Basic Power Engineering

Topic 1:
FUNDAMENTAL

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 Objectives:
To review basic concepts and establish
terminology & notation for :-

Phasor
Instantaneous power
Complex power
Balanced 3 phase circuit

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 Phasor
Instantaneous Voltage:

υ(t ) = Vm cos(ωt + θυ )
Instantaneous Max value Phase angle
value

Instantaneous Current:

i ( t ) = I m cos( ω t + θ i )

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 Phasor Representation
The rms phasor representation of voltage is given in 3 forms:
Exponential
Polar
Rectangular

Euler’s identity
rms value

jθv
V = Ve = V∠θv = V cosθv + jV sinθv
rms phasor
{ { {
exponential polar rectangular

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 Phasor Diagram
Euler’s identity :
jφ
e = cos φ + j sin φ

jθv
V = Ve = V∠θ v = V cosθv + jV sinθv
Imaginary axis

How to convert
from polar to V j V sinθ
rectangular form? v

θ v
Real axis
V cos θ v

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 Value Indicator
Lowercase letter v(t), i(t)
Instantaneous values
Uppercase letter V, I
rms values
Uppercase letter in italic V, I
rms phasors

When voltage or current values are specified, they

shall be rms values unless otherwise indicated

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 RLC elements
Relationships between phasors V and I for constant R,L and C
elements with sinusoidal steady-state excitation
IC
IR IL

1
− jX C Ω = V
RΩ V jX L Ω = jω L V jω C

V V V
IR = IL = IC =
- jXC
R jX L
IC
V V
IR IL V

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 Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power
i(t ) delivered to the load:
+ p (t ) = v (t ) i (t )
v(t)
- = V m I m cos( ω t + θ v ) cos( ω t + θ i )

θ = θv − θi
p(t ) = V I cosθ [1 + cos 2(ωt + θ v )] + V I sin θ sin 2(ωt + θ v )
{
Energy flow into Energy borrowed and
the circuit returned by the circuit
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 Instantaneous power deliver to the load:
p (t ) = v (t ) i (t )
= V m I m cos ( ω t + θ v ) cos ( ω t + θ i ) ,* trigonomet ri identiti :
142 4 3 142 4 3
A B

M = cos A cos B =
1
[cos( A − B ) + cos( A + B ) ]
2
1
= V m I m cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos ( 2 ω t + θ v + θ i )
2 1 442 4 43
= 2 ( ω t + θ v ) − (θ v − θ i )

1
= V m I m cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos[ 2 ( ω t + θ v ) − (θ v − θ i ) ] * trigonomer tri identiti :
2 142 43 142 4 3
A B

M = cos( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

1
= V m I m [cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos 2 ( ω t + θ v ) cos( θ v − θ i ) + sin 2 ( ω t + θ v ) sin( θ v − θ i )]
2
1 1
M I mV m = V ( 2 ) × I( 2 )
2 2
M = V I
= V I [cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos 2 ( ω t + θ v ) cos( θ v − θ i ) + sin 2 ( ω t + θ v ) sin( θ v − θ i ) ]

assume θv −θi = θ,

= V I cos θ [1 + cos 2 ( ω t + θ v )] + V I sin θ sin 2 ( ω t + θ v )

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Example 1.1:

V(t) = 100 cos ωt and the load is

i(t) inductive with impedance
Z=1.25∠600 Ω.
+
v(t) Determine the expression for the
- instantaneous current i(t) and
instantaneous power p(t)

Answer:
i(t ) = 80 cos(ωt − 600 ) A
p(t ) = v(t )i(t ) = 8000cosωt cos(ωt − 600 ) W

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Example 1.1: cont……

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 Complex Power
rms voltage phasor: V = V ∠θ v

rms current phasor: I = I ∠θ i

V

S
θ I Q
θv θ
θi
P
Phasor diagram & power triangle for an inductive load
(lagging PF)

VI * = V I ∠θ v − θ i = V I ∠θ

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 Complex Power : cont…….
VI * = V I ∠ (θ v − θ i ) = V I ∠ θ
= V I cos θ + j V I sin θ
142 4 3 142 4 3
P Q
Apparent Real
power power

S = VI = P + jQ
*
Reactive
power

•Direct indication of heating

Magnitude: S = P2 + Q2 •Used as a rating unit of power
equipment
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 Capacitive & inductive load
V
Phasor diagram for a
S
Q inductive load
θ I θ
θv θi
P
I lags V (lagging PF)

I V
P
Phasor diagram for a θ
θ
capacitive load Q
θv S
θi
I leads V (leading PF) (Q is negative)

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 Impedance of the complex power

V = ZI
S = VI = ZII = R I + jX I
* * 2 2

or
* 2
VV V
S = VI = * = *
*

Z Z
2
V
∴Z = *
S

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 The Complex Power Balance

The total complex power delivered to the loads in parallel

Is the sum of the complex powers delivered to each

I I1 I2 I3

V Z1 Z2 Z3

S = VI *
= V [ I 1 + I 2 + I 3 ]*
= VI 1 + VI 2 + VI 3
* * *

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Example 1.2:

V = 1200∠00
I I1 I2 I3
Z1 = 60 + j0 Ω
V Z1 Z2 Z3 Z2 = 6 + j12 Ω
Z3 = 30 – j30 Ω

Find the power absorbed by each load and the total

complex power

Answers:
S 1 = 24 , 000 W + j 0 var
S 2 = 48 , 000 W + j 96 , 000 var
S 3 = 24 , 000 W − j 24 , 000 var
S = 96 , 000 W + j 72 , 000 var

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 Power Factor

V I cos θ
Pf = cos θ
P
Pf = =
S V I

If pf < 1, the current that must be supplied will become

larger
for utility company, this will increase the cost.
additional charge for operation at low power factor
To improve power factor, install capacitor to make pf
close to unity

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Example 1.3 : Power Factor Correction

Two loads Z1 = 100 + j0 Ω and Z2 = 10 + j20Ω are connected

across a 200-Vrms, 60 Hz source.

a) Find the total real & reactive power, the power factor at the
source, and the total current
b) Find the capacitance of the capacitor connected across the
loads to improve the overall power factor to 0.8 lagging

Answers : C = 46.42µF

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 Balanced 3φ Circuits

Advantages of 3φ compared to 1 φ

Instantaneous power delivered to the external loads is

constant
Æ3φ motor having constant torque
ÆStart & run much better than 1φ
In transmission line for 3φ, less wire is required for the
same delivered power

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 Balanced 3φ Circuits : cont….
Balanced source:
3 sinusoidal voltages generated, having the same amplitude
but displaced by 1200
Negative phase sequence ÎACB
ECn
EBn

EAn
EAn

EBn
Positive phase sequence ÎABC ECn

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 Generators are usually has Y (star)-connected. WHY?

´Because, if U-connected, if the voltages are not

perfectly balanced, there will be a net voltage and
consequently a circulating current, around the U.

´Phase voltages are lower in the Y-connected : less

insulation is required

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 Y – connected generator supplying Y- connected load

Generated voltages:

E An = E p ∠ 0 0
E Bn = E p ∠ − 120 0
E Cn = E p ∠ − 240 0

For phase A;

VAn = E An − Z G I a
Van = VAn − Z L I a

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 Y – connected Loads
Assumption :
Positive sequence / ABC
Objective :
To find the relationship between the line voltages (VL-L) and the
phase voltages (VL-n)
Reference :
Line to neutral voltage of the “phase A”, Van

V an = V p ∠ 0 0 Vp magnitude of the phase voltage

(line to neutral voltage)
V bn = V p ∠ − 120 0
3 sinusoidal voltages generated,
V cn = V p ∠ − 240 0 having the same amplitude but
displaced by 1200

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 Line voltages at the load terminals

Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage low;

Vab = Van − Vbn = Vp (1∠00 − 1∠ − 1200 ) = 3 Vp ∠300

Vbc = Vbn − Vcn = V p (1∠ − 1200 − 1∠ − 2400 ) = 3 V p ∠ − 900

Vbc = Vbn −Vcn = Vp (1∠−1200 −1∠− 2400 ) = 3Vp ∠− 900

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 Phasor diagram – phase and line voltages

V an = V p ∠ 0 0
Vcn
V bn = V p ∠ − 120 0
Vca Vab

V cn = V p ∠ − 240 0
300
Van
Vab = Van −Vbn = Vp (1∠0 −1∠−120 ) = 3Vp ∠30
0 0 0

Vbc = Vbn −Vcn = Vp (1∠−1200 −1∠− 2400 ) = 3Vp ∠− 900

Vbn
Vbc =Vbn −Vcn = Vp (1∠−120 −1∠−240) = 3Vp ∠−90
0 0 0

Vbc
Line voltage
(rms value)
V L = 3 V p ∠30 0

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 Three phase current Ia, Ib, Ic : Y - connected

Van
Ia = = I p ∠ −θ
Zp Impedance phase angle
Vbn
Ib = = I p ∠ − 120 0 − θ
Zp
Vcn
Ic = = I p ∠ − 240 0 − θ
Zp

Line currents = phase currents

(current carried by the phase impedance)

IL = IP

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 ∆ – connected Loads
Ia Line voltages = phase voltages
a
Iab
Zp
Ib V L = VP
b Zp
Ica
Zp
Ic Ibc Phase currents:
c
I ab = I p ∠ 0 0
Reference
│IP │ Magnitude of the I bc = I p ∠ − 120 0

phase current I ca = I p ∠ − 240 0

What is the relationship between phase & line current??

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 Line current : U - connected

Ia
a
Iab
Zp I L = 3 I p ∠ − 30 0
Ib
b Zp
Ica
Zp Line current Currents lags the
Ic Ibc
c phase currents by 300

Application of Kirchhoff’s current law;

I a = I ab − I ca = I p (1∠0 0 − 1∠ − 240 0 ) = 3 I p ∠ − 30 0
I b = I bc − I ab = I p (1∠ − 120 0 − 1∠0 0 ) = 3 I p ∠ − 150 0
I c = I ca − I bc = I p (1∠ − 240 0 − 1∠ − 120 0 ) = 3 I p ∠90 0

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 Phasor diagram – phase & line current

Ic

I ab = I p ∠0 0
Ica
I bc = I p ∠ − 120 0
I ca = I p ∠ − 240 0

Iab
300
I a = I ab − I ca = 3 I p ∠ − 30 0
I b = I bc − I ab = 3 I p ∠ − 150 0
Ia
Ib Ibc
I c = I ca − I bc = 3 I p ∠90 0

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 ∆ – Y transformation
For network analysis purposes,
→it is convenient to replace the U with equivalent Y circuit

Vab Vac Vab + Vac

For U-connected Ia = + =
Z∆ Z∆ Z∆
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 ∆ – Y transformation : cont…..
Objective : ¼ To find ZY from ZU

V ab + Vac = 3 Van ∠30 0 + 3 V an ∠ − 30 0

= 3Van
V ab + Vac
from previous equation : I a = ,
Vcn Z∆
Vab
3Van
300 Ia = V an = Z Y I a
Van Z∆
Z∆
Vac ∴ Van = Ia Z∆
Vbn 3 ZY =
3
Phasor diagram (Y-connected) ZY
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 Per - Phase Analysis
The balanced power system problems
are solved on “PER_PHASE”analysis.
WHY ??
In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
In
In = 0, I a = Ib = Ic
{
Same current except for
the phase shift

If the load is connected in U,

Transform into Y
when load is balanced, ZY = ZU /3
Single-phase circuit Model the circuit using per-phase analysis

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 Balanced 3φ Power
Instantaneous voltages; For balanced load, phase current:

υ an = 2 V p cos( ω t + θ v ) ia = 2 I p cos(ωt + θ i )

υ bn = 2 V p cos( ω t + θ v − 120 0 ) ib = 2 I p cos(ωt + θ i − 120 0 )

υ cn = 2 V p cos( ω t + θ v − 240 0 ) ic = 2 I p cos(ωt + θ i − 240 0 )

rms phase voltage

Total instantaneous power is the sum of the instantaneous

power of each phase

p3θ = υ an ia + υ bn ib + υ cn ic

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 Instantaneous 3φ power
By using trigonometry; Double frequency
terms are out of
p 3θ = V p I p [cos( θ v − θ i ) + cos( 2ω t + θ v + θ i ) ] phase with each
[
+ V p I p cos(θ v − θ i ) + cos( 2ω t + θ v + θ i − 240 0 ) ] other by 1200 and
equal to “0”
+ Vp I p [cos(θ v − θ i ) + cos( 2ω t + θ v + θ i − 480 0 )]

And instantaneous power is: Q 3φ = 3 V p I p sin θ

P3φ = 3 V p I p cos θ S 3φ = P3φ + jQ 3φ or

(θ = θ v − θ i )
S 3φ = 3V p I p
*

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 3φ power in term of line voltage & line current

For Y - connected

Vp =
VL
and I p = I L
P3φ = 3 VL I L cosθ
3
For U - connected
S 3φ = 3 V L I L sin θ
IL
V p = VL and Ip = rms value
3
P3φ = 3 V p I p cos θ
In term of phase voltage Q 3 φ = 3 V p I p sin θ

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 Example 1.4 :

A three-phase line has an impedance of 2+j4 Ω as shown below,

ZY = 30 +j40 Ω
ZU= 60-j45 Ω
Supply line voltage , |VL | = 207.85
Reference = Phase voltage Va

Determine:
a) The current, real power & reactive power drawn from the supply
b) Line voltage at the combined loads
c) Current per-phase in each load
d) Total real & reactive powers in each load and the line.

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