7-1 Heat is removed from a power cycle by water flowing at 6.5 kg/s.

g/s. The water enters at 10oC and leaves at

26oC. If the cycle is 64% efficient, what is the net power produced?

Approach:
Apply Q out = mc
 p ∆T to the water to calculate the heat
out of the cycle. From the definition of cycle
efficiency, find the heat added. The net power is the
difference between heat in and heat out.

Assumptions:
1. The water is ideal.
2. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:
An energy balance on the water gives
Q out = mc
 p ∆T
Using cp data from Table A-6 at the average water temperature of Tave = (10 + 26 ) /2 = 18 o C,
⎛ J ⎞
Q out = ( 6.5 kg s ) ⎜ 4180 ⎟ ( 26 − 10 ) C = 4.34 × 10 W
o 5

⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠
The efficiency of a power cycle is
W Q − Q
η = net = in  out
Q in Q in

η Q in = Q in − Q out
Solving for heat into the cycle
Q 4.34 × 105 W
Q in = out = = 1.21× 106 W
1 −η 1 − 0.64
The net power produced is
Wnet = Q in − Q out = 1.21× 106 − 4.34 × 105
W = 7.76 × 105 W
net Answer
7-2 A simple power cycle consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser and pump. All the heat is removed from the
condenser by cooling water, which enters at 60°F and exits at 75°F. The mass flow rate of the water is 18.8
lbm/s. If the heat added to the boiler is 396 Btu/s, find the cycle efficiency and the net power produced in
hp.

Approach:
Apply Q out = mc
 p ∆T to the water to calculate the heat
out of the cycle. The net power is the difference
between heat in and heat out.

Assumptions:
1. The water is ideal.
2. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:
An energy balance on the water gives
Q out = mc
 p ∆T
Using cp data from Table B-6 at the average water temperature of Tave = ( 60 + 75 ) /2 = 67 o F,
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu
Q out = ⎜ 18.8 ⎟ ( 75 − 60 ) F = 282
o
⎟ ⎜ 1.00
⎝ s ⎠⎝ lbm ⋅ F ⎠
o
s
The net work for the cycle is
Btu Btu
Wnet = Q in − Q out = ( 396 − 282 ) = 114
s s
W  114
η = net = = 0.288 Answer
Qin 396
Converting units to find the net power produced in hp,
⎛ ⎞
 ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 3600 s ⎞ ⎜ 1 W ⎟ ⎛ 1 hp ⎞
Wnet = ⎜114 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 161 hp Answer
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 1 h ⎠ ⎜ 3.412 Btu ⎟ ⎝ 746 W ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ h ⎠

7-3 A new coal-fired power plant is planned, which will produce 400 MW of power. The efficiency of the
cycle is 37%. The average heating value of coal is 28,000,000 kJ per ton and the price of coal is $50 per
ton. What is the estimated fuel bill for this plant in the first 5 years of operation?

Approach:
Use efficiency to find the required heat added.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
First find the required heat input in kW.
⎛ 1000 kW ⎞
 ( 400 MW ) ⎜ ⎟
W
Q in = net = ⎝ 1 MW ⎠ = 1.08 ×106 kW
η 0.37
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎛ $50 ⎞ ⎛ 1ton ⎞ ⎜ 1 s ⎟ ⎛ 3600s ⎞ ⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 365day ⎞
cost = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 7 ⎟ (1.08 × 10 6
kW ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ( 5 yr )
⎝ 1ton ⎠ ⎝ 2.8 x10 kJ ⎠ ⎜⎜ 1kW ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1h ⎠ ⎝ 1day ⎠ ⎝ 1yr ⎠
⎝ ⎠
= $304,100, 000 Answer
7-4 A room air conditioner is used to cool a 10-ft by 12-ft by 8-ft high room from 95oF to 68oF in 15 min. If
the COP is 2.8, estimate the power (in W) required. For simplicity, assume the mass of air and pressure in
the room remain constant.

Approach:
Apply Qin = mc p ∆T to the air to calculate the heat into
the cycle. Use the definition of COP to determine the
power required.

Assumptions:
1. Air may be considered an ideal gas under these
conditions.
2. The specific heat of the air is constant.
3. The pressure of air in the room is constant.
4. The mass of air in the room is constant.

Solution:
An energy balance on the air gives
Qin = mc p ∆T = ρVc p ∆T
Using ρ and cp data from Table B-7 at the average air temperature of Tave = ( 95 + 68 ) /2 = 81.5o F,
⎛ Btu ⎞
Qin = ( 0.074 lbm ft 3 ) (10 )(12 )( 8 ) ft 3 ⎜ 0.24 ⎟ ( 95 - 68 ) F = 460 Btu
o

⎝ lbm ⋅o F ⎠
The rate of heat into the cycle is
Q 460 Btu
Q in = in = = 30.6 Btu min
∆t 15 min
Q ( 30.6 Btu min ) ⎛ 1W ⎞ ⎛ 600 min ⎞
Win = in = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 193 W Answer
COP 2.8 ⎝ 3.41Btu h ⎠ ⎝ 1h ⎠

7-5 A refrigerator is capable of delivering 3 kW of cooling while requiring 950 W of electric power to operate.
If the COP of the refrigerator is improved by 20%, how much electric power would be required to deliver 3
kW of cooling?

Approach:
Calculate COP from its definition. Increase the value by 20%
and use it to find the new required input power.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The COP of the original cycle is
Q 3000 W
COP = in = = 3.16
Win 950 W
The improved coefficient of performance, COP*, would be
COP* = (1.2 )( COP ) = (1.2 )( 3.16 ) = 3.79
Find the new value of work from
3000 W
3.79 =
Win *
W * = 791.6 W
in Answer
7-6 An ice machine produces ice at a rate of 15 lbm/h. Water is fed to the machine at 50oF and the ice
temperature is 25oF. If the COP of the ice machine is 1.6, determine the required power input, in kW. The
latent heat of fusion of ice is 143.5 Btu/lbm.

Approach:
Calculate input heat rate by adding both sensible and latent
heat contributions. Use the definition of COP to find the
required input power.

Assumptions:
1. Specific heat is constant.

Solution:
The water must be cooled from 50oF to 32oF, and then frozen. Finally, the ice must be cooled to 25oF. The heat
removed from the water is the input heat into the refrigeration cycle.
Q in = m ⎡⎣ cwater ( 50 − 32 ) + hif + cice ( 32 − 25 ) ⎤⎦
where hif is the latent heat of fusion of ice. Using the specific heat of water in Table B-6 at the average
temperature of 41 oF and the specific heat of ice in Table B-3,
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎡⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu ⎛ Btu ⎞ o ⎤
Q in = ⎜ 15 ⎟ ( 50 − 32 ) F + 143.5 + ⎜ 0.487 ⎟ ( 32 − 25 ) F⎥
o
⎟ ⎢⎜1.00
⎝ h ⎠ ⎣⎝ lbm ⋅o
F ⎠ lbm ⎝ lbm ⋅o
F ⎠ ⎦
Btu
Q in = 2474
h
Q in
COP =
Win

⎛ ⎞
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎜ 1kW ⎟
⎜ 2474 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ h ⎠ ⎜ 3412 Btu ⎟

Q ⎝ ⎠ = 0.453 kW
Win = in = h Answer
COP 1.6
7-7 An air conditioner is used to cool a classroom on a day when the exterior temperature is 95oF. Room air is
maintained at 68oF, and there are 35 students in class. The average heat generated per student is 90 W. The
room is lit by 12 fluorescent light bulbs, each generating 40 W. If the COP of the air conditioner is 1.2,
what power input is required, in kW? If the air conditioner operated on a Carnot cycle, what power input
would be required?

Approach:
Calculate total heat input to the cycle. Use the definition of
COP to determine the power required. For the second
question, use the expression for efficiency of a Carnot
refrigerator and recompute the power required.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The heat input to the air conditioner is
Q L = ( 35 )( 90 W ) + 12 ( 40 W ) = 3630 W
For the real cycle
Q 3630 W
Wnet = L = = 3025 W = 3.025 kW Answer
COP 1.2
For a Carnot refrigeration cycle
1 1
COPCarnot = = = 19.6
TH 95 + 460
−1 −1
TL 68 + 460
Q L 3630 W
WCarnot = = = 185 W = 0.185 kW Answer
COPCarnot 19.6

7-8 A reversible power cycle produces 150 hp of work while operating between temperature limits of 800oF
and 60oF. If the maximum temperature is increased to 850oF and the same amount of heat is added from
the high temperature reservoir, find the new power output of the cycle.

Approach:
Calculate the Carnot efficiency and use it to determine the
input heat rate. Increase temperature and recalculate the
Carnot efficiency and the new power output.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The efficiency of a reversible power cycle operating between the first two temperatures is
T 60 + 460
η1 = 1 − L = 1 − = 0.587
TH 1 800 + 460
The heat input to this cycle is
W 150 hp
Q H = 1 = = 256 hp
η 0.587
If the high temperature is increased to 850oF, the new value of efficiency is
W T
η2 =  2 = 1 − L
QH TH 2
⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ 60 + 460 ⎞
W2 = Q H ⎜ 1 − L ⎟ = ( 256 hp ) ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 154 hp Answer
⎜ TH ⎟ ⎝ 850 + 460 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠
7-9 Heat leaks into a refrigerator at a rate of 215 Btu/min. The interior is kept at 38oF while the room is at
68oF. If electricity costs $0.03 per kWh, what is the minimum cost of operating the refrigerator for one
month (30 days)?

Approach:
Calculate the Carnot efficiency and use it to determine the
input power. Multiply power by the one month time period
and determine total cost.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The minimum cost will be achieved with a Carnot cycle. The efficiency of a reversible refrigeration cycle
operating between two temperatures is
Q 1
COP = L =

Wnet TH − 1
TL
Solving for input power
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ 68 + 460 ⎞
Wnet = Q L ⎜ H − 1⎟ = ( 215 Btu min ) ⎜ − 1⎟ = 13.0 Btu min
⎝ TL ⎠ ⎝ 38 + 460 ⎠
The total work input for one month is
⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 60 min ⎞
W = Wnet ∆t = (13.0 Btu min )( 30 days ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 5.60 × 10 Btu
5

⎝ 1day ⎠⎝ 1h ⎠
⎛ $0.03 ⎞ ⎛ 1W ⎞ ⎛ 1kW ⎞
cost = ⎜ ⎟ ( 5.6×10 Btu ) ⎜ ⎟ = $4.93
5
⎟⎜ Answer
⎝ 1kWh ⎠⎝ 3.41Btu h ⎠ ⎝ 1000 W ⎠

7-10 In a proposed ocean thermal power plant, warm water near the surface is used to provide heat input to a
power cycle. The cycle rejects heat to cold water at the ocean floor. If the temperatures of the water at the
surface and at the ocean floor are 24oC and 3oC, respectively, what is the maximum possible efficiency of
this cycle?

Approach:
The maximum efficiency will be the Carnot efficiency.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The maximum possible efficiency will be achieved using a Carnot cycle. For a Carnot cycle
T 3 + 273
η = 1− L =1−
TH 24 + 273
= 0.0707 Answer

Comment:
Ocean thermal cycles typically have very low efficiencies.
7-11 A refrigerated compartment is maintained at 2oC. Heat from the surroundings, at 25oC, leaks into the
compartment at a rate of 1.2 kW. The refrigeration cycle used to maintain the temperature difference has a
coefficient of performance which is half the Carnot value. How large a compressor, in hp, is needed to
drive this cycle?

Approach:
Calculate the Carnot efficiency and use it to determine the
actual efficiency. From the actual efficiency, compute power
input.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
Since heat leaks in at a rate of 1.2 kW, the cycle must remove 1.2 kW from the cold compartment in order to keep
it at 2 o C , therefore Q L = 1.2 kW. For a Carnot cycle
1 1
COPCarnot = = = 11.96
TH 298
−1 −1
TL 275
COPCarnot 11.96
COPactual = = = 5.98
2 2
To find power use the definition of COP,
Q
COPactual = L
W
Q L 1.2 kW ⎛ 1hp ⎞
W = = = 0.201kW ⎜ ⎟ = 0.269 hp Answer
COPactual 5.98 ⎝ 0.7457 kW ⎠

7-12 A power cycle delivers 7.5 hp of work while rejecting 8300 Btu/h of heat to a reservoir at 45oF. If the high
temperature reservoir is at 360oF, is this cycle irreversible, reversible, or impossible? Support your answer
with calculations.

Approach:
Compare the efficiency of the cycle to the Carnot efficiency. If
efficiency is higher, the cycle is impossible. If it is lower, the cycle is
possible and if it is the same, the cycle is reversible.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The maximum possible efficiency will be achieved using a Carnot cycle. For a Carnot cycle
T ⎛ 45 + 460 ⎞
ηCarnot = 1 − L = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0.384
TH ⎝ 360 + 460 ⎠
The heat input to the reported cycle is
Q H = W + Q L
⎛ 2544 Btu h ⎞
W = ( 7.5 hp ) ⎜ ⎟ = 19, 080 Btu h
⎝ 1hp ⎠
Q = 19, 080 + 8,300 = 27,380 Btu h
H

W 19, 080
ηcycle =  = = 0.696
QH 27,380
The cycle has greater than Carnot efficiency; therefore, it is impossible Answer
7-13 A power cycle operates between temperature limits of 400°C and 15°C. The cycle requires a heat input of
10.1 kW and rejects 6 kW to the low temperature reservoir. Is the cycle irreversible, reversible, or
impossible? Support your answer with calculations.

Approach:
Compare the efficiency of the cycle to the Carnot efficiency.
If efficiency is higher, the cycle is impossible. If it is lower,
the cycle is possible and if it is the same, the cycle is
reversible.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The Carnot efficiency is
T 15 + 273
ηc = 1 − C = 1 − = 0.572
TH 400 + 273
The actual efficiency is,
W Q − Q 10.1 − 6
η = net = in  out = = 0.406
Qin Qin 10.2
The actual efficiency is less than the Carnot efficiency, therefore the cycle is irreversible. Answer

7-14 A power cycle consumes fuel at a rate of 8 gal/h. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 600oF and heat
is rejected to the atmosphere at 70oF. If the fuel has an energy content of 22,000 Btu/lbm and a density of
45 lbm/ft3, what is the maximum possible power that can be produced by the cycle?

Approach:
The maximum power will occur at the highest efficiency. Assume the
cycle is a Carnot cycle to get the highest efficiency.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The maximum possible efficiency will be achieved using a Carnot cycle. For a Carnot cycle
T 70 + 460
η = 1− L = 1− = 0.5
TH 600 + 460
The input heat rate is
3
⎛ 231in.3 ⎞⎛ 1ft ⎞
Q in = ( 8gal h ) ⎜ ⎟ ( 45lbm ft ) ( 22, 000 Btu lbm ) = 1, 058, 750 Btu h
3
⎟⎜
⎝ 1gal ⎠⎝ 12 in. ⎠
⎛ 1hp ⎞
W = η Q in = ( 0.5 )(1,058,750 Btu h ) ⎜ ⎟ = 208 hp Answer
⎝ 2544 Btu h ⎠
Comment:
If the finite heat capacity of fluids which provide and remove heat is taken into account, the maximum power
would be less. See Section 7.13.
7-15 A freezer rejects 210 W of heat into a room at 22°C. The freezer temperature is –3°C. An ice-cube tray
containing 0.5 kg of liquid water at 20°C is placed in the freezer and is completely solidified in 18 minutes.
Is this freezer irreversible, reversible, or impossible? Ignore the energy required to cool the plastic tray and
consider only the water. The latent heat of fusion of water is 333.7 kJ/kg.

Approach:
Calculate the amount of heat needed to freeze the water,
taking into account both sensible and latent contributions.
Then calculate the rate of cooling and the COP of the freezer.
Compare to the COP of a Carnot cycle. If the freezer has less
than the Carnot efficiency, it is possible, if not, it is
impossible. Equal efficiency indicates a reversible cycle.

Assumptions:
1. The plastic tray has negligible mass.

Solution:
The heat required to cool the water from 20°C to 0°C is,
Q1 = mc p ∆T
From Table A-6, the cp for water at 10°C is 4195 J/kg K.
⎛ J ⎞
Q1 = ( 0.5 kg ) ⎜ 4195 ⎟ ( 20 − 0 ) C = 41,950 J
o

⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠
The heat required to freeze the water at 0°C is,
kJ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
Q2 = m hif = ( 0.5 kg )( 333.7 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 166,800 J
kg ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠
The total heat to freeze the 20 °C water is
Qtot = Q1 + Q2 = 41,950 + 166,800 = 208,800 J
If cooling occurs in 18 minutes,
Q ⎛ 208,800 J ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞
Q L = tot = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 193.3 W
∆t ⎝ 18 min ⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
Q L 193.3
COP = = = 11.6

Q −Q  210 − 193.3
H L
For a Carnot cycle
1 1
COPCarnot = = = 10.8
TH 22 + 273
−1 −1
TL −3 + 273
Since COP > COPCarnot, the cycle is impossible. Answer
7-16 In a Carnot vapor power cycle, the turbine produces 2000 hp. The maximum temperature that the turbine
blades will withstand is 1250oF. Cooling water is available at 50oF. If fuel can be burned to produce heat
at the rate of 1700 Btu/lbm and the fuel costs $1.41 per lbm, what is the fuel bill for this plant for one
month of operation (30 days)?

Approach:
Calculate the Carnot efficiency and use it to determine the
rate of heat added to the cycle. From rate of heat added,
compute cost per month.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The cycle efficiency is
T 50 + 460
η = 1− c = 1− = 0.702
TH 1250 + 460
The heat added from the high temperature reservoir is, therefore
⎛ 2545 Btu h ⎞
 (
2000 hp ) ⎜ ⎟
W
Q H = = ⎝ 1hp ⎠ = 7.25 × 106 Btu h
η 0.702
The monthly cost of operation is
cost ⎛ 7.25×106 Btu ⎞⎛ 1 lbm ⎞⎛ 1.41dollars ⎞ ⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 30 day ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = $4.33 × 10
6

month ⎝ h ⎠ ⎝ 1700 Btu ⎠⎝ 1lbm ⎠ ⎝ 1day ⎠ ⎝ month ⎠

cost
= $4,330, 000 Answer
month
7-17 The reversible cycle shown in Figure 7-41a receives heat Q1 from a reservoir at TH and does work W3. In
Figure 7-41b, two reversible cycles are shown. The one which operates between TH and TM receives the
same amount of heat, Q1, as is shown in Figure 7-41a, and does work W1. This top cycles rejects heat Q2 to a
reservoir at TM and supplies the same heat Q2 to the bottom cycle. TL<TM<TH.
Show that one of the following three statements is true:

W3 > W1 + W2
W3 < W1 + W2
W3 = W1 + W2

Approach:
Draw a control volume around the combination of
the two cycles in part b and compare the efficiency
to that of the single cycle in part a.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
Draw a control volume around the combination of
the two cycles in part b, as shown. The combined
cycle is a reversible cycle operating between
reservoirs at TH and TL; therefore, its efficiency is
T W + W2
η = 1− H = 1
TL Q1
The cycle in part a also operates between TH and TL,
and its efficiency is
T W FIGURE 7-41 Two Reversible Cycles
η = 1− H = 3
TL Q1
Therefore,
W3 = W1 + W2 Answer
7-18 A reversible power cycle operates according to the T-s diagram below. Using data on the diagram,
calculate the cycle efficiency.

Approach:
Find QH and QL graphically and use these in the definition of
efficiency.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The heat added to the cycle is
QH = ∫ Tds
Graphically, this integral is the area under the curve from
point 1 to 2 to 3, that is

QH = ( 350 + 273)( 7.0 − 6.5 ) +

( 350 −100 )( 7.5 − 7.0 ) + 100 + 273 7.5 − 7.0
( )( )
2
kJ
= 560.5
kg
The heat rejected to the low temperature reservoir is the area from 4 to 3,
kJ
QL = (100 + 273)( 7.5 − 6.5 ) = 373
kg
The cycle efficiency is
Q − QL 560.5 − 373
η= H = = 0.33 Answer
QH 560.5
7-19 A cylinder of volume 300 cm3 contains saturated steam at 0.6 MPa. The steam is then allowed to expand
adiabatically and reversibly to a final pressure of 0.2 MPa.
a. Find the final quality.
b. Find the work done.

Approach:
Use the second law to find the final quality and the first law
to find the work done.

Assumptions:
1. The expansion is adiabatic.
2. The expansion is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.

Solution:
a) From the second law, for a reversible process,
2 δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
1 T

Since the process is adiabatic, δ Q = 0 and, therefore, S2 = S1. The mass is unchanged during the process, that is
m1 = m2 → s1 = s2
From Table A-11 at 0.6 MPa, s1 = 6.76 kJ/kg ⋅ K. At the final pressure of 0.2 MPa, s1 lies between the entropy of
saturated liquid and that of saturated vapor, so the final state is in the two-phase region. The quality is found from
s2 = s f + x s fg
s2 − s f s1 − s f 6.76 − 1.53
x= = = = 0.93 Answer
s fg s fg 5.597

b) From the first law for a closed system,

∆U = Q − W
Since the process is adiabatic, this reduces to
W = −∆U = − m ( u2 − u1 )
The mass may be found from the known initial volume and the specific volume of saturated steam at 0.6 MPa (see
Table A-11),
3
⎛ 1m ⎞
3
300 cm ⎜ ⎟
m= =
V ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ = 0.00095 kg
v m3
0.3157
kg
Using data in Table A-11 at the final pressure of 0.2 MPa,
kJ
u2 = u f + x u fg = 504.5 + 0.93 ( 2025 ) = 2388
kg
kJ
u1 = u g at 0.6 MPa = 2567.4
kg
kJ
W = − ( 0.00095 kg )( 2388 − 2567.4 ) = 0.17 kJ Answer
kg
7-20 R-134a at 10 psia and 20°F is compressed reversibly and isothermally in a piston-cylinder assembly.
During the compression, 0.0945 Btu of heat are removed. The initial volume is 69 in3. Find the final
pressure and the work done, in ft·lbf.

Approach:
Use the second law to find the final pressure and the first law
to find the work done.

Assumptions:
1. The compression is isothermal.
2. The compression is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.

Solution:
From the first law, assuming no kinetic and potential energy changes,
∆U = Q − W
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − W
To find mass
3
⎛ ⎞
( 69in ) ⎜ 12in.
3 1 ft
⎟
m=
V1
= ⎝ ⎠ = 0.0081 lbm
3
v1 ft
4.93
lbm
where v1 was taken from Table B-16 for superheated R-134a vapor. Because the process is reversible, the second
law gives
δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
T
For an isothermal process,
δQ 1 Q
S2 − S1 = ∫ = ∫δQ =
T T T
Q = T ( S2 − S1 ) = Tm ( s2 − s1 )
From Table B-16, s1 = 0.2472 Btu/lbm R.
Q −0.0945 Btu Btu Btu
s2 = + s1 = + 0.2472 = 0.223
Tm ( 20 + 460 ) R ( 0.0081) lbm lbm ⋅ R lbm ⋅ R
Since the process is isothermal, T1 = T2 = 20°F. If T2 = 20 °F and s2 = 0.223, then, from Table B-16,
P2 = 30 psia. Answer
To find work, apply the first law,
W = Q − m ( u2 − u1 )
Btu
W = − 0.0945 Btu − ( 0.0081) lbm ( 96.26 − 97.67 ) = −0.0831 Btu
lbm
778 ft ⋅ lbf
W = ( −0.0831 Btu ) = −64.6 ft ⋅ lbf Answer
1 Btu
7-21 Saturated water vapor at 200 kPa is expanded slowly and without friction (i.e., reversibly) and isothermally
in a piston-cylinder device until the pressure of the H2O is 50 kPa.
a. What is the entropy change of the H2O (in kJ/kg·K)?
b. Determine a value for the work done per unit mass of the H2O (kJ/kg).

Approach:
Use the steam tables to find the initial entropy and
temperature. Find the final entropy using the fact that the
process is isothermal and the final pressure is given. The
work may be calculated from the first law.

Assumptions:
1. The expansion is isothermal.
2. The expansion is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.

Solution:
a) The initial entropy is, for saturated vapor at 200 kPa, from Table A-11,
kJ
s1 = 7.127
kg ⋅ K
From the same table, the initial temperature is 120°C. Since the process is isothermal, the final state also has a
temperature of 120°C and the pressure is given in the problem statement as 50 kPa. As the water vapor is
expanded, it must be heated to maintain its isothermal state; therefore, the entropy increases and the final state is
superheated vapor, as shown in the figure. Using interpolated values of entropy for the final state from Table A-
12, the entropy change is
kJ
s2 − s1 = 7.793 − 7.127 = 0.666
kg ⋅ K
b) From the first law, assuming no kinetic and potential energy changes,
∆U = Q − W
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − W
Because the process is reversible, the second law gives
δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
T
For an isothermal process,
δQ 1 Q
S2 − S1 = ∫ = ∫δQ =
T T T
Q = T ( S2 − S1 ) = Tm ( s2 − s1 )
Substituting this into the first law and dividing by mass gives
( u2 − u1 ) = T ( s2 − s1 ) − w
Solving for work per unit mass and substituting values for u1 and u2 from Tables A-11 and A-12, respectively
w = T ( s2 − s1 ) − ( u2 − u1 )
⎛ kJ ⎞ kJ
= (120 + 273) K ⎜ 0.666 ⎟ − ( 2541 − 2530 )
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ kg
w = 251kJ kg Answer
7-22 Steam at 400 kPa, 200 oC is contained in a well-insulated piston-cylinder assembly of initial volume 0.13
m3. The steam expands while 32 kJ of work is done. It is claimed that the final state is a two-phase
mixture. Is this possible?

Approach:
The final state is most likely to be in the two-phase region if
the process is reversible. In that case, for this adiabatic
process, entropy does not change, and the process is
represented by a vertical line on the T-s diagram, as shown in
the figure. An irreversible process would have a final entropy
greater than the initial entropy, that is, a final state that falls
to the right of state 1 in the figure and one that is more likely
to be outside the two-phase region. Calculate the work done
from state 1 to state 2, which is a saturated vapor. More work
is done is going from 1 to 2’ than from 1 to 2, so if the work
calculated from 1 to 2 is less than the given work, the process
could be in the two-phase region.

Assumptions:
1. The expansion is adiabatic.
2. Potential energy changes are negligible.
3. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.

Solution:
The initial state is superheated vapor. We begin by calculating the work done for a reversible process that ends as
saturated vapor, as shown in the figure. From the second law:
s1 = s2
From Table A-12,
kJ
s1 = 7.17
kg ⋅ K
From the first law, assuming no kinetic and potential energy changes,
∆U = Q − W
which reduces to
∆U = − W
m ( u2 − u1 ) = − W
The specific volume at the initial state is, from Table A-12,
m3
v1 = 0.534
kg
V1 0.13m3
m= = = 0.243kg
v1 m3
0.534
kg
At state 2, the entropy is the same as state 1 and the steam is a saturated vapor. From Table A-11, the pressure at
which s1 = sg = 7.17 kJ/kg·K is 0.175 MPa and the internal energy for this state is u2 = ug = 2525 kJ/kg. Using this
value and the internal energy at state 1 from Table A-12,
kJ
W = ( 0.243kg )( 2647 − 2525 ) = 29.5 kJ
kg
The actual work is 32 kJ. If the process is reversible and 32 kJ of work is done, the final state will be at 2’ (shown
in the figure). More work is done in going from 1 to 2’ than from 1 to 2. State 2’ is inside the two-phase dome;
therefore, it is possible for the final state to be a two-phase mixture. Answer
7-23 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.2 m3 of air initially at 3.5 MPa and 330oC. The air expands in a
slow, frictionless, isothermal process to 150 kPa. Find the heat transferred.

Approach:
Use the second law to find the heat transferred in terms of the
entropy change. The ideal gas law can be used to determine
the mass of air. Entropy change for an ideal gas is found
T R P
from s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2 .
T1 M P1

Assumptions:
1. The expansion is isothermal.
2. The expansion is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.
5. Air may be treated as an ideal gas under these conditions.
6. Specific heats are constant.

Solution:
Since the process is slow, we may assume it is reversible. From the second law
2 δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
1 T

Because the process is isothermal

1 2 Q
S2 − S1 = ∫ δ Q =
T 1 T
Q = Tm ( s2 − s1 )
From the ideal gas law

( 3500 kPa ) ( 0.2 m3 ) ⎛⎜ 28.97

kg ⎞
⎟
m=
PVM
= ⎝ kmol ⎠
= 4.05 kg
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎟( )
RT
⎜ 8.314 330 + 273 K
⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠
For an ideal gas with constant specific heats, the entropy change is
T R P
s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2
T1 M P1
Using data in Table A-1,
kJ
8.314
T
s2 − s1 = c p ln − kmol ⋅ K ln ⎛ 150 ⎞ = 0.904 kJ
⎜ ⎟
T 28.97
kg ⎝ 3500 ⎠ kg ⋅ K
kmol
⎛ kJ ⎞
Q = Tm ( s2 − s1 ) = ( 330 + 273) K ( 4.05 kg ) ⎜ 0.904 ⎟ = 2208 kJ Answer
⎝ kg ⋅K ⎠
7-24 Argon with a mass of 0.9 lbm is initially at 14.7 psia and 75oF. The gas is compressed reversibly to 100
psia. Find the work required if the process is isothermal.

Approach:
Use the second law to find the heat transferred in terms of the
entropy change. Entropy change for an ideal gas is found
T R P
from s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2 . Apply the first law to
T1 M P1
determine the work done.

Assumptions:
1. The compression is isothermal.
2. The compression is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.
5. Argon may be treated as an ideal gas under these
conditions.
6. Specific heats are constant.

Solution:
From the second law for a reversible process
2 δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
1 T

For an isothermal process

1 2 Q
S2 − S1 = ∫ δ Q =
T 1 T
Q = Tm ( s2 − s1 )
For an ideal gas with constant specific heats,
T R P
s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2
T1 M P1
Using data in Table B-1,
⎛ Btu ⎞
T1 ⎜⎝ ⎟
1.99
lbmol ⋅ R ⎠ ⎛ 100 ⎞ Btu
s2 − s1 = c p ln − ln ⎜ ⎟ = −0.0956
T1 ⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎝ 14.7 ⎠ lbm ⋅ R
⎜ 39.9 ⎟
⎝ lbmol ⎠
⎛ Btu ⎞
Q = ( 75 + 460 ) R ( 0.9 lbm ) ⎜ −0.0956 ⎟ = − 46.0 Btu
⎝ lbm ⋅R ⎠
From the first law for a closed system, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes,
∆U = Q − W
cv (T2 − T1 ) = Q − W
Because T1 = T2 ,
W = Q = − 46.0 Btu Answer
7-25 Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 20oC to 850 kPa in a well-insulated piston-cylinder assembly. The
mass of air present is 0.04 kg. If the process is reversible, determine the final temperature and work
required assuming
a. constant specific heat
b. variable specific heat

Approach:
k −1
T ⎛P ⎞ k
For part a, find the final temperature from 2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ . For
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
part b, use the second law and Table A-9 to find the final
temperature. In both cases, determine the work required from
the first law.

Assumptions:
1. The compression is adiabatic.
2. The compression is reversible.
3. Potential energy changes are negligible.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.
5. Air may be treated as an ideal gas under these conditions.

Solution:
a) For an adiabatic and reversible process of an ideal gas with constant specific heat, from Eq. 2-56,
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
The final temperature is unknown. As an approximation, we use the value of k at 20oC = 293 K. With k from
Table A-12,
1.4−1
⎛ 850 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = ( 20 + 273) K ⎜ ⎟ = 540 K = 267 o C
⎝ 100 ⎠
From the first law, neglecting kinetic and potential energy
∆U = Q − W
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − W
mcv (T2 − T1 ) = Q − W
Since the process is adiabatic,
W = mcv (T1 − T2 )
Using cv at 20oC from Table A-8
⎛ kJ ⎞
W = ( 0.04 kg ) ⎜ 0.718 ⎟ ( 20 − 267 ) C = −7.09 kJ
o
Answer
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

b) From the second law for a reversible process

s1 = s2
Accounting for variable specific heat
R P
s2 − s1 = s o (T2 ) − s o (T1 ) + ln 2
M P1
R P2
s o (T2 ) = s o (T1 ) + ln
M P1

Using Table A-9 to evaluate s o (T1 ) = s o ( 20 o C ) ,

 kJ
8.314
s o (T2 ) = 1.68
kJ
+ kmol ⋅ K ln ⎛ 850 ⎞ = 2.29 kJ
⎜ ⎟
kg ⋅ K 28.97
kg ⎝ 100 ⎠ kg ⋅ K
kmol
From Table A-9,
T2 = 535 K = 262 o C
From the first law with no changes in kinetic or potential energy,
∆U = Q − W
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − W
W = m ( u1 − u2 )
Using values of u1 and u2 in Table A-9,
kJ
W = ( 0.04 kg )( 209.1 − 385.6 ) = −7.06 kJ Answer
kg

Comment:
The results are very close. If the values of k and cv in part a were adjusted in light of the calculated value of T2, the
results would be even closer.
7-26 Determine the entropy change if 3 kg of air at 30oC and 95 kPa are compressed to 425 kPa and 200oC. Do
the calculation two ways:
a. with constant specific heat
b. with variable specific heat

Approach:
For part a, use
T2 R P2
s2 − s1 = c p ln − ln
T1 M P1
For part b, use
R P2
s2 − s1 = s o (T2 ) − s o (T1 ) − ln
M P1
Assumptions:
1. Air may be treated as an ideal gas under these conditions.

Solution:
a) For an ideal gas with constant specific heat
T R P
s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2
T1 M P1
30 + 200
Using cp at Tavg = = 115 o C = 388 K, from Table A-8,
2
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 200 + 273 ⎞ ⎝ ⎜ 8.314 ⎟
kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎛ 425 ⎞ kJ
s2 − s1 = ⎜ 1.012 ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟− ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0207
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 30 + 273 ⎠ ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎝ 95 ⎠ kg ⋅K
⎜ 28.97 ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠
⎛ kJ ⎞ kJ
S2 − S1 = m ( s2 − s1 ) = ( 3kg ) ⎜ 0.0207 ⎟ = 0.0622 Answer
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ K

b) Using variable specific heat, the entropy change is

R P
s2 − s1 = s o (T2 ) − s o (T1 ) − ln 2
M P1
Using so values from Table A-9
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎝ ⎜ 8.314 ⎟
kJ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎛ 425 ⎞ kJ
s2 − s1 = ⎜ 2.16 − 1.71 ⎟− ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0200
⎝ kg ⋅ K kg ⋅ K ⎠ ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎝ 95 ⎠ kg ⋅K
⎜ 28.97 ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠
⎛ kJ ⎞ kJ
S2 − S1 = m ( s2 − s1 ) = ( 3kg ) ⎜ 0.0200 ⎟ = 0.0601 Answer
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ K
7-27 A well-insulated chamber is divided in two parts by a thin membrane, as shown below. The left side is
initially filled with air at 30oC and 100 kPa. The right side is initially evacuated. The membrane ruptures,
and air expands freely into the evacuated section. Calculate the entropy generated during this process.

Approach:
Apply the first law and show that the process is isothermal.
Determine the entropy change using ideal gas relations. Find
the entropy generated from the second law.

Assumptions:
1. Air may be treated as an ideal gas under these conditions.
2. Specific heats are constant.
3. The process is adiabatic.

Solution:
From the first law for a closed system with no changes in kinetic or potential energy,
∆U = Q − W
In a free expansion, no boundary movement takes place and no expansion work is done. The chamber is well-
insulated and, therefore, adiabatic. With these simplifications,
∆U = 0
For an ideal gas with constant specific heats,
∆U = mcv ∆T
Since ∆U = 0 , ∆T = 0 and T1 = T2 . The entropy change for an ideal gas with constant specific heats is
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎛ T2 ⎞ R ⎛ v2 ⎞ R ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎜ 8.314 kmol ⋅ K ⎟ ⎛ 2000 + 3000 ⎞ kJ
s2 − s1 = cv ln ⎜ ⎟ + ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.263
⎝ 1⎠
T M ⎝ 1⎠
v M ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎜⎜ 28.97
V kg ⎟⎟ ⎝ 2000 ⎠ kg ⋅K
⎝ kmol ⎠
From the second law for a closed system,
0
δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫
2
+ S gen
T 1

Because the process is adiabatic, δ Q = 0 and

S gen = S2 − S1 = m ( s2 − s1 )
To find mass, use the ideal gas law
3
⎛ 1m ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞
(100 kPa ) ( 2000 cm ) ⎜
3
⎟ ⎜ 28.97 ⎟
PV M
m= 1 1 = ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ ⎝ kmol ⎠
= 0.0023kg
⎛ kJ ⎞
⎟ ( 30 + 273) K
RT1
⎜ 8.314
⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠
⎛ kJ ⎞
S gen = ( 0.0023kg ) ⎜ 0.263 −4
⎟ = 6.05 × 10 kJ K
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠
S gen = 0.605 J K Answer
7-28 A steam-water mixture with an initial quality of 0.05 is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly. The initial
pressure and volume are 125 kPa and 175 cm.3 Heat is added at constant pressure until only vapor remains.
Calculate the entropy generated (in kJ/K).

Approach:
Apply the second law for a closed system including entropy
generation. Find property values in the steam tables. Note
that the temperature is constant during the process.

Assumptions:
1. The pressure is constant.

Solution:
For a closed system, the second law may be written
δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫ + S gen
T
The process occurs at constant pressure in the two-phase region; therefore, it is a constant temperature process and
the second law reduces to
Q
m ( s2 − s1 ) = + S gen
T
The specific volume at the initial state is, with values from Table A-11,
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg − v f ) = 0.001048 + 0.05 (1.3749 − 0.001048 ) = 0.06974 m3 /kg
3
⎛ 1m ⎞
(175 cm3 ) ⎜ ⎟
V
m= 1 = ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ = 2.51× 10−3 kg
v1 m3
0.06974
kg
To find Q, use the first law for a constant pressure closed system, that is,
Q = H 2 − H1 = m ( h2 − h1 )
Again using values from Table A-11,
h1 = h f + x1 ( hg − h f ) = 444 + 0.05 ( 2685.4 − 444 ) = 556.1 kg
kJ

kJ
h2 = hg = 2685.4
kg
kJ
Q = 2.51× 10−3 kg [ 2685.4 − 556.1] = 5.34 kJ
kg
The initial entropy is (with values from Table A-11),
s1 = s f + x1 ( sg − s f ) = 1.374 + 0.05 ( 7.2844 − 1.374 ) = 1.67 kgkJ⋅ K
From Table A-11, the saturation temperature is T1 = 106 °C at P1 = 125 kPa. The entropy generated is
S gen = m ( s2 − s1 ) − = ( 2.51 × 10−3 ) kg ( 7.2844 − 1.67 )
Q kJ 5.34 kJ
−
T kg ⋅ K (106 + 273) K
S gen ≈ 0 Answer

Comment:
The process is reversible, so there is no entropy generated.
7-29 In a vortex tube, air enters perpendicular to the tube axis and flows in a swirling motion around the inside
periphery of the tube. Because of centrifugal forces, the air is separated into a hot and a cold stream with one
stream exiting at the top and the other exiting at the bottom. It is proposed to construct a vortex tube to use
as a refrigeration system. Air enters at 20oC and 300 kPa and exits from the top at 60oC and 280 kPa and
from the bottom at 0oC and 280 kPa. The tube is perfectly insulated. Is it possible for such a device to
operate as described?

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law for an open
system. Calculate the entropy generated per unit mass of air
flow. If the entropy generated is greater than zero, the
process is possible.

Assumptions:
1. Specific heat is constant.
2. Air may be considered an ideal gas under these conditions.
3. The vortex tube is adiabatic.
4. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Solution:
From conservation of mass
m 1 = m 2 + m 3
From the first law for an open system with no heat, work, or changes in kinetic or potential energy,
m 1h1 = m 2 h2 + m 3 h3
( m 2 + m 3 ) h1 = m 2 h2 + m 3h3
0 = m 2 ( h2 − h1 ) + m 3 ( h3 − h1 )
Assuming constant specific heat (with no temperature dependence)
0 = m 2 c p (T2 − T1 ) + m 3c p (T3 − T1 )
T1 − T2 m 3 ( 20 − 60 ) C
o

= = =2
T3 − T1 m 2 ( 0 − 20 ) o C
From an entropy balance
Sgen = m 2 s2 + m 3 s3 − m 1s1 = m 2 s2 + m 3 s3 − ( m 2 + m 3 ) s1 = m 2 ( s2 − s1 ) + m 3 ( s3 − s1 )
Sgen m
= ( s2 − s1 ) + 3 ( s3 − s1 )
m 2 m 2
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat (using data in Table A-8 at the average temperature of 40oC
T R P
s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − ln 2
T1 M P1
⎛ kJ ⎞
8.314
kJ ⎛ 60 + 273 ⎞ ⎜ kmol ⋅ K ⎟ ln ⎛ 280 ⎞ = 0.149 kJ
= 1.007 ln ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
kg ⋅ K ⎝ 20 + 273 ⎠ ⎜ 28.97 kg ⎟ ⎝ 300 ⎠ kg ⋅ K
⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠
⎛ kJ ⎞
8.314
kJ ⎛ 0 + 275 ⎞ ⎜ kmol ⋅ K ⎟ ln ⎛ 280 ⎞ = −0.0513 kJ
s3 − s1 = 1.006 ln ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
kg ⋅ K ⎝ 20 + 273 ⎠ ⎜ 28.97 kg ⎟ ⎝ 300 ⎠ kg ⋅ K
⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠
Sgen m kJ
= ( s2 − s1 ) + 3 ( s3 − s1 ) = 0.149 + ( 2 )( −0.0513) = 0.046
m 2 m 2 kg ⋅ K

The flow rate m 2 is always greater than zero. Since Sgen /m 2 is positive, the process is possible and does not violate
the second law. Answer
7-30 A salesman is promoting a well-insulated steam turbine which produces 3000 kW. Steam enters the turbine
at 700 kPa, 250oC and exits at a pressure of 10 kPa. The mass flow rate is 3.7 kg/s. Is such a turbine
possible?

Approach:
Apply the first law to determine the
enthalpy and quality at the exit of the
turbine. Check the entropy at the inlet and
exit. If entropy decreases, the turbine is
impossible.

Assumptions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system with no heat or changes in kinetic or potential energy,
WT = m ( h1 − h2 )
Using data in Table A-12
W kJ 3000 kW kJ
h2 = h1 − T = 2953 − = 2142
m kg 3.7
kg kg
s
This value of h2 falls between saturated liquid and saturated vapor enthalpies in Table A-11 at P2 = 10 kPa.
Therefore, the final state is two-phase. To find quality
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f )
h2 − h f 2142 − 192
x2 = = = 0.815
hg − h f 2585 − 192
To determine whether the turbine can operate as advertised, check the second law. From Table A-12
kJ
s1 = 7.11
kg ⋅ K
Using values from Table A-11
s2 = s f + x2 ( sg − s f ) = 0.649 + 0.815 ( 8.15 − 0.649 ) = 6.76
kJ
kg ⋅ K
Entropy cannot decrease in an adiabatic process, therefore, this turbine is impossible. Answer
7-31 Saturated vapor R-134a at 0oF enters the tube side of a well-insulated heat exchanger and exits at 20oF.
Compressed liquid R-134a at 100oF and 180 psia enters the shell side of the heat exchanger. Both streams
flow at 8 lbm/s. Calculate the total entropy generated.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law for
an open system to fix the state at station 4. Then
use the second law for an open system to
compute the rate of entropy generated.

Assumptions:
1. The heat exchanger is adiabatic.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.
3. Pressure drops in the heat exchanger are
negligible.
4. Compressed liquid properties can be
approximated with saturated liquid properties
at the same temperature.

Solution:
Draw a control volume around the entire heat exchanger and assume that the exterior of the heat exchanger is well
insulated. From the first law
⎡ V 2 − V22 ⎤ ⎡ V 2 − V42 ⎤
0 = Q cv − Wcv + m 1 ⎢( h1 − h2 ) + 1 + g ( z1 − z2 ) ⎥ + m 3 ⎢( h3 − h4 ) + 3 + g ( z3 − z 4 ) ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
which reduces to (note that m 1 = m 3 )
0 = h1 − h2 + h3 − h4
Solving for h4
h4 = h1 − h2 + h3
For h1, use the value of hg at 0oF in Table B-14. Thus, h1 = 102 Btu/lbm . The R-134a at state 2 has the same
pressure as that at state 1. From Table B-14, P2 = 21.2 psia . Interpolating in Table B-16, h2 = 105.8 .
Approximate h3 with the value of saturated liquid R-134a at 100oF. From Table B-14, h3 = 44.2. Therefore
Btu
h4 = 102 − 105.8 + 44.2 = 40.4
lbm
To find the entropy generated, use the second law for an open system
N 
Q
0 = ∑ k + m 1s1 + m 3 s3 − m 2 s2 − m 4 s4 + Sgen
k =1 Tk

The first term on the right hand side vanishes because the heat exchanger is adiabatic. Therefore
Sgen = m ( s2 + s4 − s1 − s3 )
The entropies s1, s2, and s3 are found in the same way that h1, h2, and h3 are obtained. To find s4, recognize that
h4 = 40.4 Btu/lbm and P4 = P3 = 180 psia. Using Table B-15, we see that this value of enthalpy is less than the
enthalpy of saturated liquid at 180 psia; therefore, the exit state is a compressed liquid. Approximating the
enthalpy of the compressed liquid by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at the same temperature, we note from Table
B-15 that T4 ≈ 90 o F, and s4 ≈ 0.0836 Btu/lbm ⋅ R.
⎛ lbm ⎞ Btu
Sgen = ⎜ 8 ⎟ ( 0.2312 + 0.0836 − 0.2224 − 0.0898 )
⎝ s ⎠ lbm ⋅ R
Btu
Sgen = 0.0208 Answer
s⋅R
7-32 Saturated R-134a vapor at 5oF enters the compressor of a refrigeration cycle. Superheated vapor at 120oF
and 180 psia exits. Is the compressor losing heat to the surroundings or gaining heat?

Approach:
Perform an entropy balance on the
compressor. Considering that the rate of
entropy generation must always be positive,
determine the sign of the heat term. A
negative value implies cooling while a
positive value implies heating.

Assumptions:
1. The compressor operates in steady state.

Solution:
From Table B-14 at 5oF,
Btu
s1 = sg = 0.2219
lbm ⋅ R
From Table B-16 at T2 = 120 o F and P2 = 180 psia
Btu
s2 = 0.2166
lbm R
From an entropy balance on the compressor
N 
dScv Q
= ∑ k + ms  2 + Sgen
 1 − ms
dt k =1 Tk

Assuming steady operation

⎛ N Q ⎞ Sgen
s1 − s2 = − ⎜ ∑ k ⎟ −
⎝ k =1 Tk m ⎠ m
N
Since s1 > s2 , ∑ Q
k =1
k < 0 (Tk, Sgen and m are always positive.) A negative value of Q k implies that the

compressor is being cooled. Answer

7-33 Air expands through an ideal, insulated nozzle from an inlet pressure of 1500 kPa to an exit pressure of 500
kPa. The inlet temperature is 100oC and the inlet area is 0.04 m2. If the mass flow rate is 22 kg/s, find the
exit velocity. Assume constant specific heats.

Approach:
Use the ideal gas law to determine inlet specific volume and
then compute inlet velocity from mass flow rate . To find
exit temperature use
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
Finally, apply the first law to determine exit velocity.

Assumptions:
1. The nozzle operates in steady state.
2. The nozzle operates reversibly.
3. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
4. Specific heats are constant.
5. The nozzle is adiabatic.

Solution:
Find the specific volume at the inlet, v1 , from the ideal gas law:
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
⎜ 8.314 ⎟ ( 373K ) ⎜ ⎟
RT1 ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ = 0.0714 m3 kg
v1 = =
MP1 ⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞
( 28.97 kg mol )(1500 kPa ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1kPa ⎠
The velocity at the inlet is

mv ( 22 kg s ) ( 0.0714 m3 kg ) m
V1 = 1 = = 39.27
A1 ( 0.04 m 2
) s
This is an adiabatic and ideal (i.e. reversible) process of an ideal gas with constant specific heat; therefore, with
data from Table A-8
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
k −1 0.4
⎛P ⎞ k ⎛ 500 ⎞ 1.4
T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 373K ) ⎜ ⎟ = 273K
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 1500 ⎠
The first law specialized for a nozzle is
V 2 V 2
0 = h1 − h2 + 1 − 2
2 2
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ∆h = c p ∆T so
V2 2 V 2
= c p (T1 − T2 ) + 1
2 2
⎛ kJ ⎞
2
1000 J ⎛ m⎞
V 2 = 2c p (T1 − T2 ) + V1 2
= ( 2 ) ⎜1 ⎟ ( 373 − 273) K + ⎜ 39.3 ⎟
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ 1kJ ⎝ s ⎠
m
V 2 = 449 Answer
s
7-34 Air flowing at 200 ft/s enters an ideal, well-insulated nozzle. The inlet conditions are 50 psia and 500oF and
the exit pressure is 10 psia. Using variable specific heat, determine the final velocity.

Approach:
The nozzle is ideal and adiabatic, therefore, it is
isentropic. Use this fact and Table B-9 to find
the final temperature. Apply the first law to
determine exit velocity.

Assumptions:
1. The nozzle operates in steady state.
2. The nozzle operates reversibly.
3. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
4. The nozzle is adiabatic.

Solution:
The process is reversible, therefore
s1 = s2
Accounting for variable specific heat
R P2
s2 − s1 = 0 = s o (T2 ) − s o (T1 ) −
ln
M P1
Using so at T1 = 960 R from Table B-9,
Btu
1.986
⎛ Btu ⎞ ⋅ R ln ⎛ 10 ⎞ = 0.630 Btu
s (T2 ) = ⎜ 0.740
o
⎟+
lbmol
⎜ ⎟
⎝ lbm ⋅ R ⎠ 28.97 lbm ⎝ 50 ⎠ lbm ⋅ R
lbmol
From Table B-9, T2 = 610 R. From the first law, simplified for an ideal nozzle
V12 V2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
1

⎪⎧ ⎡ V 2 ⎤ ⎪⎫ 2
V 2 = ⎨2 ⎢( h1 − h2 ) + 1 ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭
Using values of h1 and h2 at T1 and T2 from Table B-9,
1
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ ft 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎫2
⎪⎪ ⎢ Btu ⎜ 25, 037 2 ⎟ ( 200 )2 ft 2 ⎥ ⎪⎪
V 2 = ⎨2 ⎢( 231 − 146 ) ⎜ s ⎟+ ⎥⎬
⎪ ⎢ lbm ⎜ 1 Btu
⎜
⎟
⎟
2 s2 ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
ft
V 2 = 2068 Answer
s
7-35 Air at 0.5 kPa and 0oC expands through an ideal, well-insulated diffuser. The air enters at 250 m/s and
leaves at 120 m/s. Assuming constant specific heat, find the exit air temperature and pressure.

Approach:
Use the first law to find the exit temperature. Then
apply
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
to find the exit pressure.

Assumptions:
1. The diffuser operates in steady state.
2. The diffuser operates reversibly.
3. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
4. Specific heats are constant.
5. The diffuser is adiabatic.

Solution:
From the first law for an open system in steady state,
⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞
0 = Q cv − Wcv + m ⎜ h1 + 1 + gz1 ⎟ − m ⎜ h2 + 2 + gz2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The diffuser is adiabatic and there is no work or changes in potential energy, so
⎛ V 2 − V 22 ⎞
0 = m ⎜ h1 − h2 + 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Assuming an ideal gas with constant specific heat,
V 2 − V 22
0 = c p (T1 − T2 ) + 1
2
V − V2
2 2
T2 = 1 + T1
2c p
Since the exit air temperature is unknown, we will evaluate the specific heat at the inlet air temperature and iterate
later, if needed. From Table A-8, c p = 1.004 kJ/kg ⋅ K and
2 2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞
⎜ 250 ⎟ − ⎜ 120 ⎟
T2 = ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
s s ⎠
+ 0o C = 24 o C Answer
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
2 ⎜1.004 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠
In an ideal diffuser, the expansion is isentropic. For an isentropic expansion of an ideal gas with constant specific
heat.
k −1 k
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k ⎛ T ⎞ k −1
=⎜ ⎟ → P2 = P1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ T1 ⎠
Using the value of k at 0oC from Table A-8,
1.4
⎛ 24 + 273 ⎞1.4−1
P2 = ( 0.5 kPa ) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.671 kPa Answer
⎝ 0 + 273 ⎠
Comment:
The specific heat of air at 12oC (the average of inlet and exit) is very close to that at 0oC, where we evaluated
properties, so there is no need to iterate.
7-36 Steam at 200 kPa and 250oC is expanded in an ideal, adiabatic diffuser. The steam enters at 705 m/s and
leaves at 500 kPa. Find the exit velocity and temperature of the steam.

Approach:
Use the second law and the steam tables to find the
exit temperature and enthalpy. Then apply the first
law to determine exit velocity.

Assumptions:
1. The diffuser operates in steady state.
2. The diffuser operates reversibly.
3. The diffuser is adiabatic.

Solution:
Because the diffuser is ideal and adiabatic
s1 = s2
From Table A-12 for superheated steam at 200 kPa and 250oC, s1 = 7.709 kJ/kg ⋅ K. From the first law specialized
for an adiabatic diffuser,
V2 V2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
From Table A-12 at 200 kPa and 250oC, h1 = 2971kJ/kg. The values of h2 and T2 are found by interpolating in
Table A-3 at P2 = 500 kPa and s2 = 7.709 kJ/kg ⋅ K so that h2 = 3217 kJ/kg and
T2 = 374 o C Answer

Rearranging the first law,

⎛ V2 ⎞
V 2 = 2 ⎜ h1 + 1 − h2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ m⎞
2
⎤
⎢ ⎜ 705 ⎟ ⎥
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ ⎥
V 2 = 2 ⎢⎜ 2971 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + − ⎜ 3217 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ 2 ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
m
V 2 = 87.6 Answer
s
7-37 Steam at 1.4 MPa, 600°C expands through an ideal, adiabatic turbine to a final temperature of 50°C. The
mass flow rate is 6 kg/s. Calculate the final pressure and the power produced.

Approach: Steam
Use the second law and the steam tables to find the exit T1 = 600 o C
pressure. Then apply the first law to determine power.
P1 = 1.4 MPa
Assumptions:
1. The turbine operates in steady state.
2. The turbine operates reversibly.
3. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
Because the turbine is ideal and adiabatic
s1 = s2
From Table A-12 for superheated steam, s1 = 7.87 kJ/kg ⋅ K ,
T2 = 50 o C
therefore
s2 = 7.87 kJ/kg ⋅ K
From Table A-10 at 50°C, s f = 0.704 kJ/kg ⋅ K , and sg = 8.08 kJ/kg ⋅ K. Since entropy, s2, falls between these
two values, the final state must be a two-phase mixture. From Table A-10, the final pressure at the saturation
temperature of 50°C is

P2 = 12.3 kPa Answer

The entropy at state 2 can be used to determine the final quality. Starting with
s2 = s f + x2 ( sg − s f )
s2 − s f 7.87 − 0.704
x2 = = = 0.972
(s g − sf ) 8.08 − 0.704
From the first law, specialized for an adiabatic turbine,
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
From Table A-12,
kJ
h1 = 3695
kg
With data from Table A-10,
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f ) = 209 + 0.972 ( 2592 − 209 ) = 2525 kg
kJ

kg kJ
W = 6 ( 3696 − 2525 ) = 7017 kW = 7.017 MW Answer
s kg
7-38 Steam expands in an adiabatic, reversible turbine from 3.0 MPa, 700oC to a final pressure of 10 kPa. If the
flow rate is 1.7 kg/s,
a. Calculate the power output.
b. Show the process on a T-s diagram.

Approach: Steam
Use the second law and the steam tables to find the exit pressure. T1 = 700 o C
Then apply the first law to determine power.
P1 = 3MPa
Assumptions:
1. The turbine operates in steady state.
2. The turbine operates reversibly.
3. The turbine is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) Because the turbine is ideal and adiabatic
s1 = s2
From Table A-12 for superheated steam, s1 = 7.7571 kJ/kg ⋅ K ,
P2 = 10 kPa
therefore
s2 = 7.7571 kJ/kg ⋅ K
It is not known from the problem statement whether the exit state is a two-phase mixture or a superheated vapor.
To determine the state, examine the entropies of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at the exit pressure of 10
kPa, which can be found in Table A-11 to be
s f = 0.6493kJ/kg ⋅ K sg = 8.1502 kJ/kg ⋅ K
The exit entropy must be s2 = 7.7571 kJ/kg ⋅ K. Since this value falls between the saturated liquid and the
saturated vapor, the exit state must be a two-phase mixture. If the value were greater than sg, then the exit state
would be a superheated vapor. To find the quality of the exit state, use
s2 = s f + x ( s g − s f )
Solving for x and substituting values
s2 − s f 7.7571 − 0.6493
x= = = 0.948
sg − s f 8.1502 − 0.6493
To find the power, use the first law for a turbine, which is
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
The exit enthalpy may be evaluated as
h2 = h f + x ( hg − h f )
Using values from Table A-11
kJ kJ
h2 = 191.83 + 0.948( 2584.7 − 191.83 ) = 2460.3
kg kg
With values from Table A-12,

⎛ kg ⎞ kJ
W = ⎜ 1.7 ⎟[3911.7 − 2460.3] = 2467 kW Answer
⎝ s ⎠ kg
b) This is an isentropic process in which the temperature decreases (see table
values for confirmation). The T-s diagram is shown in the figure.
7-39 Saturated vapor R-134a at 0.24 MPa is compressed adiabatically and reversibly in a compressor to 1.6
MPa. If the flow rate is 48 kg/h, calculate the work input to the compressor and the final refrigerant
temperature.

Approach: R-134a
Use the second law and the R-134a tables to find the exit temperature. sat. vapor
Then apply the first law to determine power. P1 = 0.24 MPa

Assumptions:
1. The compressor operates in steady state.
2. The compressor operates reversibly.
3. The compressor is adiabatic.

Solution:
Because the compressor operates reversibly and adiabatically
s1 = s2
P2 = 1.6 MPa
From Table A-15 for saturated vapor R-134a, s1 = 0.922 kJ/kg ⋅ K ,
therefore
s2 = 0.922 kJ/kg ⋅ K
The final state is superheated vapor, as shown in the T-s diagram. From
Table A-16 for superheated R-134a at 1.6 MPa and s2 = 0.922 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T2 = 63.4 o C Answer
h2 = 283.3kJ kg
From the first law specialized for an ideal, adiabatic compressor,
W = m ( h1 − h2 )
kg kJ ⎛ 1h ⎞
= 48 ( 244.1 − 283.3) ⎜ ⎟ = −0.522 kW
h kg ⎝ 3600s ⎠
W = −522 W Answer
7-40 Saturated R-134a vapor at –10o F enters a frictionless, well-insulated compressor. If the pressure at the exit
is 400 psia, what is the temperature at the exit?

Approach: R-134a
Use the second law and the R-134a tables to find the exit temperature. sat. vapor
T1 = −10 o F
Assumptions:
1. The compressor operates in steady state.
2. The compressor operates reversibly.
3. The compressor is adiabatic.

Solution:
Because the compressor operates reversibly and adiabatically
s1 = s2
Btu
From Table B-14 for saturated vapor R134a, s1 = 0.2236 , P2 = 400 psia
lbm ⋅ R
therefore
Btu
s2 = 0.2236
lbm ⋅ R
The final state is superheated vapor, as shown in the T-s diagram. From
Btu
Table B-16 for superheated R-134a at 400 psia and s2 = 0.2236
lbm ⋅ R
T2 = 200 o F Answer
7-41 A tank of volume 400 ft3 is initially filled with air at 70oF and 14.7 lbf/in2. A vacuum pump slowly removes
air from the tank until a very low pressure is achieved. The tank is uninsulated and may exchange heat with
the surroundings at 70oF. During the process, the contents of the tank remain at a constant temperature of
70oF. The pump exhausts to the surroundings, which are at 70oF and 14.7 lbf/in2. Determine the minimum
possible work required for this process.

Approach:
Use conservation of mass, the first law and the
second law for a transient open system. Select a
control volume to include both the tank and the
pump.

Assumptions:
1. Air may be considered an ideal gas under these
conditions.
2. The tank is completely evacuated at the end of the
process.
3. The temperature of the air in the tank is constant.
4. Kinetic energy changes are negligible.
5. Potential energy changes are negligible.
Solution:
Construct a control volume around both the tank and the pump, as shown. From conservation of mass for a
transient open system:
dmcv
= m i − m e
dt
Since no mass enters the control volume, m i = 0. Integrating and recalling that the subscript 1 indicates the start
the of the process and 2 the end,
∫ dmcv = −∫ m e dt
m2 − m1 = −me
This states that the mass in the control volume at the beginning of the process equals the total mass which leaves.
The tank is fully evacuated, so all the mass exits and m2 = 0. Assuming negligible kinetic and potential energy, the
first law for a transient open system is
dU cv  
= Q − W + m i hi − m e he
dt
 − Wdt
∫ dU cv = ∫ Qdt ∫  − ∫ m e he dt
The exit state is at all times equal to 14.7 lbf/in2 and 70oF, so he is a constant and may be removed from the
integral
U 2 − U1 = Q − W − he me
u2 m2 − u1m1 = Q − W − he me
Since me = m1
−u1m1 = Q − W − he m1
From the second law for a transient open system
dScv Q
= ∑ k + m i si − m e se + Sgen
dt k Tk

The temperature is constant, so Tk = Te. Also, work will be minimized when S = 0 , so

gen

dScv Q
= − m e se
dt Te
Q
∫ dScv = ∫ Te dt − ∫ m e se dt
Since the exit state is constant, se is a constant,
 Q
S2 − S1 = − se me
Te
Again substituting me = m1
Q
m2 s2 − m1s1 = − se m1
Te
Q
−m1s1 = − m1se
Te
Q = m1Te ( se − s1 )
The mass in the tank at the start of the process is
⎛ lbf ⎞ 3 ⎛ lbm ⎞
⎜ 14.7 2 ⎟ ( 400 ft ) ⎜ 28.97 ⎟
m1 = 1 1 = ⎝
PV M in. ⎠ ⎝ lbmol ⎠
= 30 lbm
RT1 ⎛ psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎞
⎜ 10.73 ⎟ ( 70 + 460 ) R
⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠
⎛ T R P⎞
Q = m1Te ⎜ c p ln e − ln e ⎟
⎝ T1 M P1 ⎠
⎡ Btu ⎤
⎢ 1.986 ⎥
⎛ 70 + 460 ⎞ lbmol ⋅ R ln ⎛ 14.7 ⎞
Q = ( 30 lbm )( 70 + 460 ) R ⎢c p ln ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎝ 70 + 460 ⎠ 28.97
lbm ⎝ 14.7 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ lbmol ⎦
There is no net heat transfer during this process. From the first law,
−u1m1 = −W − he m1
u1m1 = W + ( ue + Pe ve ) m1
W = m1 ( u1 − ue ) − Pe ve m1
W = mcv (T1 − Te ) − Pe ve m1
Since T1 = Te ,
RTe m1
W = − Pe ve m1 = −
M
⎛ ft ⋅ lbf ⎞
⎜ 1545 ⎟ ( 70 + 460 ) R ( 30 lbm )
⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠
W =− = −8.48 × 105 ft ⋅ lbf Answer
lbm
28.97
lbmol
7-42 A rigid, well-insulated tank with a volume of 12 ft3 is initially filled with water vapor at 800oF and 40 psia.
A leak develops in the tank and steam escapes until the pressure reaches 14.7 psia. Determine
a. the final temperature of the tank contents
b. the amount of mass that escapes

Approach:
Choose the vapor that remains in the control volume
as the closed system under consideration. Use
conservation of mass and the second law.

Assumptions:
1. The steam in the tank undergoes a reversible
expansion.
2. The tank is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) Assume that the vapor which remains in the tank
at the end of the process has undergone a reversible
expansion. Apply a closed system analysis to this
vapor. From the second law
δQ
S2 − S1 = ∫ + S gen
T
Since the tank is well insulated, δ Q = 0 . The process is slow and may be assumed to be reversible, so S gen = 0 .
Thus
S2 = S1 and s2 = s1
From Table B-12, s1 = 1.95 Btu/lbm ⋅ R . To find the final temperature, interpolate in Table B-12 at P2 = 14.7 psia ,
s2 = 1.95 Btu/lbm ⋅ R to get
T2 = 550 o F

b) To find the mass that escapes, first find the specific volume at state 2 by interpolation in Table B-12 at
s2 = 1.95 Btu/lbm ⋅ R and P2 = 14.7 psia. Calculate mass from
V2 12 ft 3
m2 = = = 0.294 lbm
v2 ft 3
40.8
lbm
Using data for specific volume from Table B-12 at P1 = 40 psia , T1 = 800 o F
V1 12 ft 3
m1 = = = 0.642 lbm
v1 ft 3
18.7
lbm
The mass that escapes is
m = m1 − m2 = 0.642 − 0.294 = 0.348 lbm Answer
7-43 Steam at 500oF enters a well-insulated turbine and exits at 5 psia. The isentropic efficiency is 89% and the
quality at the exit state is 0.9. Find the inlet pressure.

Approach: Steam
Use the second law and the definition of isentropic T1 = 500 o F
efficiency. The inlet pressure must be determined by
iteration.

Assumptions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic.
2. The turbine operates in steady state.

Solution:
From the definition of isentropic efficiency
h −h P2 = 5 psia
ηT = 1 2
h1 − h2 s x2 = 0.9
To find h2 use
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f )
Using data from Table B-11
Btu
h2 = 130 + 0.9 (1131 − 130 ) =1031
lbm
State 2s has the same pressure as state 2 and the
same entropy as state 1. State 1, however, is
unknown. From the T-s diagram, it is apparent that
2s is to the left of state 2, and so must be in the two-
phase region. We may write
h2 s = h f + x2 s ( hg − h f )
h2 s = 130 + x2 s (1131 − 130 ) = 130 + x2 s (1001)

Substituting this into the expression for the efficiency

h −h h1 − 1031
ηT = 0.89 = 1 2 =
h1 − h2 s h1 − (130 + 1001x2 s )
Solving for h1
Btu
h1 = 8318 − 8100 x2 s
lbm
From the second law
s1 = s2s
s1 = s f + x2 s ( sg − s f ) = 0.235 + x (1.61)
2s

8318 − h1
x2 s =
8100
1.61( 8318 − h1 )
s1 = 0.235 + = 1.89 − 0.000199h1
8100
At this point an iterative solution is necessary. Rewrite the equation as
s1 + 0.000199h1 = 1.89
Guess the value of P1. Find corresponding values of s1 and h1 at T1 = 500oF from Table B-12. Insert these in the
above equation and see how close the left-hand side is to 1.89. Vary the value of P1 until the left-hand side
approximately equals the right hand side. This will occur if
P1 ≈ 180 psia Answer
7-44 Steam enters a turbine at 600 kPa and 300oC and exits at 5 kPa. The turbine efficiency is 75%. Calculate
a. the state at the exit
b. the work produced per kg of steam flow

Approach: Steam
Use the second law to find the ideal exit state. Then P1 = 600 kPa
apply the first law to find the ideal work per unit
T1 = 300 o C
mass. From the definition of isentropic efficiency,
determine the actual work per unit mass. Finally, use
the actual work and the first law to fix the exit state.

Assumptions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic.
2. The turbine operates in steady state.

Solution:
First find state 2s. From the second law P2 = 5 kPa
s1 = s2s
From Table A-12, s1 = 7.37 kJ/kg ⋅ K . From Table A-
11, s1 lies between sf and sg at 5 kPa, therefore
s2 s = s f + x2 s ( sg − s f ) = s1
s1 − s f 7.37 − 0.476
x2 s = = = 0.87
sg − s f 8.40 − 0.476
From the first law
Wideal = m ( h1 − h2 s )
Wideal
= ( h1 − h2 s )
m
From Table A-12, h1 = 3062 kJ/kg
h2 s = h f + x2 s ( hg − h f )
Using values for hf and hg at 5 kPa from Table A-11
kJ
h2 s = 138 + 0.87 ( 2562 − 138 ) = 2247
kg
Therefore
Wideal kJ
= ( 3062 − 2247 ) = 815
m kg
The actual work is
Wact W kJ
= ηT ideal = 0.75 ( 815 ) = 611 Answer
m m kg
To find the final state
Wact
= ( h1 − h2 )
m
W kJ
h2 = h1 − act = 3062 − 611 = 2451
m kg
The value of h2 lies between hf and hg at 5 kPa in Table A-12. Therefore the actual exit state is in the two-phase
region.
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f )
h2 − h f 2451 − 138
x2 = = = 0.954 Answer
hg − h f 2562 − 138
7-45 A turbine and a throttling valve are operated in parallel, as shown in the figure below. Steam enters the
system at 550 psia, 600oF and leaves at 130 psia, 500oF. If the mass flow rate is 30 lbm/s and the turbine is
well-insulated with an isentropic efficiency of 88%, find the power produced by the turbine (in hp).

Approach:
Use the first and second laws for a control
volume around the turbine. Also use the first
law for a control volume around the throttling
valve. Draw a third control volume around the
junction of streams 2, 3, and 4 and apply
conservation of mass and energy. Solve
simultaneously for m 2 and m 3 .
Assumptions:
1. The turbine and throttle are adiabatic.
2. The system operates in steady state.
3. Kinetic and potential energy are negligible.

Solution:
From conservation of mass
m 1 = m 2 + m 3
For the turbine
h −h
ηT = 1 3
h1 − h3s
s1 = s3s
Interpolating in Table B-12, s1 = 1.545 Btu/lbm ⋅ R . From Table B-11, the value of s1 lies between sf and sg at 130
psia, therefore state 3s is in the two-phase region.
s3 s = s f + x35 ( sg − s f )
s3 s − s f 1.545 − 0.500
x3 s = = = 0.966
sg − s f 1.582 − 0.500

h3 s = h f + x3s ( hg − h f ) = 319 + 0.966 (1193 − 319 ) = 1163 lbm

Btu

To find h3
Btu
h3 = ηT ( h3 s − h1 ) + h1 = 0.88 (1163 − 1294 ) + 1294 = 1179
lbm
where h1 was obtained from Table B-12. Now apply the first law to the throttle, to get
h2 = h1 = 1294
Applying the first law to the mixing of streams 2 and 3,
m 2 h2 = m 3 h3 = m 4 h4
also
m 4 = m 2 + m 3
From Table B-12, h4 = 1276 Btu/lbm . Substituting values in the last two equations:
m 2 (1294 ) + m 3 (1179 ) = ( 30 )(1276 )
m 2 + m 3 = 30
Solving simultaneously:
lbm lbm
m 2 = 25.3 m 3 = 4.7
s s
To find the power produced by the turbine, use the first law
⎛ ⎞
lbm Btu ⎜ 1055 W ⎟ ⎛ 1hp ⎞
Wact = m 3 ( h1 − h3 ) = 4.7 (1294 − 1179 ) ⎜ Btu ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 763 hp Answer
s lbm ⎜ 1
⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ 746 W ⎠
⎝ s ⎠
7-46 Air with a flow rate of 20 m3/s enters a compressor at 100 kPa and 20oC and is compressed to 400 kPa.
Assume the process is adiabatic and the compressor has an efficiency of 84%. Calculate
a. the exit temperature
b. the power input to the compressor

Approach:
k −1
T ⎛P ⎞ k
Use 2 s = ⎜ 2 ⎟ to find state T2s. Then use the
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
isentropic efficiency to find T2. Apply the first
law to the compressor to determine the power
input.

Assumptions:
1. The compressor operates in steady state.
2. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
3. The specific heat of the air is constant.
4. The compressor is adiabatic.

Solution:
a) For an isentropic process of an ideal gas with constant specific heat
k −1
T2 s ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
To evaluate k, use the inlet temperature of 20oC as an approximation. From Table A-8, k = 1.4.
k −1 1.4−1
⎛P ⎞ k ⎛ 400 ⎞ 1.4
T2 s = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 20 + 273) ⎜ ⎟ = 435 K = 162o C
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
The isentropic efficiency is
h −h c (T − T )
ηC = 1 2 s = p 1 2 s
h1 − h2 c p (T1 − T2 )
Solving for T2
⎛ T −T ⎞
T2 = T1 + ⎜ 2 s 1 ⎟ = 20 +
(162 − 20 ) = 189o C Answer
⎝ ηC ⎠ 0.84
b) From the first law for an adiabatic compressor,
Wcv = m ( h1 − h2 )
Obtain mass flow rate from m = ρ V . To find air density, use the ideal gas law:
1 1

(100 kPa ) ⎛⎜ 28.97

kg ⎞
⎟
ρ1 =
PM
1
= ⎝ kg
= 1.19 3
kmol ⎠
RT1 ⎛ kJ ⎞
⎟ ( 20 + 273) K
m
⎜ 8.314
⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞ kg
m = ρ1V1 = ⎜ 1.19 3 ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎟ = 23.8
⎝ m ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s
W = m ( h − h ) = mc

cv 2
 (T − T )
1 p 2 1

For accuracy, we evaluate cp at the average of T1 and T2, which is

T + T 20 + 189
Tavg = 1 2 = = 105o C
2 2
Interpolating in Table A-8, c p = 1.01 kJ/kg ⋅ K
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
Wcv = ⎜ 23.8 ⎟ ⎜ 1.01 ⎟ (189 − 20 ) C = 4060 kW
o
Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠
7-47 Air at 450 kPa and 500 K expands through a well-insulated turbine to an exit pressure of 150 kPa. The
mass flow rate is 40 kg/s and the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 82%. Calculate the work done and
the exit temperature.

Approach:
k −1
T ⎛P ⎞ k
Use 2 s = ⎜ 2 ⎟ to find state T2s. Then
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
use the isentropic efficiency to find T2.
Apply the first law to the turbine to
determine the power produced.

Assumptions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic.
2. The turbine operates in steady state.
3. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
4. Specific heat is constant.
5. Changes in kinetic and potential energy
are negligible.

Solution:
The isentropic efficiency of a turbine is
h −h
ηT = 1 2
h1 − h2 s
Assuming constant specific heat
∆h = c p ∆T
Therefore
c p (T1 − T2 ) T1 − T2
ηT = =
c p (T1 − T2 s ) T1 − T2 s
For an isentropic expansion of an ideal gas with constant specific heats,
k −1
⎛P ⎞ k
T2 s = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠
Using the value of k at 500 K from Table A-8,
1.387−1
⎛ 150 ⎞ 1.387
T2 s = 500 K ⎜ ⎟ = 368 K
⎝ 450 ⎠
T2 = T1 − ηT (T1 − T2 s )
T2 = 500 K − 0.82 ( 500 − 368 ) = 392 K = 119 o C
From the first law for this well-insulated turbine
Wact = m ( h1 − h2 ) = mc
 p (T1 − T2 )
Using cp at the assumed temperature of 500 K from Table A-8
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
Wact = ⎜ 40 ⎟ ⎜ 1.029 ⎟ ( 500 − 392 ) K = 4445 kW = 4.45 MW Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⋅ K ⎠

Comments:
For more accuracy, the calculation may be redone with k and cp at the average of the turbine inlet and exit
temperatures.
7-48 Combustion gases at 850oF provide heat to a power cycle. The cycle operates reversibly at maximum
power and produces 40 MW, while rejecting heat to air at 50oF. Assume the combustion gases and cooling
gases have the same mass flow rate, and that the combustion gases have the properties of air. Find the mass
flow rate.

Approach:
Calculate the efficiency of a maximum
power cycle between the given
temperatures and use this efficiency to find
the heat added to the cycle. Find the
optimal exit temperature of the combustion
gases. Finally, determine the mass flow
rate.

Assumptions:
1. The cycle is reversible.
2. The combustion and cooling gases have
the properties of air.
3. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
4. The combustion and cooling gases have
the same mass flow rate.

Solution:
The efficiency of the cycle is
1 1
⎛ T ⎞2 ⎛ 50 + 460 ⎞ 2
η =1− ⎜ 4 ⎟ =1− ⎜ ⎟ = 0.376
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 850 + 460 ⎠
W
η= 
QH
W 40 MW
Q H = = = 106 MW
η 0.376
The optimum exit temperature of the combustion gases is
1 1
T2 = (T1T4 ) 2 = ⎡⎣( 850 + 460 )( 50 + 460 ) ⎤⎦ 2 = 817 R = 357 o F
Q = mc
H
 (T − T )
p 1 2

Q H
m =
c p (T1 − T2 )
850 + 357
Using cp at Tavg = = 603 o F from Table B-7
2
⎛ 6 J ⎞ ⎛ 1Btu ⎞
⎜ 106 × 10 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 1055 J ⎠ lbm
m = = 815 Answer
⎛ Btu ⎞ s
o ⎟(
⎜ 0.25 850 − 357 ) o F
⎝ lbm ⋅ F ⎠
7-49 A hot air stream at 310oC with a flow rate of 3.2 kg/s is available to power a cycle. If the cycle is reversible
and rejects heat to air at 20oC, find the maximum possible power output. Assume the cold stream has the
same mass flow rate as the hot stream.

Approach:
Calculate the exit temperature of the hot
stream assuming maximum power output.
Then find the heat added to the cycle. Use
the efficiency of a maximum power cycle
between the given temperatures to
determine the work.

Assumptions:
1. The cycle is reversible.
2. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
3. Both air streams have the same mass
flow rate.

Solution:
For the optimum cycle
1 1
T2 = (T1T4 ) 2 = ⎡⎣( 310 + 273)( 20 + 273) ⎤⎦ 2 = 413 K = 140o C
T + T 310 + 140
Using cp at Tavg = 1 2 = = 225 o C = 498 K from Table A-7,
2 2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
 p (T1 − T2 ) = ⎜ 3.2 ⎟ ⎜1.029
Q H = mc ⎟ ( 310 − 140 ) C = 560 kW
o

⎝ s ⎠⎝ kg ⋅o C ⎠
The cycle efficiency is
1
⎛ T ⎞2 ⎛ 20 + 273 ⎞
η =1− ⎜ 4 ⎟ =1− ⎜ ⎟ = 0.291
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 310 + 273 ⎠
W = Q η = ( 560 kW )( 0.291) = 163 kW
H Answer
7-50 An actual coal-fired power plant operating between temperature limits of 350oC and 20oC produces 150
MW while burning coal at a rate of 62 metric tons per hour. The heating value of the coal is 30,000 kJ/kg.
Compare the efficiency of this cycle to the efficiency of a theoretical maximum power cycle operating
between these temperature limits. Also compute the efficiency of the Carnot cycle for the same temperature
limits.

Approach:
Use the efficiency formulas appropriate for each case.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
For the actual cycle
⎛ metric ton ⎞ ⎛ 1000 kg ⎞ ⎛ 1h ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
Q H = ⎜ 62 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 30, 000 ⎟ = 5.17 × 10 kW
5

⎝ h ⎠⎝ 1metric ton ⎠⎝ 3600s ⎠⎝ kg ⎠


W = 150 MW = 1.5 × 10 kW
5

W 1.5 × 105
ηact =  = = 0.29 Answer
QH 5.17 × 105
The efficiency of a maximum power cycle is
1
⎛ T ⎞2
ηmax = 1− ⎜ L ⎟
⎝ TH ⎠
1
⎛ 20 + 273 ⎞ 2
ηmax = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0.314 Answer
⎝ 350 + 273 ⎠
For the Carnot cycle
T
ηcarnot = 1 − L
TH
⎛ 20 + 273 ⎞
ηcarnot = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0.5297 Answer
⎝ 350 + 273 ⎠

Comment:
Most real cycles have efficiencies nearer the maximum power cycle than the Carnot cycle.