Taylor & Francis Standard Reference Style: Chicago endnotes and

bibliography

The notes system is very flexible, allowing space for unusual kinds of sources,
and it is liked for this reason by authors in the humanities. For full information
on this style, see The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edn) or
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html (click on the tab
marked notes and bibliography to ensure you are using the right style):

Contents of this guide

In the text
Tables and figures
Reference list
Book
Journal
Conference
Thesis
Unpublished work
Internet
Newspaper or magazine
Report
Personal communication
Other reference types

In the text

Placement and Bibliographic citations are provided in short endnotes

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description of (under the heading Notes), supplemented by a
endnote style bibliography (under the heading Bibliography) which
includes all works cited in the notes.
Each note only contains the last name of the author(s), a
shortened title if the title is more than four words, and the
relevant page or pages:

1. Smith and Jones, Style Manual, 45.

2. Khan, “Chapter Title,” 69.

If there are more than three authors, just give the first
author followed by et al:

3. Green et al., Style Guide, 98.

NB: the shortened form is used even at the first
mention.

If the source is unpaginated (e.g. an electronic source),

use a chapter or paragraph number instead.

Several references documenting a single fact in the text

should be separated by semicolons, with the last reference
(often preceded by ‘and’) followed by a full stop (period).

A note number cannot reappear out of sequence. A note

that applies to more than one location should be repeated
with a new note number, or cross-referenced:

16. See note 4 above.

Using more than one note reference at a single location

(such as 5, 6) should be avoided. A single note can contain
more than one citation or comment. The citations should
be separated by semicolons and must appear in the same
order as the text material to which they pertain.

When a note contains the source of a fact or quotation in

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 the text and also related substantive material, the source
comes first. A full stop (period) separates the citation from
the commentary. Comments such as “emphasis mine”
should be put in parentheses:

1. Smith and Jones, Style Manual, 66 (my italics).

Very long endnotes can be broken into paragraphs.

Note numbers The note number is superscript in the text, but in the note
itself it is full-sized and followed by a full stop (period).

The note number should be placed at the end of a

sentence or clause. The number follows any punctuation
mark except for the dash, which it precedes. It follows a
closing parenthesis. For a parenthetical phrase within a
sentence, it may occasionally be appropriate to place the
note number before the closing parenthesis:

As Smith and Jones had said (and this can be seen in their
earliest publication1), ...

A note number should not appear within or at the end of

an article title or a subheading. A note that applies to an
entire article should be unnumbered and be placed at the
foot of the first page, preceding any numbered notes. A
note that applies to a section following a subheading
should be placed in an appropriate place in the text, such
as after the first sentence in the section.

Short titles The short title in the endnote contains the key words. Do
not change the word order. If the title contains four words
or fewer, do not shorten it. The short title should be in the
same style as the reference, e.g. in italics for a book or
journal and in quotation marks for a chapter or journal
article.

With a quotation The note number follows the quotation, whether the
quotation is in the text or displayed as an extract.

If the note includes a quotation, the source follows the end

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 punctuation, but is not in parentheses. Long quotations
are displayed as extracts in the notes as they would be in
the text.

Ibid., idem, op. The abbreviation ibid. may be used to refer to a single
cit., loc.cit. work cited in the note immediately preceding. It must
never be used if the preceding note contains more than
one citation. It takes the place of the name of the author
or editor, the title, and as much of the succeeding material
as is identical. If the entire reference, including page
numbers or other particulars, is identical, the word ibid.
alone is used. The word ibid. is set in roman and followed
by a full stop (period).
1. Smith and Jones, Style Manual, 241.
2. Ibid., 258–9.
Ibid. may also be used within one note in successive
references to the same work.
Do not use idem, op. cit., or loc. cit.

See and cf. Use “cf.” only if you mean “compare” or “see, by way of
comparison”. Use “see” to direct the reader to further
resources.

Tables and References cited in tables or figure legends should be

figures included in the endnote and bibliography list.

Reference list Use the heading Bibliography. Do not use a 3-em dash to
replace author names.

Order Alphabetically by last name of author. If no author or

editor, order by title. Follow Chicago’s letter-by-letter
system for alphabetizing entries. Names with particles
(e.g. de, von, van den) should be alphabetized by the
individual’s personal preference if known, or traditional
usage.

A single-author entry precedes a multi-author entry that

begins with the same name. Successive entries by two or
more authors when only the first author is the same are
alphabetized by co-authors’ last names.

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 If the bibliography contains two or more items by the
same author, list them alphabetically by title of the work
(ignoring initial The, An and A). All works by the same
person should appear together, whether the person is
author, compiler, editor, or translator:

Green, Mary. Book Title. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Green, Mary, ed. Title of Book. Abingdon: Routledge,
2010.

Form of author Generally, use the form of the author name as it appears
name on the title page or head of an article, but this can be
made consistent within the bibliography if it is known that
an author has used two different forms (e.g. Mary Louise
Green and M. L. Green), to aid correct identification.

Punctuation Headline-style capitalization is used. In headline style, the

first and last words of title and subtitle and all other major
words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) are
capitalized. For non-English titles, use sentence-style
capitalization.

Book
One author Smith, John. Book Title: The Subtitle. Abingdon:
Routledge, 2012.

Smith, J. J. Book Title. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Two authors Smith, John, and Jane Jones. Book Title: The Subtitle.
Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Smith, J. J., and J. B. Jones. Book Title: The Subtitle.

Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Three authors Smith, John, Jane Jones, and Mary Green. Book Title: The
Subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Four to ten Give all authors’ names.
authors
More than ten List the first seven authors followed by et al.
authors

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Organization as University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style.
author 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
No author Begin the bibliography entry with the title, and ignore
“the”, “a” or “an” for the purposes of alphabetical order.
Chapter Chapter in a single-author book:

Green, Mary. “Chapter Title.” Chap. 5 in Style Manual.

Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Chapter in a multi-author book:

Jones, Sam. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by John

Smith, 341–346. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Edited Smith, John, ed. Collected Style Manuals. Abingdon:
Routledge, 2012.
Smith, John, and Jane Jones, eds. Collected Style
Manuals. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Edition University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style.
16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Reprints/modern Schweitzer, Albert. J. S. Bach. Translated by Ernest
editions Newman. 2 vols. 1911. Reprint, New York: Dover, 1966.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York:

Scribner, 1925. Reprinted with preface and notes by
Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Collier Books, 1992. Page
references are to the 1992 edition.
Multivolume work Green, M. L. Collected Correspondence. Vol. 2 of The
Collected Correspondence of M. L. Green. Abingdon:
Routledge, 2010–12.
Khan, Lisa. Collected Works. 2 vols. Abingdon: Routledge,
2012.
Translated Smith, John. Collected Style Manuals. Translated and
edited by Jane Jones. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Not in English Piaget, J., and B. Inhelder. La genèse de l’idée de hasard
chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the
child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951.
Online If you used an online version, cite the online version,
include the URL or DOI:

Smith, John. Book Title: The Subtitle. Abingdon:

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 Routledge, 2012. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Smith, John. Book Title: The Subtitle. Abingdon:
Routledge, 2012. http://xxxxxxxxx/.
Place of Where two cities are given, include the first one only. If
publication the city could be confused with another, add the
abbreviation of the state, province, or country:

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Oxford: Clarendon Press
New York: Macmillan
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press

When the publisher’s name includes the state name, the

abbreviation is not needed:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Publisher Omit initial “the”, and “Inc.”, “Ltd”, “Co.”, “Publishing Co.”,
etc.

Journal
If you used an online version, cite the online version,
include a DOI (preferably) or URL.
One author Smith, John. “Article Title: The Subtitle.” Journal Title in
Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 30–40. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.

Smith, J. “Article Title: The Subtitle.” Journal Title in Full

10, no. 1 (2012): 30–40. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Two authors Smith, John, and Lisa Khan. “Article Title: The Subtitle.”
Journal Title in Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 200–210.
doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.

Smith, J. J., and L. M. Khan. “Article Title: The Subtitle.”

Journal Title in Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 200–210.
doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Three authors Smith, John, Jane Jones, and Mary Green. “Article Title:
The Subtitle.” Journal Title in Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 33–

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 39. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.

Smith, J. J., J. P. Jones, and M. G. Green. “Article Title:

The Subtitle.” Journal Title in Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 33–
39. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Four to ten Give all authors’ names.
authors
More than ten List the first seven authors followed by et al.
authors
Translated Khan, Lisa. “Article Title in English.” [In Hindi.] Journal
Title in Full 10, no. 3 (2012): 10–29. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Not in English Capitalize sentence-style, but according to the conventions
of the relevant language.
Other article Smith, John. “Title of Book Review.” Review of Book Title,
types by Lisa Khan. Journal Title in Full 10, no. 1 (2012): 33–39.
doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
Issue numbers The issue number can be omitted if the journal is
paginated consecutively through the volume (or if month
or season is included), but it is not incorrect to include it.
When volume and issue number alone are used, the issue
number is within parentheses. If only an issue number is
used, it is not within parentheses:

Journal Title, no. 25 (1973): 63–69.

If using month, abbreviate as Jan., Feb., etc. If using

season, spell out in full.

Conference
Proceedings Individual contributions to conference proceedings are
treated like chapters in multi-author books. If published in
a journal, treat as an article.
Paper Smith, John. “Title of Paper.” Paper presented at the
annual meeting for the Society of XXXX, Oxford,
November 21–24, 2012.
Poster Smith, John. “Title of Poster.” Poster presented at the
annual meeting for the Society of XXXX, Oxford,
November 21–24, 2012.

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Thesis
Smith, John. “Title of Thesis.” PhD diss., University of
Chicago, 2008.

Unpublished
work
Book or journal Use Forthcoming instead of the date. If an article is not
article yet accepted, treat as a thesis.

Internet
Website In text only:

(“As of July 19, 2012, the BBC listed on its website . . .”).
Document Reference depending on the type of document. Access
dates are not required unless no date of publication or
revision can be found. If citing an undated online
document, give an access date:

Oxford Library. “Library Strategy.” Oxford Library.

Accessed June 3, 2012.
http://www.ol.org/library/strategy.html
Electronic mailing In text only (name of list, date of posting, URL).
list
Blog In text only.
Multimedia Include date that material was accessed if no original date
can be determined. Include information about original
performance or source, e.g. of a speech or performance.
Include indication of source type.

Newspaper or
magazine
Newspapers and magazines are cited in the text, and no
entry is needed in the bibliography:
“quotation from newspaper” (Sunday Times, April 8, 2012)
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 ... as noted in a Guardian article on February 27, 2012 ...
If a reference is needed or preferred, use this style:
Author. 2012. “Article Title.” Sunday Times, April 8.
http://xxxxxxxxxxxxx
(If no author is identified, begin the citation with the
article title.)
Report
Treat pamphlets, reports, brochures and freestanding
publications such as exhibition catalogues as books. Give
sufficient information to identify the document.

Personal
communication
Letter, telephone Run in to the text or give in a note. Do not include in the
conversation, or bibliography.
email

Other reference
types
Patent Green, Ann. Patent description. US Patent 12345, filed
March 23, 2000.
Audio and visual Bernstein, Leonard, dir. Symphony no. 5, by Dmitri
media Shostakovich. New York Philharmonic. CBS IM 35854.

Auden, W. H. Poems. Read by the author. Spoken Arts

7137. Compact disc.

Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and

Michael Palin. “Commentaries.” Disc 2. Monty Python and
the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam
and Terry Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home
Entertainment, 2001.
Database Name of Database (details; accessed Month Day, Year).
http://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/.

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Dataset
Wang, Guang-Yan, Zhao-Ming Zhu, Shan Cui, and Jin-Hui
Wang. “Data from: Glucocorticoid Induces Incoordination
between Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in the
Amygdala.” Dryad Digital Repository ([dataset]; accessed
December 22, 2017).
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k9q7h.

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