echo RCS

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1. 1) The y-axis of a spectral analysis of a doppler signal is used to ...

determine:
a. timing
b. velocity
c. the angle theta
d. intensity of returned signal

2) Spectral analysis displays which components of the doppler

signal:
a. time, amplitude, voltage
b. amplitude, time, frequency
c. capacitance, time, frequency
d. amplitude, frequency, capacitance
2. Adjustments of the TGCs compensates for ? Tissue Attenuation
3. Advantage of CW over PW No limit or maximum measurable velocity
4. ** Annular Phased Array has the best Azimuthal Resolution. **
5. ** Attenuation coefficient is expressed by : Db/Cm/Mhz ** Attenuation coefficient is expressed by : Db/Cm/Mhz
6. *Attenuation is measured by DECIBELS !!!!!
7. Beam Diameter, Electronic focusing, Line Density, Azimuthal, and Lateral Resolution
mostly (Digital Beam Formers)
8. Beam diverges in the far field Fraunhofer Zone
9. Beam diverges in the near field Fresnel Zone
10. Breathing A ventricular premature complex that is sandwiched between
two sinus beats is known as a:
Inspiration : Increases venous return a. fusion beat
Expiration : Decreases venous return b. interpolated beat
c. nonconducted beat
Valsalva manuever : d. superconducted beat

Strain : Decreases Venous return I believe the answer is B. interpolated beat.

Release: Increase venous return
11. * Broken transducer leads to (Electric Shock to the patient)
12. calculate fractional shortening and nyquist limit 1) The y-axis of a spectral
Doppler questions adjust your images with prf adaptation, gain, analysis of a doppler signal is
secumdum ASD image used to determine:
A fib on m-mode rhythm strip above a. timing
after a TEE what other test is good to rule out AAA...I said computer tomography b. velocity
ivc size proximal size 1.2-2.3 c. the angle theta
what equation is used to measure prosthetic valves d. intensity of returned signal
pv flow picture they wanted to know if it was normal restrictive pseudo normal
difference in Doppler for flow of as and mr which Doppler envelope starts first and which 2) Spectral analysis displays
starts last and ends first and last..very confusing question which components of the
calculate rvsp 4 v squared plus ra pressure doppler signal:
calculate fractional shortening a. time, amplitude, voltage
short axis view pointing at septum what bld supply lad b. amplitude, time, frequency
lv diastole measure in 2d what is normal 30-60 c. capacitance, time, frequency
color pic of severe tr d. amplitude, frequency,
m mode of sever tr on m mode through hepatic veins capacitance
a couple questions on aortic dissection TEE and suprasternal pic
amloiydosis disease 2d image
2 Doppler image side but side fist one represents restrictive mv inflow and second is with
patient doing valsalva and the gradient decreases..is this constrictive, restrictive reverse,
restrict irreversible or normal

Atropine is used during a stress echo if the patient doesn't reach there target heart rate
and atropine is also used for patients with bradycardia

PAW pulmonary artery wedge which is also the LA pressure

what test is down to determine this?cath?
13. Catenoid shape of the IVS is most commenly associated with ? Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
14. ** Color Blue away, Red towards ** Color Blue away, Red towards
15. Congenital Defects: In AS, there will be higher velocities across the AV using CW. If it is a subaortic
stenosis, there will be late-peaking of the flow across the LVOT.
ASD: Ostium secundum
Chronic AI will result in a volume overload of the LV. The LV will become
VSD: PERImembranous, hyperdynamic so you will see higher EF, like over 70%. Because of the increased
outlet(supracristal),inlet,trabecular SV leaving the LV, you should be concerned with dilation of the aortic root.

COARCTATION: BICUSPID aortic valve

TOF/Tetralogy of Fallot:
RVH,VSD,PS,overriding aorta

Persistent fetal circulation: Right and Left

PFO and PDS

PFO: common approximately 30%

Eisenmenger's physiology: REVERSAL of

shunt due to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

EBSTEIN's anomaly: ABNORMAL TRICUSPID

VALVE insertion( is higher up in chamber).
UHL's anomaly(insertion is ABNORMAL).
16. Convert Energy from one form to another * Transducers
17. Differentiate structures with different Gray Scale
acoustical impedence
18. Febrile illness of unknow etiology resulting in Kawasaki
vasculitis.
Also referro as mucocutaneous lymph node
syndrome
19. Frame Rate & Line Density are Inversely **
proportional.
20. Green color Turbulent Flow.
21. * Half of the wavelength is the crystal thickness.
22. The Health Insurance Portability and HIPPA
Accountability Act
23. High Frequency - Low penetration - High High Frequency - Low penetration - High resolution
resolution Low Frequency - High Penetration - Low Resolution
Low Frequency - High Penetration - Low
Resolution
24. is a natural occuring Pieszoelectric Material **Quartz
25. Ischemic Heart Disease: Wall segments and Coronary artery Cardiac Embryology:
circulation.
The heart tube normally loops: anterior, RIGHT
ANTERIOR septum and ANTERIOR wall of the LV supplied: The foramen ovale becomes the: Fossa ovalis
LeftANTERIOR LAD The ducts arteriosus becomes the : Ligamentum arteriosum
The most common cono-truncal abnormality is : TOF/
LATERAL along with antero/inferoLATERALS: CIRCUMFLEX Tetralogy of Fallot
The aortic sac becomes the : ASENDING AORTA
INFERIOR along with INFERIOR septum: PDA or RCA. The________ closes the interatrial septum: SEPTUM PRIMUM
The truncus arteriosus becomes the : Aorta, Pulmmonary
CARDIAC APEX is supplied BY : LAD artery.
26. Its found in front of the crystal. * Matching Layer
Facilitates smooth transmission of the sound to the tissue.
Gel is also a Mathcing Layer
Thickness of the matching layer is 1/4 of the wavelength.
27. ivc size proximal size Sequence of electrical impulses in the heart----SA
what equation is used to measure prosthetic valves node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches
pv flow picture they wanted to know if it was normal restrictive pseudo and purkinje fibers
normal
difference in Doppler for flow of as and mr which Doppler envelope starts Ventricular repolarization on EKG is represented
first and which starts last and ends first and last..very confusing question by the what......T wave
calculate rvsp Depolarization is QRS
calculate fractional shortening
short axis vie pointing at septum what bld supply lad What protects from electrical leakage currents? 3
lv diastole measure in 2d what is normal 30-60 wire system power cord and plug
color of severe tr
m mode of sever tr on m mode through hepatic veins Flow to capillary beds is controlled by what?
a couple questions on aortic dissection TEE and suprasternal pic Precapillary sphincters
amloiydosis disease 2d image
2 Doppler image side but side fist one represents restrictive mv inflow and Abnormal accumulation of fluid in intercellular
second is with patient doing valsalva and the gradient decreases..is this spaces of the lower extremity is....Dependant
constrictive, restrictive reverse, restrict irreversible or normal Edema

Asepis is absent of------microrganisms

Alterations in heart rate evoked by changes in

blood pressure are dependant on Barorecptors
located in the----Aortic arch and coronary sinus

Normal LV end diastolic pressure is----8-13mmHg

Four acoustic variable assoiciated with sound----

Denisty, Distance, Temp, and Pressure

Normal blood flow through heart is---RA, RV, PA,

La, LV, and Ao

Semilunar Valves are ---AO Valve and Pulmonic

Valve

Ohms law--E= IR

Following systole blood flows across the AV and

directly into the Ascending AO

What pumps blood into systemic system? LV

Into Pulmonary system...RV

SVC and IVC return deox blood to----RA

When electrically calibrating a pressure

monotoring system, the transducer is-----Open tgo
atmosphere

What electrolytes are cations?? Ca++, K+, Mg+

Range of diagnostic US freq is 2-10 MHz

Two divisions of AO are----Thoracic and

Abdominal

Zero reference string gauge transducer is at level

of----RA

Proper equip sterilization is---heat and pressure

 Average barometric pressure at sea level is --
760mmHg

Piezoelectric effect is when=== mechanical energy

is converted into electrical energy

When a buffer and strong acid react it changes it

into---weak acid

Normal human blood Ph is 7.4

Increase in PCO2 will--decrease the O2 and Ph of

the blood

Normal ratio of sodium bicarbonate to carbonic

acid in arterial blood is--- 20:1
28. Longitudinal, Range, Depth, Axial
mostly to (Spatial Pulse Length), frequency, and crystal thickness. Resoulution
29. *Major advantage of M-mode over 2D Rapid
Sampling Rate
30. **Maximum Doppler shift 0 Degrees
31. * Number of crystals in the transducer has the greatest effect on ? Lateral
resoulution
32. Number of cycles per second. * Frequency
33. Piezoelectric transducer is the active element made of Lead
Zirconate
titanium and it
produces the
sound.
34. -Prevents backsound * Backing
-Reduces pulse duration Material
-Reduces pulse length
-Reduces Q-Factor
-Increases Axial Resoulution
-Increases Banwidth
35. * Prinzmetal is associated with Angina not Physics ultrasound !!!!!!!! * Prinzmetal is
associated
with Angina
not Physics
ultrasound !!!!!!!!
36. The range of frequency from the lowest to highest that a transducer transmits. Bandwith
37. Restrictive CM is a disease of the myocardium, usually due to some sort of infiltrate, constrictive pericarditis is Squatting
due to fibrosing of the pericardium after chronic pericarditis. They will both show a restrictive filling pattern, increases
but I think the pericardium will appear brighter on the echo of the constrictive pericarditis due to the fibrosis. venous return,
Also, I think E' will remain normal with constrictive pericarditis, whereas E' will be below normal with RCM SV, CO and
because it is affecting the myocardium. also
increases AI
I and decreases
IHSS.

Squatting in
kids may also
be a sign of a
cyanotic heart
defect.
Squatting
helps them
catch their
breath due to a
shunt.
38. Spectral Analysis displays 3 components Amplitude,
time, &
Frequecy
39. The temperature at which a crystal loses its piezoelectric properties Curie Point
40. * The crystal decides the Frequency Thinner the crystal - Higher Frequency
Thicker the crystal - Low Frequency
41. * The Nyquist Limit is dependent upon the pulse repetition * The Nyquist Limit is dependent upon the pulse repetition
frequency of the system frequency of the system
42. Transducer with a higher frequency Wider Bandwith
43. Trendelenberg position increases HR Decreases BP *When using a variance map it will have what effect on a color
Fowlers position decreases HR Increases BP flow image ?

Introduces the color green to the display

44. ** Tungsten Resin is not used as a Piezoelectric Material Tungsten Resin
45. Use minimum exposure time on the patient As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
46. x is time *X axis - Time
y is distance Y axis - Velocity/Distance