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Winter Session ‐ Chapter 6 Manipulations of Polynomials
Exercise 6.1
Level 1
Simplify each of the following expressions and use index notation to represent the answer. (1 – 18)
1. a4 a4 2. 3a2 4a
3. b6 b3 4. 8b8 ( 2b3)
5. (c2)6 6. 3(c3)3
7. ( 2k)4 8. (3k2)2
9. (m2)2(m3)3 10. ( mn3)2(3n)4
3 3
a2 a
11. 12.
b b3
2 2
3 y2 x3
13. (2 x) 14. ( xy )3
2x y2
15. ( 2)3 22 25 16. [( 5)3]2
17. ( 3)6 ( 3)4 18. ( 6)7 ( 2)7
Level 2
Simplify each of the following expressions. (19 – 40)
19. 5a3b2 ( 4a2b2) 20. a2 a3 ( 2a4)
21. 2m4 ( 3m3) ( 4m2) 22. 3m2 (4m3n2) ( mn3)
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48a 2b3
23. 24. –22ab4 (–11a3b2)
8a 2b
7u 5 17 w3 3w2 6 w5
25. 26.
21u 7 u 2 51w 2 w4 3w6
6 x3 y 2 xy 2
27. 28. 20x2y3 (5x3 y4x)
3x 2 y 4
( a 3 )3
29. (b2)3 (b3)3 (b4)2 30.
a5 a7
31. [ 2x2 ( y3)]3 32. (2x2y3)3 (xy2)3
2 2
3a 2 ( 2a ) 2 3a
33. ( 2ab)3 34.
2b3 (3b)3 2b3
2 2
5 p2 3q 5 (4a 3 9b3 ) 2 a 2
35. 36.
2q 7 2 p7 (2a 2 3b 2 )3 3b
P.2
2 2
5 x 2 2 x3 ( x3 y)2
37. 38.
3 y 2 ( 2 y)2 ( x 2 y)4
2 3 2
2 p2 6 pq 3 4a 2 3b3 2(ab3 )3
39. 40.
3q 3 12q 4 5a 3 6b 2 5a 5b6
Simplify each of the following expressions, where n is a positive integer. (41 – 44)
41. (36n 62n)3 42. (1252n 25n)2
27 812 n 4 n 8n 2
43. 44.
3 93 n 2 n 32 n 2
45. If yn = 4, where n is a positive integer, find y3n.
46. If xm = 9 and xn = 81, where m and n are positive integers, find
(a) xm + n,
(b) xm – n.
SMART CORNER
Open‐nd
am an
47. It is given that a 5 , where m, n and p are distinct positive integers. Write down a set of
ap
possible values of m, n and p.
Answers:
Q1 a8 Q2 12a3 Q3 b3 Q4 4b5 Q5 c12 Q6 3c9 Q7 16k4 Q8 9k4 Q9 m13
a6 a3 x9
Q10 81m2n10 Q11 Q12 Q13 2xy4 Q14 Q15 210 Q16 56 Q17 32 Q18 37
b3 b9 y
2b2 1 1 4x2
Q19 20a5b4 Q20 2a9 Q21 24m9 Q22 12m6n5 Q23 6b2 Q24 a2 Q25 3u4 Q26 w Q27 y
4 1 18a7 a4 225
Q28 x2y Q29 b23 Q30 Q31 8x6y9 Q32 8x9y15 Q33 b 3 Q34
3b9 Q35 16p10q4
a3
2a2 25x10 1 32p 2
Q36 b Q37 36y8 Q38 x4y4 Q39 9q3 Q40 5b Q41 612n Q42 516n Q43 32n + 2
1 1
Q44 2n + 4 Q45 64 Q46 (a) 729 (b) 9 Q47 m = 6, n = 2, p = 3 (or other reasonable answers)
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Exercise 6.2
Level 1
1. Determine whether each of the following algebraic expressions is a monomial.
(a) 2x (b) 1
1
(c) 3x2y3 (d)
y
y 1 3x 2 y
(e) (f)
3 4
2. Determine whether each of the following algebraic expressions is a polynomial.
1 1
(a) x2 – 2x + 1 (b)
x y
y2 3
(c) –1 (d)
2x
1 3 y3 4 y2 x y 1
(e) x2 2x 3 (f)
x 2 3 4 5
Write down the coefficient and the degree of each of the following monomials. (3 6)
3. 4b2c 4. 5xy3
2a 4
5. 6. –x2y4
3
Complete the tables below and fill in the blanks. (7 8)
7. Consider the polynomial x3 + 8x2 5x 12.
Term x3 8x2 5x 12
Coefficient
Degree
The degree of the polynomial is ______.
8. Consider the polynomial 5a4 4a3b + 3a2b2 7ab3 b4 + 21.
Term 5a4 4a3b 3a2b2 7ab3 b4 21
Coefficient
Degree
The degree of the polynomial is ______.
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For each of the following polynomials, write down the degree of the polynomial, its number of terms and its
constant term. (9 12)
9. 3x4 2x + 3
10. 2 + xy3 7x2 + 8y
11. a2b2 + 2ab3 + 7 3a3b3 b4
12. x4yz2 7x2y + 8x2y2 2yz3 z4
Arrange the terms of each of the following polynomials in ascending powers of x. (13 15)
13. x3 + 3x 1 + 2x2
14. 4x + 6 5x3 + 2x4 3x2 + x5
15. 3x2 8 + 2x + 6x5 5x4
Arrange the terms of each of the following polynomials in descending powers of y. (16 18)
16. 7 + 6y 2y3 + 3y2
17. y2 + 3y 8y3 + 11y4 + 12
18. 18y5 + 2y3 + 2y + 7 5y2 + 9y4
19. Find the value of the polynomial y2 4y + 1 when
(a) y = 2,
(b) y = 1.
20. Find the value of the polynomial x3 7x2 + 13x 2 when
(a) x = 1,
(b) x = 2.
Level 2
21. Consider the polynomial x2y3 4xy2 + 3y x3.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of x.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of y.
(c) Write down the term with the highest degree.
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22. Consider the polynomial 6xy4 + 3x3y3 + 8 x4y2 4x2y.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of x.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of y.
(c) Write down the degree of the polynomial.
23. Consider the polynomial a5b5 + 3a2b4 + 6ab3 + 4a4b + 8a3b2 + 2.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of a.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of b.
(c) Write down the coefficient of the term a5b5.
24. Find the value of the polynomial 3xy + 5x2y – 6y when
(a) x = 1 and y = 1,
(b) x = 2 and y = 1.
1 2
25. Find the value of the polynomial 2x2y + xy + 1 when
3
(a) x = 3 and y = 1,
(b) x = 1 and y = 6.
26. Consider the polynomial 18xy5 + 2x2y3 + 3x3y2 5xy + 9y4 6.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of y.
(b) Write down the degree of the polynomial.
(c) Find the value of the polynomial when
(i) x = 0 and y = 2,
(ii) x = 1 and y = 1.
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27. Consider the polynomial x2 2x4 4x6 3.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of x.
(b) Find the value of the polynomial when
(i) x = 1,
(ii) x = 1.
(c) Could the value of the polynomial be a positive number? Explain your answer.
28. Write a polynomial in two variables x and y which satisfies all the following conditions.
(i) The polynomial has at least 5 terms.
(ii) The polynomial has a negative constant term.
(iii) The degree of the polynomial is 5.
SMART CORNER
29. In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. (x3 + 3) cm D
(a) Find the lengths of AB, BC, CD and DA when x = 2. A
(b) When x = 2, what kind of quadrilateral is ABCD?
(15 2x) cm (4x2 5) cm
Explain your answer.
B
(6x 1) cm
C
Answers:
Q1 (a) no (b) yes (c) yes (d) no (e) no (f) yes
Q2 (a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) no (f) yes 2
Q3 coefficient: 4, degree: 3 Q4 coefficient: 5, degree: 4 Q5 coefficient: 3, degree: 4
Q6 coefficient: 1, degree: 6 Q7 3 Q8 4 Q9 degree = 4, number of terms = 3, constant term = 3
Q10 degree = 4, number of terms = 4, constant term = 2 Q11 degree = 6, number of terms = 5, constant term = 7
Q12 degree = 7, number of terms = 5, constant term = 0 Q13 1 + 3x + 2x2 + x3 Q14 6 4x 3x2 5x3 + 2x4 + x5
2 4 5 3 2 4 3 2
Q15 8 + 2x + 3x 5x + 6x Q16 2y + 3y + 6y – 7 Q17 11y 8y + y + 3y + 12
5 4 3 2
Q18 18y + 9y + 2y 5y + 2y + 7 Q19 (a) 3 (b) 6 Q20 (a) 3 (b) 48
Q21 (a) x3 – x2y3 4xy2 + 3y (b) x3 + 3y – 4xy2 – x2y3 (c) x2y3
Q22 (a) x4y2 + 3x3y3 4x2y + 6xy4 + 8 (b) 8 4x2y x4y2 + 3x3y3 + 6xy4 (c) 6
3 2 4 3 2 4 5 5
Q23 (a) 2 + 6ab + 3a b + 8a b + 4a b + a b (b) a b + 3a b + 6ab + 8a b + 4a4b + 2
5 5 2 4 3 3 2
(c) 1
Q24 (a) –4 (b) –8 Q25 (a) 18 (b) 1
Q26 (a) 18xy5 + 9y4 + 2x2y3 + 3x3y2 5xy 6
(b) 6 (c) (i) 138 (ii) 11
2 4 6
Q27 (a) 3 x 2x 4x (b) (i) 10 (ii) 10 Q28 Accept any reasonable answers.
Q29 (a) AB = BC = CD = DA = 11 cm (b) ABCD is a square or rhombus. Because the 4 sides of a square or a
rhombus are equal in length. (or other reasonable answers)
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Exercise 6.3
Level 1
1. In each of the following pairs of terms, determine whether they are like terms or unlike terms.
3xy
(a) 2a2b, ab2 (b) 5xy,
4
y
(c) , 0.8y (d) 4p2q3, 6q3p2
2
Simplify each of the following expressions. (2 15)
2. 4a 3 a 3. y2 y + 5y
4. 2a 5 + 3a + 1 5. 5x + 2x2 + 3x – 4x2
6. 2ab 3ab + 2ba a2b 7. xy + 3xz + 2xy 5xz
8. (2a 5) + (4 5a) 9. (3x + 2) + (x 6)
10. ( 3b + 1) (2b 2) 11. (4y 9) ( y + 1)
12. (4a2 3b) (5b + 6a2) 13. (7x 5x2) (3x2 2x)
14. (1 2a2 + b) (2a2 + b) 15. (2x2 8x + 9) + ( 3x 5)
Complete each of the following calculations. (16 19)
16. a 9 17. 5y + 2
+) 2a + 3 ) 3y 3
18. x2 + 2x + 1 19. 2b2 3b + 2
+) 3x2 2x + 1 ) b2 + 2b 4
P.8
Level 2
Simplify each of the following expressions. (20 40)
20. 4a 5ab + 7 2ab 6a – 4 21. 8x2 + 3x + 2x2 5x + 7 x2
22. a2 + 2a 2 + 3a + 4 + 3a2 23. 4x2y 5xy + 2xy2 2yx2 + 2xy y2x
24. ( 2a2 + 3a 2) + ( 5a2 7a 2) 25. (12y2 + 8y 1) + (7y2 13y + 4)
26. ( 8b2 6b 2) ( 4b2 4b 3) 27. (4x2 + 6x 5) (3x2 + 4x 8)
28. ( 5 + 2b2 + 2b) + ( 3b + 2 b2) 29. (11y2 + 4y 6) ( 2 4y2 + 6y)
30. ( 3a3 + 12a + 2) (7a3 + 4a 5 – 6a2) 31. (x3 + 2x2 6) + ( 3x2 + 5x + 4 + x3)
32. ( x2 + 3x 2) + (2x2 2x + 1) + (3x2 3x + 4)
33. ( 5a + a3 6) + ( a2 + a3 + 2 + 3a) + (2a2 + 1 a)
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34. (15y2 + 8y 1) + (6y2 11y + 4) (2y2 6y + 1)
35. ( 7b + 23b2 8) ( 3b2 13b 2) + (6b + 6 10b2)
36. ( 16x2 8) ( x2 12x + 2) (5x 3x2 + 7)
37. ( 3 + 2a) (a 2 + 2 3a) ( 4a + 3a2 4)
38. (8x3 – 6x + 5) – [(x3 + 5x – 4) – (2x3 + 1)]
39. (5 + 5y3 – 2y2) – [(–7y2 + 6 + 4y3) – (3y + 2)]
40. (–3x2 + x) – [(6 – 4x2 + 2x – 5x3) + (–7x + x3 – 3)]
P.10
Simplify each of the following expressions in vertical form. (41 44)
41. (6x + 5 – 4x2) + (7x3 3x 8 + x2)
42. ( 1 + 3x2 + 5x3) ( 5x + 4x2 6 + 2x3)
43. (1 + 2y2 y) + ( 4 + 3y) ( 2y y2 + 3)
44. ( 3x3 2x + 2x2) (1 x3 + 4x) ( 3 + x3 3x)
45. (a) Simplify (a2 2b + c2) (c2 2a + b2) + (b2 2c + a2).
(b) Hence, find the value of the expression in (a) when a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4.
46. (a) Simplify (2x2 3xy + y2) [(x2 2xy) (2x2 + 4xy 3y2)].
(b) Hence, find the value of the expression in (a) when x = 1 and y = 2.
Answers:
Q1 (a) unlike terms (b) like terms (c) like terms (d) like terms Q2 3a 3 Q3 y2 + 4y
2 2
Q4 5a 4 Q5 2x 2x Q6 a b + a Q7 xy – 2xz Q8 3a 1 Q9 4x 4 Q10 5b + 3
Q11 5y 10 Q12 –2a2 – 8b Q13 8x2 + 9x Q14 4a2 + 1 Q15 2x2 11x + 4 Q16 3a 6 Q17 2 y 5
Q18 2 x 2 2 Q19 3b 2 5b 6 Q20 –2a – 7ab + 3 Q21 7x2 2x + 7 Q22 2a2 + 5a + 2
2 2 2 2
Q23 2x y + xy 3xy Q24 7a 4a 4 Q25 19y 5y + 3 Q26 4b 2b + 1 Q27 x2 + 2x + 3
2
Q28 b2 b 3 Q29 15y2 2y 4 Q30 10a3 + 6a2 + 8a + 7 Q31 2x3 x2 + 5x 2 Q32 4x2 2x + 3
3 2 2
Q33 2a + a 3a 3 Q34 19y + 3y + 2 Q35 16b2 + 12b Q36 12x2 + 7x 17 Q37 4a2 + 9a 1
Q38 9x3 11x + 10 Q39 y3 + 5y2 + 3y + 1 Q40 4x3 + x2 + 6x – 3 Q41 7 x3 3 x 2 3 x 3
Q42 3x 3 x 2 5 x 5 Q43 3 y 2 4 y 6 Q44 x 3 2 x 2 3 x 2 Q45 (a) 2a2 + 2a 2b 2c (b) 2
2 2
Q46 (a) 3x + 3xy 2y (b) 1
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Exercise 6.4
Level 1
Expand each of the following expressions. (1 18)
1. 2(x + 2) 2. 3(2y 1)
3. (a 4)a 4. (3 + b)( 2b)
5. 5(2a b + 1) 6. (3a2 2a + b)( 4)
7. x(4x2 6x + 5) 8. (7y + 8y2 2)( y)
9. (a 1)(a + 1) 10. (2 + x)(x – 4)
11. (b + 2)2 12. (3 y)2
13. (6b 1)2 14. (5x 3)(x 1)
15. (2a + 1)(3a + 2) 16. (4 – 7x)(3x + 2)
17. (4a – 5)(–6a – 1) 18. ( y + 1)( 5y + 2)
Complete each of the following calculations. (19 20)
19. 3x 1 20. 2y + 3
) 2x 4 ) 5y 7
P.12
Expand each of the following expressions by long multiplication. (21 24)
21. (a + 5)(a 3) 22. (5b – 1)(b + 6)
23. (2x 3)(3x 2) 24. (4y + 3)2
Level 2
Expand and simplify the following expressions. (25 48)
25. 3x2(2x2 + 1) 26. y3(5y y2)
27. 2a[(a 4)(3a) 6a2] 28. [5y – 2y(3 4y)]( y)
29. (x 2)(x + 2) 2x(x + 1) 30. (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2
31. (x + 1)(x2 2) 32. (6y2 + 5)(2 y2)
P.13
33. (8x – 3y)2 34. ( 2y + 9x)2
35. (x + 2y)(2x + y) 36. ( 2x 3y)(5x + 2y)
37. (7x – 5y)(–y + 3x) 38. ( 3y + 4x)(8x – y)
39. (1 3a)(a2 + a + 2) 40. ( 2 b)(b2 + 2b + 3)
41. (3a + 2)(2a2 a + 1) 42. ( b2 3b + 4)( 2b 1)
43. (x 1)(2x + 1)(x + 2) 44. (2y 3)(y + 1)( 2y + 5)
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45. [(a 1)2 + 2a]2 46. (2b 1)2(b 5)
47. (3x 1)(2x2 x 1) (2x2 1)(3x 2) 48. (2y + 3)(y 4)2 (4y 1)(3y + 1)y
Expand each of the following expressions by long multiplication. (49 52)
49. (3a + 2)(2a2 + a 2) 50. (5a – 7)( 4 a2)
51. (2 x3)(–3x + 2) 52. (1 + x2 x)(1 + x + x2)
53. (a) Expand (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3).
(b) Using the result in (a), simplify (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) (x3 + 5x + 6).
(c) Hence, find the value of the expression in (b) when x = 4.
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SMART CORNER
54. (a) Expand y(2y + 1)( y + 1)(3 2y) and arrange the result in ascending powers of y.
(b) Using the result in (a), expand 2x(1 4x)(2x + 1)(3 + 4x) and arrange the result in descending
powers of x. x cm
55. (a) In the figure, express the area of the shaded 2x cm
region in terms of x.
(5x – 2) cm
(b) Find the area of the shaded region when x = 2.
(3x + 4) cm
Answers:
Q1 2x + 4 Q2 6y + 3 Q3 a2 4a Q4 2b2 6b Q5 10a 5b + 5 Q6 12a2 + 8a 4b
Q7 4x3 6x2 + 5x Q8 8y3 7y2 + 2y Q9 a2 1 Q10 x2 2x – 8 Q11 b2 + 4b + 4
2 2 2 2 2
Q12 y 6y + 9 Q13 36b 12b + 1 Q14 5x 8x + 3 Q15 6a + 7a + 2 Q16 21x 2x + 8
2 2 2
2
Q17 24a + 26a + 5 Q18 5y 2
7y + 2 Q19 6 x
14 x 4 Q20 10 y 29 y 21 Q21 a 2a 15
2 2 2
Q22 5b 29b 6 Q23 6 x 13 x 6 Q24 16 y 24 y 9 Q25 6x4 + 3x2 Q26 y5 5y4
Q27 6a3 24a2 Q28 8y3 + y2 Q29 x2 2x 4 Q30 2y2 + 2 Q31 x3 + x2 2x 2
Q32 6y4 + 7y2 + 10 Q33 64x2 – 48xy + 9y2 Q34 81x2 36xy + 4y2 Q35 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 Q36 10x2 19xy 6y2
Q37 21x2 – 22xy + 5y2 Q38 32x2 28xy + 3y2 Q39 3a3 2a2 5a + 2 Q40 b3 4b2 7b 6
Q41 6a3 + a2 + a + 2 Q42 2b3 + 7b2 5b 4 Q43 2x3 + 3x2 3x 2 Q44 4y3 + 12y2 + y 15
Q45 a4 + 2a2 + 1 Q46 4b3 – 24b2 + 21b – 5 Q47 x2 + x 1 Q48 10y3 14y2 + 9y + 48
Q49 6a 3 7a 2 4a 4 Q50 5a 3 7a 2 20a 28 Q51 3x 4 2 x3 6 x 4 Q52 x 4 x2 1
Q53 (a) x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 (b) 6x2 + 6x (c) 72
2 3 4 4 3
Q54 (a) 3y y + 8y 4y (b) 64x 64x 4x2 + 6x
Q55 (a) (13x2 + 14x – 8) cm2 (b) 72 cm2
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