MKEP 1613 1- 2019/2020
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
MKEP 1613 Power System Control
PENSYARAH: PROF IR. DR. MOHD WAZIR BIN MUSTAFA
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MKEP 1613 1- 2019/2020
1. An isolated power station has the following parameters
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MKEP 1613 1- 2019/2020
Turbine time constant
Governor time constant G
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MKEP 1613 1- 2019/2020
Generator inertia constant H = 5 sec
Governor speed regulation R = 0.05 per unit
The load varies by 0.8 % for a 1 % change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8. The turbine rated output is 250
MW at nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50 MW
(L per unit) occurs.
i. Find the steady-state frequency deviation in Hz.
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ii. Use MATLAB to obtain the time-domain performance specifications and the frequency
deviation step response.
Repeat for sudden load changes of 80 MW and 100MW respectively. Brief your observation.
Solution
1.i ] The steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
Load frequency control block diagram with input L(s)and output Ω (s)
Figure 1: Load frequency control block diagram with input L(s)and output Ω (s)
The load change is a step input L(s) = L/ s.
The final value theorem, the steady state value of .
Close loop transfer function relating the load change Lto the frequency deviation Ω
The steady state frequency deviation due to a step input;
The steady state frequency deviation in the due to the sudden application of a 50MW;
f = - 0.577 Hz
Repeat Q1 for sudden load change of 80MW
Solution:
Steady state frequency deviation in Hz due to the sudden application of a 80 MW is;
Repeat Q1 for sudden load changes of 100MW
Solution:
Steady state frequency deviation in Hz due to the sudden application of a 100 MW is;
# The sudden load change increase, at the same time the study state frequency deviation also increase.
1. ii]
Use MATLAB to obtain the time-domain performance specifications and the frequency deviation step
response.
Repeat for sudden load changes of 80 MW and 100MW respectively. Brief your observation.
PART A : A sudden load change of 50MW
MATLAB COMMANDS
>> PL = 0.2;
numc = [0.15 0.8 1];
denc = [1.5 8.12 10.64 20.8];
t = 0:.02:20;
c = -PL*step(numc, denc, t);
figure(2), plot(t, c), xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('pu')
title('Frequency deviation step response'), grid
timespec(numc, denc)
Peak time = 1.28024 Percent overshoot = 66.7004
Rise time = 0.404286
Settling time = 9.07397
Figure 2 : MATLAB Commands for A sudden load change of 50MW
Figure 3: Frequency Deviation Step Response
PART B : A sudden load change of 80MW
MATLAB COMMANDS
>> PL = 0.32;
numc = [0.15 0.8 1];
denc = [1.5 8.12 10.64 20.8];
t = 0:.02:20;
c = -PL*step(num, den, t);
figure(2), plot(t, c), xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('pu')
title('Frequency deviation step response'), grid
timespec(numc, denc)
Peak time = 1.28024 Percent overshoot = 66.7004
Rise time = 0.404286
Settling time = 9.07397
Figure 4 : MATLAB Commands for A sudden load change of 80MW
Figure 5: Frequency Deviation Step Response
PART C : A sudden load change of 100MW
MATLAB COMMANDS
>> PL = 0.4;
numc = [0.15 0.8 1];
denc = [1.5 8.12 10.64 20.8];
t = 0:.02:20;
c = -PL*step(num, den, t);
figure(2), plot(t, c), xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('pu')
title('Frequency deviation step response'), grid
timespec(numc, denc)
Peak time = 1.28024 Percent overshoot = 66.7004
Rise time = 0.404286
Settling time = 9.07397
Figure 6 : MATLAB
Commands for A
sudden load
change of 80MW
Figure 7: Frequency Deviation Step Response
2. A single area consists of two generating units with the following characteristics:-
Unit Rating (MVA) Speed Regulator R
(pu on unit MVA base)
1 600 6%
2 500 4%
The units are operating in parallel, sharing 700 MW at the nominal frequency. Unit 1 supplies 400 MW
and unit 2 supplies 300 MW at 60 Hz. The load is increase by 100 MW.
i. Assume there is no frequency dependent load. Find the steady state frequency deviation and
the new
generation on each unit.
ii. If the load varies 2 percent for every 1 percent change in frequency. Find the steady-state
frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
Use MATLAB to plot the per unit speed characteristics.
Solution
2.i ] The steady state frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
Assume – no frequency dependent load (D=0)
Power Base, Sb = 1000MVA
Speed regulation ( Governor ),
Per unit load change
The steady state frequency deviation in Hz
The new frequency
The change in generation for each unit.
Unit 1 = 400 MW + 44MW
= 444MW
Thus, unit supplies 1 and 2 at the new freq of 59.73Hz
Unit 2 = 300 MW + 56MW
= 356 MW
2.ii ] The steady-state frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
(The load varies 2% for every 1% change in frequency) (400 + 300 + 100 = 800)
So, D = 2
The steady state frequency deviation in Hz
The new frequency
The new generation for each unit.
Unit 1 = 400 MW + 41MW
= 441MW
Thus, unit supplies 1 and 2 at the new freq of 59.571Hz
Unit 2 = 300 MW + 51MW
= 351 MW
The total change old in generation is:
The total change new in generation is:
The change in load due to frequency drop which is given by:-
2. i]
MATLAB Command
>> x=linspace(0.2,0.6);
y=-0.1*x+1.04;
plot(x,y)
hold on
y=-0.08*x+1.024;
plot(x,y)
y=0*x+0.996;
plot(x,y)
title('Load division between the two units');
xlabel('Per-unit output');
ylabel('f,pu');
grid on
grid minor
Figure 8 : MATLAB Commands for Load division between the two units
Figure 9: Load division between the two units
2. ii]
MATLAB Command
>> x=linspace(0.2,0.6);
y=-0.1*x+1.04;
plot(x,y)
hold on
y=-0.08*x+1.024;
plot(x,y)
y=0*x+0.9962477;
plot(x,y)
title('Load division between the two units');
xlabel('Per-unit output');
ylabel('f,pu');
grid on
grid minor
Figure 10 : MATLAB Commands Load division between the two units
Figure 11: Load division between the two units
3. A two-area system connected by tie line has the following parameter on 1000MVA base.
Area 1 2
Speed regulation R1=0.05 R 2=0.0625
Frequency sensitive load coefficient D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power
1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor time constant
G1=0.2s G2=0.3s
Turbine time constant
H1=0.5s H2=0.6s
The units are operating in parallel at nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing power coefficient
is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps = 2.0 p.u. A load
change of 200MW occurs in Area 1.
i. Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie line flow.
ii. Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation respond for the
above condition.
Solution
3.i ) The new steady state frequency and the change in the tie line flow.
Per-unit load in area 1;
Per-unit steady state frequency deviation;
Frequency deviation (in Hz)
The new frequency
The change in mechanical power in each area.
Total change in generation = 190.8 MW
Area 1 – Increase = 106 MW
New Frequency = 59.682 Hz
Area 2 – Increase = 84.8 MW
200 MW – 190.8 MW = 9.2 MW (This because change in the area loads due to frequency drop)
The change in area 1, (Load)
The change in area 2 (load)
The change in the total area (1 & 2)
Tie – line power flow;
= Flows from area 2 to area 1 is = (89.57 MW)
= Increased generation in area 2 is = (84.8MW)
= Reduction in area 2 load due to frequency drop is (89.57 MW – 84.8 MW = 4.77MW)
3. ii]
The SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation respond
Figure 12: SIMULINK Block Diagram for two area system connected by a tie line
Figure 13 : Frequency deviation step response
Figure 14 : Power Deviation step response
4. The AVR system of a generator has the following parameters
Gain Time constsnt
Amplifier KA A=0.2s
Exciter KE=1 E=0.4s
Generator KG=1 G=1.0s
Sensor KR = 1 R=0.05s
The amplifier gain is set to KA = 10
a. Find the steady state step respond
b. Use MATLAB to obtain the step respond and the time domain performance specifications.
c. Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the step response.
Solution
4.a ) The steady state step respond.
Figure 15: AVR Block Diagram
The open loop transfer function of the AVR system
The close loop transfer function relating the generator terminal voltage V(t) to the references voltages Vref(s)
For a step input Vref(s) = 1/s, using the final theorem the steady state response
The open loop transfer function of the AVR system
The close loop transfer function; (K = 10)
The steady state response
The steady state error
4. b] Use MATLAB to obtain the step respond and the time domain performance specifications.
MATLAB COMMANDS
KA = 10;
numc=KA*[10.05];
denc=[0.004 0.114 0.76 1.65 11];
t=0:.05:20;
c=step(numc, denc, t);
figure(2), plot(t, c), grid
timespec(numc, denc)
Figure 16 : MATLAB Commands for step respond and the time domain performance specifications.
Figure 17 : Terminal voltage step response
4.c] Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the step response.
Figure 18: SIMULINK Block Diagram for AVR system of a generator
Figure 19: Terminal voltage step response
