Rhythm Section Writing Tutorial
Rhythm Section Writing Tutorial
Dave
Milligan
A
brief
introduction
to
INTRODUCTION
The
rhythm
section
is
a
curious
thing
when
it
comes
to
composing
music.
In
the
world
of
twentieth
and
twenty-‐first
century
popular
music
it
is
largely
what
we
identify
as
the
core
of
almost
any
band.
Chordal
instruments
such
as
guitar
and
piano;
bass
guitar
or
double
bass;
drums
and
percussion
–
they
have
all
become
recognisable
to
us
as
rhythm
section
instruments
for
the
role
they
have
played
in
countless
forms
of
music
over
the
last
hundred
years.
This
tutorial
deals
with
the
rhythm
section
in
the
context
of
folk
and
traditional
music,
but
also
applies
to
world,
indie,
jazz,
rock
or
just
about
any
other
genre
from
the
endless
list
that
exists
outside
the
classical
music
establishment.
That’s
not
to
say
that
it
doesn’t
apply
to
classical
music,
just
that
it
is
less
relevant
in
my
experience.
As
this
is
intended
as
a
brief
introduction,
it
focuses
on
bass,
guitar,
piano
and
drums.
Of
course
there
are
many
other
instruments
that
can
be
considered
part
of
the
rhythm
section,
such
as
bouzouki,
harp,
mandolin,
cello,
accordion
and
a
myriad
of
percussion;
but
much
of
what
is
discussed
is
applicable
to
any
of
these
instruments.
* * * *
When
someone
who
is
interested
in
folk
and
traditional
music
learns
to
play
a
rhythm
section
instrument,
it
would
appear
that
it
is
natural
to
learn
to
be
creative
as
part
of
learning
the
rudiments
and
mechanics.
They
don’t
just
learn
the
notes
and
how
to
read
music;
Guitarists
and
piano
players
must
learn
chords,
different
ways
of
voicing
chords,
how
to
‘vamp’,
how
to
accompany
in
different
styles.
Bass
players
learn
to
create
bass
lines
and
patterns
having
only
a
harmonic
structure
for
reference.
Drummers
create
rhythms
and
grooves
based
on
what
they
hear
other
musicians
playing.
And
they
get
so
good
at
it,
why
would
we
bother
to
write
anything
for
them
when
they’ll
naturally
and
instantly
come
up
with
something
better?
Well,
if
it’s
truly
the
case
that
they
will
come
up
with
something
better
than
you
-‐
then
sure,
don’t
bother!
But
hang
on
a
minute…
Who
is
it
that’s
getting
paid
to
write
the
music?
And
isn’t
that
your
name
on
the
score
as
the
composer,
even
though
the
rhythm
section
are
essentially
going
to
write
their
own
parts?
Well,
that’s
a
querulous
issue
that
musicians
have
argued
over
for
a
long
time.
Personally,
I
think
it’s
about
finding
a
balance.
I
often
write
for
musicians
who
are
great
improvisers
and
very
creative
rhythm
players.
I
choose
to
use
them
for
that
very
reason
so
naturally
I
want
to
allow
them
the
freedom
to
do
what
they
do
best.
As
a
player
performing
someone
else’s
music,
I
like
to
know
exactly
what
the
composer
wants
to
hear
but
I
also
love
being
given
space
to
expand
and
improvise.
However,
as
a
composer,
I
feel
that
I
have
to
think
further
than
that.
I
think
if
you
are
committed
to
composing,
then
you
have
to
be
serious
about
your
product.
And
to
me,
that
means
striving
to
create
music
that
can
exist
beyond
that
initial
performance;
that
can
be
performed
by
other
players
who
perhaps
won’t
have
the
same
set
of
skills;
that
can
be
performed
without
you.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
Many
of
us
are
lucky
enough
to
work
with
creative
musicians
who
are
willing
to
put
in
the
time,
contribute
ideas
and
adapt
their
parts
to
help
realise
a
new
piece
of
music.
Not
all
musicians,
however,
are
like
this.
Some
don’t
know
how,
some
just
won’t
because
they
think
it’s
your
job
to
write
the
music.
Chances
are,
as
a
composer
you
will
encounter
all
kinds.
One
thing
you
can
do
to
ensure
your
music
gets
played
well:
don’t
leave
anything
to
chance.
Write
the
music
you
want
to
hear.
In
the
world
of
classical
ensembles,
chamber
groups
and
orchestras,
I
think
there
is
a
perception
that
composing
music
can
only
be
done
well
with
academic
training
and
the
study
of
composition
as
an
art
form.
While
this
may
or
may
not
be
true,
it
is
interesting
to
note
that
in
the
world
of
Scottish
traditional
and
folk
music,
there
are
very
few
writers
who
have
seriously
studied
composition.
Which
can
only
be
a
good
thing,
right?
Surely
that
will
help
to
break
from
convention
and
produce
more
adventurous
music?
Perhaps…
Another
debatable
topic,
but
not
one
we
need
get
in
to
here.
This,
of
course,
can
all
be
fine.
I’ve
heard
some
great
music
that
has
been
put
together
this
way.
But
what
happens
to
that
music
after
you’ve
performed
it?
As
a
composer,
why
wouldn’t
you
want
your
music
to
be
available
to
be
performed
by
other
groups?
There
are
countless
schools,
colleges,
universities,
even
professional
groups
all
over
the
world
that
are
constantly
looking
for
new
music
to
play.
Once
that
all-‐important
debut
performance
is
over,
don’t
let
all
the
work
you
put
in
sit
in
a
drawer
or
on
a
hard-‐drive.
Even
if
you
have
written
for
a
group
of
specific
players
or
even
an
unusual
combination
of
instruments,
it’s
not
a
huge
amount
of
work
to
adapt
your
composition
to
fit
more
‘conventional’
ensembles;
anything
from
duets,
trios
and
string
quartets
to
concert
bands,
brass
bands
and
chamber
orchestras.
There
are
endless
music
libraries
and
sheet
music
download
websites
out
there
–
but
you
have
to
go
that
bit
further
to
make
it
happen.
It
makes
no
more
sense
to
me
than
spending
a
week
in
the
studio
recording
a
great
album,
but
not
releasing
it.
1.
Ask!
It
really
is
absolutely
fine
to
not
know
how
to
do
something.
Ask
someone
who
does
know.
Make
the
time
to
write
your
parts
properly
–
it
will
save
you
lots
of
time
in
rehearsals.
2.
Use
your
full
musical
vocabulary.
Whether
you
like
Stevie
Wonder,
Steve
Cooney,
Steve
Reich
or
Steven
Sondheim
don’t
be
shy
about
using
things
that
have
influenced
you.
If
you’re
not
sure
how
to
write
something
like
that,
then
refer
to
point
1.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
N.B. The bass sounds one octave below the written part.
Styles,
grooves
and
patterns
can
vary
greatly
from
one
genre
to
another.
One
of
the
things
that
will
increase
your
capacity
to
write
well
for
bass
is
to
expand
your
vocabulary.
Some
knowledge
of
different
players,
different
styles,
and
different
genres,
can
be
a
huge
benefit.
Let’s
say
we
have
a
simple
chord
sequence.
Here’s
an
example
of
how
you
might
write
it
out
in
a
way
that’s
readable
for
all
chord
instruments:
Without
thinking
about
what
the
bass
player
might
actually
play,
I’ve
seen
many
composers
add
in
only
the
root
notes
of
each
chord.
*This
is
useful
in
enabling
them
to
hear
the
harmony
when
playing
back
the
score
in
notation
software
such
as
Sibelius;
however,
with
no
other
direction
on
the
part
a
player
will
most
likely
play
exactly
what’s
written.
It’s
really
worth
going
further
and
making
the
part
more
distinct.
Here
is
an
example
of
how
you
might
add
some
simple
rhythm
and
shape
to
the
part:
And
to
take
it
a
stage
further,
adding
a
little
more
rhythmic
interest:
©2014
Dave
Milligan
The
guitar
sounds
one
octave
lower
than
written.
If
you
want
your
guitarist
to
play
middle
C,
you
must
notate
it
one
octave
higher:
If
you
have
less
experience
writing
for
guitar
(or
any
instrument
for
that
matter),
then
do
take
advice!
Ask
guitarists
who
read
music.
And
even
ask
those
who
don’t
read
music
–
find
out
what
sort
of
things
are
useful
for
them
to
see
when
learning
a
new
piece.
There
are
also
many
great
books,
online
resources
and
tutorials
about
the
specifics
of
techniques
and
styles
of
guitar
playing.
But
here
are
a
few
basic
things
to
consider.
We’ll
go
through
the
same
process
of
a
simple
chord
progression
as
we
did
with
the
bass.
Here’s
the
same
example
of
how
you
might
write
it
out
in
a
way
that’s
readable
for
all
chord
instruments:
The
same
sequence
with
notated
basic
guitar
voicings:
*Note
the
use
of
chord
diagrams
–
this
can
be
helpful
for
less
experienced
players
or
beginners.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
So,
as
an
example
of
what
the
guitar
might
play
over
this
sequence,
we
can
add
some
rhythmic
parts,
using
the
same
voicings
as
before.
You
can
give
the
guitarist
the
same
rhythmic
pattern
to
play
but
leave
the
choice
of
voicings
open
by
using
slashes.
*You
can
also
indicate
a
specific
melodic
or
‘voice
leading’
line
as
shown
in
the
fourth
bar.
As
a
rule,
I
use
slashes
to
indicate
strumming
–
that
is
fairly
common.
If
you
want
the
guitar
to
play
fingerpicked
patterns
it
can
be
exactly
noted
like
this:
…Or
you
can
leave
the
noteheads
blank
and
notate
just
the
rhythm,
allowing
the
guitarist
to
choose
their
own
voicings
TAB
v
NOTATION
It
is
becoming
more
and
more
common
these
days
for
Guitarists
to
only
read
TAB.
Personally,
I
always
write
scores
in
standard
notation
and
convert
parts
to
TAB
if
and
when
needed.
It’s
easily
done
in
Sibelius
or
in
any
other
scoring
software.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
A
voicing
with
adjacent
notes
at
the
bottom,
to
be
played
by
thumb
and
index
finger
(such
as
the
first
two
chords
in
Fig.2
above)
is
difficult
to
play
if
there
is
also
a
wide
gap
between
the
index
and
little
fingers.
Not
necessarily
impossible,
just
more
difficult.
Another
simple
fact
that
may
seem
obvious,
but
also
worth
remembering:
The
left
hand
mirrors
the
right
hand
(and
vice
versa).
All
of
the
above
applies
to
the
left
hand,
but
in
reverse
so
that
any
gaps
between
the
thumb
and
index
finger
will
be
at
the
top
of
the
voicing.
Perhaps
the
sound
you
want
can
only
be
achieved
by
writing
an
awkwardly
spaced
voicing
like
this,
but
be
aware
that
if
this
is
featured
heavily
in
your
writing,
pianists
are
likely
to
regard
it
as
unidiomatic
writing
and
be
less
inclined
to
perform
it.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
REGISTER
The
piano
has
a
far
wider
range
than
most
instruments
and,
like
any
other
instrument,
a
composer
wants
to
be
able
to
utilise
its
full
capabilities.
When
writing
for
the
extreme
upper
register
(such
as
Fig.
1
&
Fig.
2
below)
or
lower
register,
it
is
important
to
be
aware
of
how
readable
the
notation
is.
WITHOUT
FULLY
NOTATING
If
you
are
writing
for
a
pianist
who
improvises
or
you
wish
him
or
her
to
play
accompaniment/vamping
style,
then
the
use
of
slash
bars
and
chord
symbols
is
very
common.
Much
of
what
was
discussed
in
the
‘writing
for
guitar’
section
applies
to
writing
for
keyboard
instruments,
but
with
two
staves
you
can
spread
the
information
out
a
little:
As
you
can
see
in
the
above
example,
you
can
write
a
melodic
line
that
you
want
the
pianist
to
play,
but
by
marking
only
slashes
and
chord
symbols
in
the
lower
stave
with,
you
leave
the
pianist
free
to
make
his
own
voicings
and
rhythms.
It
is
possible
to
mark
key
rhythmic
phrases
(2nd
bar)
that
might
be
played
by
the
rest
of
the
group;
you
can
add
melodic
elements
at
any
point,
such
as
a
doubled
bass
line
(3rd
bar);
an
exact
rhythmic
phrase
without
specifying
the
voicing
(4th
bar,
bass
clef)
or
an
exact
rhythmic
phrase
with
an
indication
of
the
upper
structure
of
the
chord
(4th
bar,
treble
clef).
It
is
always
useful
to
put
information
on
the
part
about
what
is
happening
elsewhere
in
the
music
(such
as
the
Play
w/
flute
instruction
etc.).
If
you
are
expecting
the
pianist
to
ad
lib
or
improvise,
then
give
all
the
information
needed.
If
you
are
only
going
to
write
chord
symbols
and
nothing
else,
then
only
single
staffs
are
needed,
much
like
a
guitar
part.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
One
of
the
important
things
to
remember
is
that
there
isn’t
a
completely
right
or
wrong
way
to
write
drum
parts;
but
there
are
good
and
bad
ways!
In
general,
this
guide
follows
the
standards
set
out
in
Norman
Weinberg’s
Guide
to
Standardized
Drumset
Notation.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
SOME
BASIC
RULES
FOR
MAKING
PARTS
EASIER
TO
READ
If
the
drums
are
playing
time,
a
groove,
vamp
-‐
whatever
you
might
call
it
–
then
you
can
denote
any
given
bar
with
slashes,
like
this:
This
also
gives
the
player
freedom
to
add
their
own
variations.
You
can
also
add
rhythmic
figures
other
instruments
are
playing
that
you
may
want
the
drums
to
phrase:
Another
thing
to
bear
in
mind
is
that
in
situations
where
the
drums
are
playing
a
repeated
pattern
or
groove
for
extended
periods
–
say,
16
bars
–
it
can
be
pretty
confusing
to
just
have
the
same
pattern
notated
bar
after
bar
after
bar…
In
the
above
16-‐bar
example,
the
one-‐bar
pattern
doesn’t
change
yet
the
first
stave
has
2
bars,
the
second
has
5,
and
so
on…
It
doesn’t
make
it
easy
to
follow.
©2014
Dave
Milligan
If
the
music
sits
in
common
phrase
lengths
(i.e.
4,
8,
16
bars
etc.)
then
try
to
fit
the
number
of
bars
to
a
stave
accordingly
and
use
repeat
bar
symbols
instead
of
notating
it
all
again
and
again.
For
example:
Note
the
use
of
numbers
after
every
4
bars
–
this
allows
the
player
to
see
phrase
lengths
at
a
glance,
and
is
useful
if
you
need
to
put
greater
bar
numbers
to
a
system.
To
take
it
a
stage
further,
you
could
reduce
the
number
of
staves
now
the
information
has
been
simplified:
And
if
the
part
really
is
this
simple,
or
if
you
want
the
player
to
have
freedom
to
ad
lib,
you
could
even
write
the
pattern
for
one
bar
and
reduce
the
remaining
15
bars
to
a
multirest,
giving
an
instruction
to
continue
playing,
like
this:
It’s
important
to
bear
in
mind
that
drummers
need
to
know
what’s
going
on
in
the
music
as
much
as
anyone
else.
If
you’re
looking
for
the
drums
to
just
play
a
‘groove’,
then
sometimes
a
lead
sheet
with
the
melody
or
any
vamps
or
patterns
can
be
more
helpful
than
just
endless
bars
of
repeated
notation
with
no
other
information.
But
it
is
worth
putting
in
the
time
to
make
a
specific
drum
chart!
©2014
Dave
Milligan
A
SUMMARY
–
(AND
SOME
THINGS
TO
REMEMBER…)
MAKE
IT
EASY
TO
READ!
Unclear
layout;
poor
spacing
and
alignment;
symbols
overlapping
staves
etc.
–
it
all
makes
for
difficult
reading!
Try
and
think
about
what
will
make
the
most
sense
when
reading
the
part
for
the
first
time.
BE
CONSISTANT
Use
the
same
symbols
consistently.
Some
musical
symbols
have
more
than
one
meaning,
so
be
clear
about
which
ones
you
are
using
and
what
they
mean.
And
try
and
keep
the
layout
and
format
the
same
throughout
the
part.
GIVE
THEM
ALL
THE
INFORMATION…
It’s
very
common
to
end
up
with
a
part
with
lots
of
repeated
bars
and
long
sections
with
no
real
clues
as
to
what’s
going
on.
Make
it
easier
reading
by
giving
‘signposts’
as
to
what’s
happening
with
the
rest
of
the
band.
And
don’t
be
afraid
to
make
your
score
a
little
more
personal.
I
think
many
musicians
respond
better
to
an
instruction
like
“Go
for
it!”
than
to
something
like
“Con
brio”.
WHO’S
ON
THE
GIG?
It’s
not
always
the
case
that
you
know
whom
you’re
writing
for
but
if
you
do,
then
write
to
his
or
her
strengths.
As
discussed
earlier,
it’s
important
that
you
write
a
part
that’s
readable
by
any
player,
but
if
your
music
is
written
specifically
for
certain
musicians
then
think
about
what
it
is
they
do
best
and
let
them
shine!
DON’T
RELY
ON
THE
COMPUTER
Computers
are
great.
But
they
don’t
always
get
it
right.
These
days,
scoring
software
like
Sibelius
has
an
incredible
array
of
plugins
and
facilities
that
‘automate’
tasks.
For
example,
it
can
decide
what
the
chords
are
by
analyzing
the
voicings
used;
or
it
can
‘arrange’
a
piano
part
into
multiple
string
parts.
Don’t
do
it.
It’s
unreliable,
it’s
lazy,
and
it’s
not
you
writing
the
music.