 1 4
1 - Á y2 - ˜ ≥ 0 fi < £ fi < x £ 1
Ë 2¯ 5 4 4 5
3 not possible simultaneously fi no solution
y2 - £0
2 È3˘ È4˘
Case III: Í ˙ = 2 and Í ˙ = 3
x
Î ˚ Î x˚
Ê 3ˆ Ê 3ˆ
fi Á y - ˜ Á y+ £0 È3˘ 3
Ë 2 ¯Ë 2 ˜¯ Again if Í ˙ = 2 fi 2 £ < 3
Îx˚ x
È 3 3˘ 1 x 1 3
y Œ Í- , ˙ fi < £ fi 1 < x £
Î 2 2˚ 3 3 2 2
D5. (a) We will see the cases in different range of x, È4˘ 4
when it is positive and when it is negative and Í ˙ = 3 fi 3 £ < 4
Îx˚ x
È3˘ È4˘ È3˘ 1 x 1 4
If x < 0 then Í ˙ and Í ˙ is –ve hence Í ˙ +
x
Î ˚ x
Î ˚ Îx˚ fi < £ fi 1 < x £
4 4 3 3
È4˘ 4
Í x ˙ can never be equal to 5 Common solution 1 < x £
Î ˚ 3
: If x > 0
Ê 4˘
3 4 È3˘ È4˘ Hence x Œ Á1, ˙
We have < ; \ Í ˙ £ Í ˙ Ë 3˚
x x Î x˚ Î x˚
\ a = 1, b = 4, c = 3,
È3˘ È4˘
Since each of Í ˙ and Í ˙ is an integer. \ a + b + c + abc = 1 + 4 + 3 + 12 = 20
Îx˚ Îx˚
D6. (d) Given f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 7x + 1,
\ We have 3 cases
f ¢ ( x ) = 3 x 2 - 10 x + 7 = (3 x - 7 )( x - 1)
È3˘ È4˘
Case I: Í ˙ = 0 and Í ˙ = 5 Range of the function is [1, 4] and co-domain is
Î x˚ Î x˚ [0, 4], so it is not onto
È3˘ 3 (1, 4)
Now, if Í ˙ = 0 fi 0 £ < 1 fi 0 £ 3 x fi x 3
Îx˚ x
È4˘ 4
and Í ˙ = 5 fi 5 £ < 6
Îx˚ x 1
(2, 3)

1 x 1 2 4
fi < £ fi < x £
6 4 5 3 5 1 2
These two equations are not possible. Hence no Function is neither one-one nor onto.
solutions in these cases.
È3˘ È4˘ Multiple Correct
Case II: Í ˙ = 1and Í ˙ = 4
Î x˚ Î x˚ D7. (a, c) Graph of f(x) = |x – 2|; shift the graph on
x-axis by 2 units.
È3˘ 3
Now, if Í ˙ = 1 fi 1 £ < 2 Graph of f{f(x)} = ||x – 2| - 2|
x
Î ˚ x
Graph of f[f{f(x)}] = |||x – 2| - 2 | - 2|
1 x 3
fi < £ 1 fi < x £ 3 Obviously, if the equation g(x) = k, k Œ (0, 2)
2 3 2 has 8 distinct solution, then n = 4
È4˘ 4
and Í ˙ = 4 fi 4 £ < 5
x
Î ˚ x
Functions137 137

f ( x ) = f ( x ) . f ( a ) + f (0 ) f ( a - x )
y
2

fi f ( x ) = f (a - x )
x
O 2
2 Put y = a - x is equation (1)

f (a ) = ( f ( x )) + ( f (a - x ))
2 2
x
O 2 4
2
1 Ï 1¸
f ( x) = ± Ì f ( x) π - ˝
x 2 Ó 2˛
–2 O 2 4 6
1
Hence f ( x ) =
p-2 2
D8. (a, b, d) Case I: When £ 2 fi p £ 6
2
Integer Type
f(2) = 8
fi 4 – 2 (p – 2) + 3p – 2 = 8 fi p = 2 D11. (Ans is 25)
Given f(x) = log[ax3 + (a + b)x2 + (b + c)x + c}
p-2
Case II: When > 2 fi p > 6 For f(x) to be defined
2
ax3 + (a + b)x2 + (b + c)x + c > 0
-D ( p - 2) - 4 (3 p - 2)
2
( ) ( )
fi ax3 + bx 2 cx + ax 2 + bx + c > 0
= 8 fi - =8
4a 4
fi p2 – 4p + 4 – 12p + 8 = -32 fi x (ax + bx + c ) + ax + bx + c > 0
2 2

fi p2 – 16p + 44 = 0 fi ( x + 1) (ax + bx + c ) > 0

2

16 ± 256 - 176 16 ± 4 5
p= = = 8±2 5 fi ( x + 1) > 0 [b 2 - 4ac < 0 and a > 0, \ ax2 +
2 2
bx + c > 0]
\ p = 8+2 5
fi ( x + 1) > 0 [b 2 - 4ac < 0 and a > 0, \ ax2 +
p = 8 - 2 5 is ruled out since p > 6 bx > + c > 0 for all real x]
D9. (a, b, c) Since Domain Œ R fi x > -1
2
x +e Hence domain of f = (-1, • )
Range of Π(1, e ]
x2 + 1
So all the prime numbers less than 100 can be
Ê x2 + e ˆ in its domain.
fi range of log Á 2 ˜ Œ (0,1]
Ë x + 1¯ D12. (Answer is 2.8)

( ) + (1 + )
3 2 3

Maximum value of f(x) is

1
+
1
= 24 f ( x) = 3 - 4 - x2 4 - x2
2 2
1
f(0)
= 64 8
Many one function hence not invertible
D10. (a, b, c) f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (a - y ) + f ( y )
f (a - x ) Æ (1) –3
0
1/3 2
t
1
Put x = y = 0 we get f (a ) =
2 Let t = 4 - x 2 , clearly 0 £ t £ 2
Put y = 0 we get
fi F(t) = (3 – t)2 + (1 + t)3
138 Integral Calculus

For maxima and minima, 11

fi F ¢ (t ) = 0 \ x = 3 / 2, are the only solutions
4
fi -2(3 – t) + 3(1 + t) 2 = 0 x -1
fi 3t2 + 8t – 3 = 0 D14. (Answer is 0) Let y = f ( x) =
c - x2 + 1
fi (3t – 1)(t + 3) = 0
È1 ˘
1 Take y = -t , where t Œ Í ,1˙
fi t = -3, Î3 ˚
3
x -1
Also F ¢¢ (t ) |t =-3 = -10 fi maxima \ -t =
c - x2 + 1
And F ¢¢ (t ) |t =1/3 = +10 fi minima
x -1 1 1
As t π -3 , hence maximum value of F(t) will - x2 - c - 1 = fi x 2 - x + - c - 1 = 0
t t t
occur at the end points for which
È 1˘
F(0) = 10, F(2) = 28 As -t Œ Í-1, - ˙ , hence the above must not
Î 3˚
Hence, maximum value of F(t) = 28 for t = 2
fi maximum value of f(x) = 28 for x = 0. possess real solution
2
D13. [Answer is 0.80] Ê 1ˆ Ê1 ˆ 1 4
\ Á ˜ - 4 Á - c - 1˜ < 0 fi 2 - + 4 £ -4c
Given equation is x - 1 = 2 [ x ] - 3 { x} Ë t¯ Ët ¯ t t
2
(i) if x ≥ 1 , then x – 1 = 2 [x] - 3 {x} 1 Ê1 ˆ
fi c < - Á - 2˜
[x] + {x} – 1 = 2[x] – 3{x} 4Ët ¯
4{x} = 1 + [x] 1 1
Now, £ t £ l fi 1 £ - 2 £ 1
\ 0 £ 1 + [ x] < 4 3 t
\ - 1 £ [ x] < 3 1 1 Ê1 ˆ
2
fi - £ Á - 2˜ £ 0
\ possible value of [x] are 1 and 2 4 4Ët ¯
1 Ê 1ˆ
if [x] = 1, then { x} = \ x = 3/2 Hence, c Œ Á -•, - ˜
2 Ë 4¯
11 D15. (Answer is 8.12)
if [x] = 2, then {x} = 3/4  \ x =
4 a is integer then x must be integer, i.e., [x] = x
(ii)
x < 1, then the equation becomes
a = x3 + x
1 – x = 2 [x] – 3 {x}
1 £ a £ 500 fi 1 £ x £ 7, x Œ I
1 – [x] – {x} = 2[x] – 3{x}
7 2

 ai =  ( x3 + x ) = ÁË
2 {x} = 3[x] – 1 Ê 7.8 ˆ Ê 7.8 ˆ
˜ +Á ˜ = 812
\ 0 £ 3[ x] - 1 < 2 x =1 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯

i.e. 1 £ 3 [ x ] < 3 Matrix Match

1
i.e. £ [ x ] < 1 which is not possible
3 Assertion Reasoning
Functions139 139

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST E
Single Correct dy
Now, = 0 fi x ( x - 2)( x + 1) = 0
E1. (a) Core Concept: Use property of GIF dx
f(x) = [ x] - x + [2 x] - 2 x + .... + [nx] - (nx) fi x = 0, 2, -1
= -[{x} + {2 x} + ..... + {nx}] dy
1 Also, > 0 fi x ( x - 2)( x + 1) > 0 .
Period of {rx} = dx
r Using wavy-curve method, we have
Ê 1 1 1ˆ dy
\ Period of f(x) = LCM Á1, , , ......, ˜ = 1 Thus > 0 when x > 2 or x Œ (-1, 0) .
Ë 2 3 n¯ dx
E2. (d) Core Concept: Take |f(x)| = – f(x) when f(x) dy
Similarly, < 0 when 0 < x < 2 or x < –1.
< 0 and dx
For 0 £ f ( x) < 1 then g ( x) = 0 Hence the graph of the curve will be as fol-
lows:
For -1 < f ( x) < 0
At x = 2, f(x) = 3 ¥ 16 – 4 ¥ 8 – 12 ¥ 4 + 1 =
e2 f ( x) - 1 È1 - e 2 ˆ 48 – 32 – 48 + 1 = –31.
g ( x) = fi g ( x ) Œ Í , 0˜
e2 f ( x) + 1 Î1 + e
2
¯ At x = –1, f(x) = 3. 1 + 4. 1 – 12.1 + 1 = –4.
\ The least value of the function is –31.
È1 - e 2 ˘
\ range of g ( x) = Í 2
, 0˙ Hence the range of the function is [-31, • ) .
Î1 + e ˚
E3. (c) Core Concept: First find g(f(x)) and then E5. (b) Core Concept: Put x = sin -1 x and then x
equate with zero. = cos–1 x
3 1 1 1 Put x = sin -1 x
f ( x) = x 2 + x + = ( x + ) 2 + ≥

4 2 2 2
g ( f ( x)) = ( f ( x)) 2 + af ( x) + 1 , for g(f(x)) = 0
we get 2 f ( x) + f ( 1 - x ) = sin x Æ (1)
2 -1

x = cos -1 x then fi 2 f ( 1 - x ) + f ( x)
2
Ê 1 ˆ
a = - Á f ( x) + £ -2 \ If a > –2, g(f(x))
Ë f ( x) ˜¯ = cos -1 x Æ (2)
= 0 has no solutions
E4. (b) Core Concept: For a differential function, (1) x (2) fi 4 f ( x) + 2 f ( 1 - x ) = 2sin 2 -1
x
for maximum and minimum value of f(x), f ¢(x)
=0

f ( x) + 2 f ( 1 - x ) = cos
2 -1
x
Given that y = f ( x ) = 3 x - 4 x - 12 x + 1 .
4 3 2
3 f ( x) = 2sin -1 x - cos -1 x
It cuts the y-axis at the point (x = 0, x = 1). 2 -1 1Ê p ˆ
f ( x) = sin x - Á - sin -1 x˜
dy 3 3Ë 3 ¯
Differentiating, we get = 12 x3 - 12 x 2 - 24 x
dx p
= sin -1 x -
i.e.
dy
dx
( )
= 12 x x 2 - x - 2 = 12 x ( x - 2)( x + 1) . 6
p p p
f max = - = ,
2 6 3
140 Integral Calculus

p p -4p -2p È -2p p ˘ y=4

f min = - - = = =Í , ˙
2 6 6 3 Î 3 3˚ Domain R « R ¢ is {-3,3}
E6. (c) g ( x ) = f
1 11
( x ). = - f ( x ) , Range of R « R ¢ = [0, 5]
E8. (a, b, d) Key: A, B, D
g (0 ) = f 1 (0 ) = 1 > 0
Hint:
f 11 ( x ) . f 1 ( x ) = - f ( x ) . f 1 ( x ) g1 ( x ) = f 11 ( x ) . = - f ( x ) ,
fi Ú f 11
( x ) f ( x ) dx = - Ú f ( x ). f ( x ) dx
1 1
g (0 ) = f 1 (0 ) = 1 > 0
(f ( x ))
2
- ( f ( x ))
1 2

fi = + c fi c = 1 f 11 ( x ) . f 1 ( x ) = - f ( x ) . f 1 ( x )
2 2
fi Ú f 11 ( x ) f 1 ( x ) dx = - Ú f ( x ) . f 1 ( x ) dx
f 1 ( x ) = 2 - ( f ( x ))
2

(f ( x ))
2
- ( f ( x ))
2
f 1 ( x ) dx
1
fi Ú = Ú 1dx fi = + c fi c = 1
2 - ( f ( x )) 2 2
2

f ( x) f 1 ( x ) = 2 - ( f ( x ))
2

fi sin -1
=x+c , 1
f (0) = 0 fi c = p /4
1
2
f 1 ( x ) dx
Êp ˆ fi Ú = Ú 1 dx
f ( x ) = 2 sin Á + x˜ = sin x + cos x
2 - ( f ( x ))
2
Ë4 ¯

Multiple Correct f ( x)
fi sin -1 = x + c1 ,
2 2 2
E7. (a, c) Given x + y £ 25
f (0) = 0 fi c1 = p / 4

Êp ˆ
f ( x ) = 2 sin Á + x˜ = sin x + cos x
Ë4 ¯
E9. (a, b)
Let t = x2 – x –21 then, f(x) = t (t – 18),
= t2 – 18t = (t – 0)2 – 81 = (x2 – x – 30)2 – 81
f(x) = [(x – 6) (x + 5)]2 – 81
9 y ≥ 9 x2 f(6) = f(-5) = - 81
and fmin = - 81
9
x2 £ y E 10. (a, c, d)
4
9y È Ê x 2 - x + 1ˆ ˘
2
x = Given f ( x ) = sin -1 Ílog 3 Á 2 ˜˙
4 ÎÍ Ë x + x + 1¯ ˚˙
9y È Ê x 2 + x + 1ˆ ˘
+ y 2 - 25 = 0 f (- x ) = sin -1 Ílog 3 Á 2
4 ˜ ˙ = - f ( x)
ÎÍ Ë x - x + 1¯ ˚˙
4 y2 + 9 y - 1 = 0
Ê 1ˆ
f Á ˜ = f ( x ) = - f (- x )
( y - 4)(47 + 21) = 0 Ë x¯
Functions141 141

So function is odd
x2 - x + 1È1 ˘
1 Since Œ Í , 3˙
f ¢ ( x) = . 2
x + x +1 Î3 ˚
2
Ê Ê x 2 - x + 1ˆ ˆ + – +
-1Á log 3 Á 2 ˜˜
Ë Ë x + x + 1¯ ¯ –1 1
max at min at

log 3 C
.
(
2 x2 - 1 ) È -p
x = –1
p˘
x=1

( x + x + 1) \ f ( x) = Í ,
2 2
Ê x - x + 1ˆ 2
Á 2 ˜ Î 2 2 ˙˚
Ë x + x + 1¯
Paragraph Based
E 11 to E 13) Passage 4 From Book (Page 1.69)
E 14 to E 16) Passage 5From Book (Page 1.69)
Assertion Reasoning
142 Integral Calculus

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST F
Multiple Correct
Functions143 143

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST G
Multiple Correct
144 Integral Calculus

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST H
Multiple Correct
g(x)
x
–2 –1 –3 –4
Integer Type
48k + 8 + 4 (1 – 3k) ≥ 0
fi 12 + 36k ≥ 0
-1 È -1
fi k ≥ \ k Œ Í , 0)
Matrix Match 3 Î3
Case 3: For k = 0, 2x + 4 ≥ 0 fi x ≥ -2
\ k = 0 is also the solution.
Paragraph Based È -1 1 ˘
\ k Œ Í , ˙ = [ a, b ]
H16. (c) The set A is given by x Œ[-2, -1] » [3, 4) ∫ A Î 3 6˚
Now consider , [ x ] - [ x ] - 6 = 0
2 \ 6b – 3a = 1 – (-1) = 2
fi ([x] –3) [x] + 2) = 0 -1
H18. (a) k = ,
fi [x] = -2 or 3 3
So, x Œ[-2, -1] » [3, 4) ∫ A
H17. (d) Every solution of set A satisfies the inequal- x
–2 –1 –3 –4
ity g(x) ≥ 0 g(x)
3kx2 + 2x + 4 (1 – 3k) ≥ 0 " x Œ A G(x) = - x2 + 2x + 8
Case 1: If k > 0 here, g(-2) = 0 Range of g(x) is
g(x) when x ΠA
g(x) A ∫ [ -2, -1] » [3, 4)
x [0, 5)
–2 –1 –3 –4
Solution of Paragraph for Question Nos. 19 to 20
H19. (a) Since period of f(x) is 2(10 – 2) = 16
b
£ -2 \ f(0) = f(16) = f(32) = … = f(160 = 5
2a
\ there are at least 11values of x for which f(x)
-2 1 =5
fi £ -2 fi ≥2
2.3k 3k F(0) = f(4) = f(16)
1 Due to symmetry in one period length f(x) = 5
fi k £
6 one solution other then 0, 16, 32, ________
Ê 1˘ \ at least minimum possible number of values
k Œ Á 0, ˙ of x is 10 + 11 = 21
Ë 6˚
H 20. (a)
Case 2: If k < 0
Functions145 145

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST I
Single Correct
I4. (d) No. of sol of sin px = n x
I1. (a) Putting tan x = t , we get f(t) is a polynomi-
y = sin px, y = n x
al function of the form, f (t ) = ±t n + 1
No of solutions = 6
When t =2, f (2) = 9 fi n = 3 \ f (t ) = t 3 + 1
f ' (2)
f ¢ (2) = 12 \ =2
6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
I2. (d) fog ( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (4 x(1 - x))
1 - 4 x(1 - x)
fi when 0 £ 4 x(1 - x) £ 1 and 0 No. of solutions 6
1 + 4 x(1 - x)
£x£1 Multiple Correct
2
But 4 x - 4 x ≥ 0 fi 0 £ x £ 1
4 x - 4 x 2 £ 1 fi (2 x - 1) 2 ≥ 0 fi x Œ R
Integer Type
1 - 4 x + 4 x2
Hence fog ( x) = , 0 £ x £1 I9. (Answer is 1)If f(x) is surjective then range of
1 + 4 x - 4 x2
f(x) must ÈÎ0, • )
4 x2 - 4 x + 1
Let y = , 0 £ x £1 \ Range of 3 x 2 - 4 x + k + 1 + 10 ŒÈÎ1, • )
-(4 x 2 - 4 x) + 1
put 0 £ x £ 1 t Œ[-1, 0] fi Range of 3x2 – 4x + k + 1 in ÎÈ0, • )
\D=0
1 + t dy 1 - t + 1 + t
y= , = >0 fi 10 – 12 (k + 1) = 0
1 - t dt (1 - t ) 2 fi 4 – 3k – 3 = 0
Range of fog ( x) = [0,1] 1
fi k =
fi a + b = 1 3
I3. (c) Solving the given equation, Ï p
Ô 4;0 < x < 2
5 ± 25 + 4sin x - 24 Ô
we get [x] = Ô p
2.1 I10. (Answer is 0.50) f ( x ) = Ì-2; < x < p
Ô 2
5 ± 1 + 4sin x
= Ô 3p
2 Ô 0; p < x < 2
Ó
-1 £ sin x £ 1
-4 £ 4sin x £ 4 Ï 3p
Ì-2; < x < 2p
-3 £ 1 + 4sin £ 5 Ó 2
0 £ 1 + 4sin x £ 5 \ Range of f(x) = {–2, 0, 4}
fi [ x ] is an integer ¤ sin x = 0 I11. (Answer is 10) Let f ( x ) = x 2 + ax - x 2 + bx
fi [ x ] = 3 ( a - b)
\ f ( x) =
fi x = p Ê aˆ
1+ Á ˜ + 1 + (b /x)
Ë x¯
146 Integral Calculus

a-b I14. (d) Range of f is (0, 8]

\ f ( x) max = Maximum value of g{f(x)} is g(8) = 64 + 9 =
2
Hence, K = 10 73
I15. (b)
I12. (Answer is 4) Given f ( x) = x 2 + lx + u cos x
y
Let a be the root of f ( x) = 0 fi f (a ) = 0
fi f ( f (a )) = f (0) = 0 2

(a is root of f ( f ( x) = 0 also)

Now f (0) = m = 0 1

f ( x) = x 2 + lx = 0 fi x = 0, x = -l
f ( f ( x)) = f ( x 2 + lx) 0 1 2 3 x
= ( x 2 + lx) 2 + l ( x 2 + lx)
{ }
= ( x 2 + lx) x 2 + lx + l = 0 Using the definition of u(x), we can write f(x)
Will have same root x = 0, x = -l If as f(x) = u(x – 1) + u(x – 2) + u(x – 3) 0 £ x < 3
x 2 + lx + l = 0 have no real roots I16. (c)
fi l 2 - 4l < 0 Ïx 0 £ x < 1
fi 0 < l < 4 fi l = 1, 2,3 Ô
We have f ( x ) = Ì-1 1 £ x < 2 using the
But l = 0 is also satisfy Ô2 2 £ x < 3
Ó
(0, 0), (0,1), (, 2)(0,3) are 4 or diff. (l, m ) does
exist. definition of u ( x ) , f ( x ) can be represented as
[Answer is 4] f ( x ) = x {u ( x ) - u ( x - 1)} - {u ( x - 1) - u ( x - 2)}
+ 2u ( x - 2)
Paragraph Based
= x {u ( x ) - u ( x - 1)} - u ( x - 1) + 3u ( x - 2)
Solution of Paragraph for question number 13 &
14 0£ x<3
I13. (b) Given h{f(x)} > 0 and h{g(x)} < 0 Matrix Match
h(0) ≥ 0 fi k ≥ 0
h(8) > 0 fi - 64 – 24 + k > 0 fi k > 88
h(9) < 0 fi -81 - 27 + k < 0 fi k < 108 Assertion Reasoning

0 8

Number of integral values of k is 19

Functions147 147

Solutions
CONCEPT DEVIATOR CD TEST J
Single Correct 2x - 1 2x - 1
then 0 < log 2 < 1 i.e. 1 < <2
J1. (b) The given expression can be written as 3+ x 3+ x
( f ( x ))2 - k 2 ( f ( x ))2 £ 0 i.e.
2x - 1 - 3 - x
> 0 and
2x -1 - 6 - 2x
<0
x+3 x+3
x-4 -7
i.e. > 0 and <0
x+3 x+3
i.e. {x < -3 or x > 4} and x > -3
2 e 3 5 i.e. x > 4 …(iii)
from (i) and (ii) x Œ (-4, -3) » (4, • )
fi ( f ' ( x ) - kf ( x )) ( f ' ( x ) + kf ( x )) £ 0
\ a = -4, b = -3, c = 4 and so a2 + b2 + c2 = 41
( ) ( f ( x) e ) £ 0
' kx '
fi f ( x ) e - kx J3. (d) f ( x ) ¥ f ¢ (- x ) = f (- x ) ¥ f ¢ ( x )
fi Exactly one of the functions g1(x) = f(x)e–kx fi f ¢ ( x ) ¥ f (- x ) - f ( x ) ¥ f ¢ (- x ) = 0
or g 2 ( x ) = f ( x ) e kx is non decreasing.
d
But f (0) = 0 fi both function g1 and g2 have a fi È f ( x ) f (- x )˚˘ = 0
value zero at x = 0 dx Î
"x Œ[0,1] , g1 (0) = 0 and g1 increasing fi g1(x) fi f ( x ) f (- x ) = k
≥ 0 fi f ( x ) ≥ 0 Give ( f (0)) = k = 9 fi k = 9
2

g 2 (0) = 0 and g2 decreasing

Then f (3) f (-3) = 9 fi f (-3) = 3
fi g 2 ( x ) £ 0 fi f ( x ) £ 0
fi f ( x ) = 0"x Œ[0,1] J4. (a)

J2. (b) Domain of sin -1 (sin x ) is R ( )

Given f x + y 2 n +1 = f ( x ) + { f ( y )}
2 n +1
...(1)

Ê 2 x - 1ˆ Diff w.r.t. ‘x’

- log x + 4 log 2 Á >0
Ë 3 + x ˜¯
2 ( Ê
) dy ˆ
f ¢ x + y 2 n +1 Á1 + (2n + 1) . y 2 n . ˜
Ë dx ¯
Ê Ê 2 x - 1ˆ ˆ
i.e. log x + 4 Á log 2 Á <0 dy
Ë 3 + x ˜¯ ˜¯ = f ¢ ( x ) + (2n + 1) . { f ( y )} .
2n
2
Ë
dx
Now we have two cases Q x and y are independent real numbers
x+4 dy
Case I: 0 < < 1 i.e. -4 < x < –2 =0
2 dx
then log 2
2x - 1
> 1 i.e.
2x - 1
>2 ( )
\ f ' x + y 2 n +1 = f ' ( x ) ...(1)
3+ x 3+ x
2x - 1 - 6 - 2x fi f ( x ) = x1/2 n +1 and x = 0
i.e. > 0 i.e. x + 3 < 0 i.e. x < –3
3+ x (1) f ¢ ( x ) = f ¢ (0) when y = x1/2 n +1 and x = 0
\ - 4 < x < - 3 …(i) integrating
x+4 f ( x ) = f ¢ (0) x + c putting x = 0, y = 1
Case II: if > 1 i.e. x > -2
2
148 Integral Calculus

\ f (1) = 0; c = 0 in the given equation d -x

(e ( f ¢ ( x) - f ( x))) = 2
 f ( x ) = f ¢ (0 ) x dx
fi e - x ( f ¢ ( x) - f ( x)) = 2 x + c1
\ f ( x ) = f ¢ (0 ) x
fi f ( x) = ( x 2 + c1 x + c2 )e x and
f (1) = f ¢ (0) .1 fi f ¢ (0) = 1
f ¢ ( x) = ( x 2 + (c1 + 2) x + c1 + c2 )e x
\ f ( x ) = x Hence f (5) = 5
2
Given that f ¢ ( x) > 0 fi c1 - 4c2 + 4 < 0
J5. (d) we know that
- 5 £ 2sin x + cos x £ 5, "x Œ R fi c12 - 4c2 < 0 fi f ( x) > 0
J9. (a, b, d)
fi - 5 £ 5 (2sin x + cos x ) £ 5
f (0) = 0 fi a1 cos a1 + a2 cos a 2
fi 0 £ 5 (2sin x + cos x ) + 5 £ 10 +... + an cos a n = 0
fi -• < log 3 10 ( )
5 (2sin x + cos x ) + 5 £ 3 f ( x1 ) = 0 fi (a1 cos a1 + a2 cos a 2 + ... + an
Hence range is (- •,3] cos a n ) cos x1 + (a1 sin a1 + a2 sin a 2 + ... + an
sin a n ) sin x1 = 0
Multiple Correct
fi a1 sin a1 + a2 sin a 2 + ... + an sin a n = 0
J6. (a, b, c, d)
 ( x1 π np)
Ï1 - x
, x < 1, x π 0
x - 1 ÔÔ x 2 \ a1 cos a1 + a2 cos a 2 + ... + an cos a n = 0
f ( x) = 2 = Ì
x Ô x -1, & a1 sin a1 + a2 sin a 2 + ... + an sin a n = 0
x ≥1
ÔÓ x 2 fi f ( x) = 0 " x
Ïx-2 J10. (a, c)
ÔÔ x3 , x < 1, x π 0
'
f ( x) = Ì 1 + sin x
Let f ( x) =
Ô2 - x , x >1 cos x(1 + cosec x)
ÔÓ x3
(1 + sin x) sin x np
x-2 ¸ = = tan x, x π
, x < 1, x π 0 Ô cos x(1 + sin x) 2
x3 Ô
f ¢ ( x) < 0 fi ˝ Clearly, f ( x) has p as fundamental period
2- x Ô
, x >1 Let f ( x) = sin x + cos x
x3 ˛Ô
fi 0 < x < 1 or x > 2 f (p + x) = sin x + cos x = f ( x)
J7. (a, b, d) Êp ˆ p
f Á + x˜ = cos x + sin x = f ( x) fi is the
Period of f(x) = |sin2x| + |cos2x| is p/4 Ë2 ¯ 2
but f(x) = ln ([|sin2x| + |cos2x|]) Fundamental period
Max. value of |sin2x| + |cos2x| = 2 Let f ( x) = sin 2 x + cos 2 x
( )
f(x) = ln ÈÎ 2 ˘˚ = ln (1) = 0 f (p + x) = sin 2 x + cos 2 x = f ( x)
Êp ˆ
fi it is periodic function but fundamental peri- f Á + x˜ = - sin 2 x - cos 2 x π f ( x)
Ë2 ¯
od not defined.
f(x) is many one and into function fi p is the fundamental period
J8. (b, d) Let f ( x) = cos(sin x) + cos(cos x)
The equation can be written as f (p + x) = cos(sin x) + cos(cos x)
Functions149 149

Êp ˆ J13. (Answer is 4)
f Á + x˜ = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x) f ( x) - 5
Ë2 ¯
f ( x + 1) = ...(1)
p f ( x) - 3
fi fundamental period is
2 3 f ( x + 1) - 5
fi f ( x) =
Integer Type f ( x + 1) - 1
J11. (Answer is 6) Replace ‘x’ by x - 1
3 f ( x) - 5
Let y = 2 x tan -1
(
x - ln 1 + x 2
) fi f ( x + 1) =
f ( x) - 1
...(2)
2x 2x
y ¢ = 2 tan -1 x + 2
- Replace ‘x’ by x + 1 in (1)
1+ x 1 + x2
f ( x + 1) - 5 2 f ( x) - 5
fi y ¢ > 0 "x Œ R + , y ¢ < 0 " x Œ R - f ( x + 2) = = ...(3)
f ( x + 1) - 1 f ( x) - 2
fi y ≥ 0, " x Œ R
2 f ( x) - 5
\ 5 - | [ x ] | takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. f ( x - 2) =
f ( x) - 2
{ | a |£ 5- | [ x ] |} Similarly,
\ | a |£ 5- | [ x ] | is satisfied by a = 0, ±1, ±2, \ f ( x + 2) = f ( x - 2) fi f ( x + 4) = f ( x)
±3, ±4, ±5
Paragraph Based
J12. (Answer is 2.75) From the given functional
Solution of Paragraph for question number 14, 15
equation f(x + y) = f(x) .f(y), we have f(x) = e kx
& 16
…(1)
Where k is a constant. J14. (c)
J15. (b)
Putting x = 1, f (1) = e k fi 2 = e k . Hence from
J16. (c) Given
(1), f(x) = 2 x .
f ( x + y ) = f ( x) f (a - y ) + f ( y ) f (a - x)
This can also be obtained by putting y = 1 so
that 1
Put x = 0, y = 0 - f (0) = 2 f (0) f (a ) fi f (a ) =
F(x + 1) = f(x). f(1) = 2f(x) fi f(x) = 2f(x – 1). 2
Putting successively x – 1, x – 2, x – 3, … 2 for Put y = 0, f ( x) = f ( x) f (a ) + f (0) f (a - x)
x in the above and multiplying them, we get f ( x) + f (a - x)
fi f ( x) =
f ( x) = 2x . 2
n f ( x) = f (a - x)
Now, Â f (c + r ) = f(c + 1) + f(c + 2) +
put y = a – x
r =1 … + f(c + n)
f (a ) = f 2 ( x) + f 2 (a - x) but f ( x) = f (a - x)
= 2c +1 + 2c + 2 + ... + 2c + n
fi f (a) = 2 f 2 ( x)
= 2c.2 + 2c.22 + ... + 2c.2n
= 2c. {1 + 2 + 22 + … to n terms} 1
fi f 2 ( x) =
() = 2 .2 2 - 1
1 2n - 1
4
= 2c.2.
2 -1
( ) c n

1
fi f ( x) = 
Ê
ÁË\ f (0) =
1ˆ
˜
2 2¯
fi 16 (2 - 1) = 2 (2 - 1) fi 2
n c +1 n c +1
= 16 1
\ f ( x) = , a constant function
= 24 fi c + 1 = 4 \ c = 3 . 2
Assertion Reasoning