Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2013

Part I:
01. The Abbasids defeated:
a) Salahuddin Ayyubi
b) The Mongols
c) The Ghaznawids
d) None of these (Umayyad)

02. Ummayyah Caliph Mau'wiyah II was son of:

a) Abu Talib
b) Abu Sufyan
c) Jafar
d) None of these (Yazid I)

03. Which is the 3rd Surah in Al-Quran?

a) Al-Maida
b) Al-e-Imran
c) An-Nisa
d) None of these.

04. Imam Shafi was:

a) Philosopher
b) Jurist
c) Poet
d) None of these.

05. What is the modern day name of Abyssinia:

a) Africa
b) Ethiopia
c) Syria
d) None of these.

06. Aws and Khazraj were two tribes:

a) The Jews
b) The Quraish
c) The Ansaar
d) None of these.

07. Hazrat Hamza (RA) accepted in the year:

a) 3 Nabvi
b) 8 Nabvi
c) 2 A.H
d) None of these (6 Nabvi)

08. Rulers of Pre-Islam Iran were called:

a) Qaisar
b) Kisra
c) Sultan
d) None of these.

09. Before Islam Arab were:

a) Autonomous body
b) Illiterate
c) Own mind
d) None of these (tribal feuds)

10. Hadith was compiled by:

a) Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
b) Hujjaj Bin Yousuf (RA)
c) Umar bin Abdul Aziz
d) None of these.

11. Hajre-i-Aswad means:

a) Pious Stone
b) Black Stone
c) Historical Stone
d) None of these.

12. The battle of Jamal was fought between the Hazrat Aisha (RA) and:
a) Talha
b) Mu'wiyah
c) Yezid
d) None of these (Hazrat Ali(RA)

13. Khalid bin Walid (RA) was removed from the command during the expedition to:
a) Iran
b) Tabuk
c) Yaman
d) None of these (Syria)

14. Surah Al Noor speaks of:

a) Wars
b) Mal-i-Ghanimat
c) Judicial order only
d) None of these (Women Issues)

15. Imam Bukhari died in:

a) 322 A.D
b) 261 A.D
c) 241 A.D
d) None of these (256 A.H)

16. Asmaha The Najashi King of Habsha with whom the Muslim refuge took refuge for the first
time was:
a) Jew
b) Christian
c) Mushrik
d) None of these.

17. Sulh-i-Hudabiyah was written by:

a) Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA)
b) Hazrat Ali (RA)
c) Hazrat Umar (RA)
d) None of these

18. Hajjaj bin Yousuf was:

a) Ummayyad
b) Abbasid
c) Ottoman
d) None of these (Thaqafi from Taif)

19. Abu Sufyan lost his eye in the battle of:

a) Taif
b) Ohud
c) Khandaq
d) None of these (Yarmuk)

20. Ibn-i-Sina was born in:

a) AH 370/ AD 980
b) AH 374/ AD 984
c) AH 368/ AD 970
d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2013:

Part II:
1- Literal meaning of IJtehad is:
(a) Effort
(b) Struggle
(c) Individual Judgement
(d) None of these.

2- How many Khulafas were in Umayyad Dynasty:

(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) None of these.

3- Marwan was the son of:

(a) Walid
(b) Sulyman
(c) Hakam
(d) None of these.

4- After short khilafat of Muavia II the next khalifa was:

(a) Ibn Hisham
(b) Ibn Zubair
(c) Ibn Yazid
(d) Abdul Malik
(e)None of these.

5- For the first time Abdul Malik issued purely Muslim coinage known as:
(a) Rupee
(b) Riyal
(c) Dirham
(d) Dinar
(e)None of these.

6- Firdousi was the poet of:

(a) Africa
(b) Arab
(c) Persia
(d) None of these.

7- Saffah was the first caliph of:-

(a) Umayyads
(b) Hashimis
(c) Abbasids
(d) None of these.

8 ---- was the real founder of the Abbasid dynasty

(a) Saffah
(b) Abu Ja’far
(c) Harun
(d) None of these

9- With the emergence of Abbasids the Capital was transferred from Syria to:
(a) Africa
(b) Turkey
(c) Egypt
(d) Iraq
(e) None of these

10- Maliki doctrines were introduced in Spain in the reign of:

(a) Hisham
(b) Abd-ur-Rahman
(c) Abdullah
(d) Yazid
(e) None of these

11- Amin was Murdered in

(a) 813 A.D
(b) 814 A.D
(c) 815 A.D
(d) 816 A.D
(e) None of these

12- The fall of Baghdad in Hijri Year was:

(a) 632 A.H
(b) 656 A.H
(c) 569 A.H
(d) 816 A.H
(e) None of these

13- The duration of khilafat of Hazrat Umar is from____to____:

(a) 13-24 A.H
(b) 15-26 A.H
(c) 14-23 A.H
(d) None of these

14- Who was custodian of key of Ka’aba at the occasion of conquest of Makkah:
(a) Uthman bin Talha
(b) Abu Sufian
(c) Abbas(R.A)
(d) None of these

15- Who wrote a book for Abbasid khalifa concerning economic issues:
(a) Abu Hniifa
(b) Auza’i
(c) Abu Yousuf (Kitab al-Kharaj)
(d) None of these

16- In which battle many Huffaz of Quran were martyred:

(a) Qadsiya
(b) Mowtah
(c) Yamamah
(d) None of these

17- The battle of Nehrwaan was fought against:

(a) Mutazilite
(b) Khwarij
(c) False prophets
(d) None of these

18- _______was the native homeland of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS):

(a) Palestine
(b) Iraq
(c) Ur
(d) None of these

19- In which Surah of Quran the name of adopted son of Holy Prophet (SAW) is mentioned?
(a) Muhammad
(b) Ahzab
(c) Fat’h
(d) Al-Nagm
(d) None of these

20- Who was the pioneer to introduce the naval forces in the history of Islam?
(a) Uthman bin Affan
(b) Muavia I
(c) Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas
(d) None of these.

Posted by Unknown at 17:52 3 comments:

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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2013

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2012:

Paper I:
1-Hujjatul Balaghah was written by_____________
(a) Molana Qasim Nanotvi
(b) Shah Abdul Qadir
(c) Shah Waliullah
(d) None of these

2-Istanbul means_____________
(a) The city of Islam
(b) The city of Gold
(c) The city of Turks
(d) None of these

3-Imam Shamyl was a famous warrior of which century_________

(a) 10th
(b) 11th
(c) 13th
(d) None of these (19th Century)

4-Muhammad Sanusi was spiritual leader of______________

(a) Libya
(b) Turks
(c) Africans
(d) Sudan

5-Sassinid empire was in____________

(a) Arabia
(b) Mesopotamia
(c) Egypt
(d) None of these

6-Ali bin Usman Hajweri was a native of__________

(a) Lahore
(b) Samarkand
(c) Delhi
(d) None of these (Ghazni)

7-Char Minar and Golconda fort built by__________

(a) Seljuk
(b) Mughal
(c) Qutub Shahis
(d) None of these

8-Word "Culture" derived from_______________

(a) Greek
(b) English
(c) Roman
(d) None of these (Latin)

9-“Studies on the Islamic civilization” is written by_______

(a) Abu’l Hassan Nadvi
(b) Dozy R
(c) Saunders J.J.
(d) None of these (Gibb Hamilton A.R.)

10-The Revenue/Financial system of Umayyads was derived from___________

(a) Romans
(b) Greek
(c) Persians
(d) None of these
11- Tigris is a river of_____________
(a) Uzbekistan
(b) Iraq
(c) Kazakhstan
(d) None of these

12- Arrange in chronological order_____________

(a) Battle of Uhud (1)
(b) Battle of Muta (3)
(c) Battle of Khandaq (2)
(d) None of these

13- Tughril was the founder of_____________

(a) Ghaznawids Dynasty
(b) Ghaurid Dynasty
(c) Saljuq Dynasty
(d) None of these

14- Bait-al-Hikmah was established by_____________

(a) Babar
(b) Akber
(c) Harun al-Rashid
(d) None of these

15- Carl Brockelmann is the author of_____________

(a) History of the Islamic People
(b) The Samanids
(c) The Fatimids
(d) None of these

16- The first mosque built for Muslims was_____________

(a) Bait-ul-Maqdas
(b) Quba Mosque
(c) Nabvi Mosque
(d) None of these

17- Musailma Kazzab was killed by_____________

(a) Khalid bin Walid
(b) Wahshi Bin Harb
(c) Hazrat Abbas
(d) None of these

18- Grand Mosque at Damascus was built by_____________

(a) Abdul Malik
(b) Waleed bin Abdul Malik
(c) Umar bin Abdul Aziz
(d) None of these

19- Dots on Arabic letter was introduced by_____________

(a) Hajjaj
(b) Yahya Barmaki
(c) Hassan Basri
(d) None of these
20- Abu Muslim Khurasani was murdered in_____________
(a) 730 A.D.
(b) 755 A.D. (137 A.H.)
(c) 757 A.D.
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2012:

Paper II:
1- Who was the first conqueror of Africa_____________
(a) Muhammad Bin Qasim
(b) Khalid Bin Walid
(c) Uqba bin Nafi
(d) None of these

2-Spain is called by the Arabs as_____________

(a) Afriqia
(b) Auruba
(c)Al-Andalus
(d) None of these

3- Ibn Tufail lived in_____________

(a) Egypt
(b) Spain
(c) Syria
(d) None of these

4- The Moors vacated Spain in_____________

(a) 1501
(b) 1492
(c) 1452
(d) None of these

5- “Thafa-tul-Thafat” is a book on_____________

(a) Science
(b) History
(c) Philosophy
(d) None of these

6- Who was known as Hawk of Quresh_____________

(a) Amir Muawiya
(b) Abd-ul-Rahman-I
(c) Ibn Zubair
(d) None of these

7- Berbers originally were_____________

(a) Iranians
(b) Arabs
(c) Africans
(d) None of these

8- Which city was called “Queen of the cities” (Aroos ul Bilaad) _____________
(a) Baghdad
(b) Cordova
(c) Damascus
(d) None of these

9- Ibn Khaldun was an_____________

(a) Architect
(b) Historian
(c) Muhaddith
(d) None of these

10-"Calendar of Cardova" was compiled by_____________

(a)Rabi Ibn Zaid
(b) Ibn Nadeem
(c) Ibn Hazm
(d) None of these

11- “Tarikh Iftitab al-Andlus” was written by___________

(a)Ibn Tufail
(b) Ibn Arbi
(c)Ibn Al Qutiyyah
(d) None of these

12- Abdur Rahman III assumed the title of caliph in_____________

(a) 912
(b) 929
(c) 961
(d) None of these

13- Battle of Tours was fought in___________

(a) 711
(b) 721
(c) 732
(d) 734

14-“Futuh al Buldan” is written by_____________

(a) Ibn Kathir
(b) Ibn al-Athir
(c) Ibn Khuldun
(d) None of these (al-Baladhuri)

15- ___________founded the Nasrid kingdom in Granada?

(a) Ibn al-Ahmar
(b) Boabdil
(c) Abu’l Hassan
(d) None of these

16- Giralda of Seville was built by___________

(a) Abdur Rahman III
(b) Almoravids
(c) Almohades
(d) None of these

16- Grand Mosque of Cordova was built by ___________

(a) Hisham I
(b) Hajib Al-Mansur
(c) Abdur Rahman III
(d) None of these (Abdur Rahman I)
17- Battale of ZALAQA was fought between Alfanso VI and__________
(a) Almohades
(b)Yousaf bin Tashfeen
(c)Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these

18- al-Mualledun were______________

(a)Spanish Neo-Muslims
(b)African slaves
(c)Arab soldiers
(d) None of these

19- Abdul Aziz married Egilona, the widow of king Roderick, and named her__________
(a) Umm-Asim
(b) Umm-Kulsum
(c) Umm-Hani
(d) None of these

20-“The Preaching of Islam” is written by__________

(a)Ameer Ali
(b)Arberry A.J
(c)Arnold T.W
(d) None of these

Posted by Unknown at 17:46 1 comment:

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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2012

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2011:

Part I:
1- The pre- Islamic era is known as:
(a) Modern age
(b) Age of ignorance
(c) Golden age
(d) none

2- Ma'rib dam was located in:

(a) Iraq
(b) Yaman
(c) Egypt
(d) none

3- Rulers of Pre-Islamic Iran were called:

(a) Qaiser
(b) Kisra
(c) Shahanshah
(d) none
4- Ka'bah is situated in the valley of:
(a) Faraan
(b) Makkah
(c) Taif
(d) none

5- Hajre- Aswad means:

(a) Pious Stone
(b) Black Stone
(c) Foundation Stone
(d) none

6- The word "Muhammad" means:

(a) The praised one
(b) Noble
(c) Respectful
(d) none

7- The first revelation came to Prophet (SAW) in:

(a) Hira
(b) Thaur
(c) Dar-e-Arqam
(d) none

8- The duration of social boycott of Musliam Shi'b Abi Talib was for
(a) 3 years
(b) 5 years
(c) 10 year
(d) none

9- The Battle of Uhad was fought in the year :

(a) 3 Nabvi
(b) 8 Nabvi
(c) 9 A.H
(d) None of these (3 A.H)

10- Who signed the treaty of Hudabiya on the behalf of the Quresh?
(a) Abu sufyan
(b) Abu Lahab
(c) Abu al Hakam
(d) None of these (Sohail Bin Amr)

11- Banu Qurayzah, Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir were three tribes of :
(a) Quraysh
(b) Christian
(c) Jews
(d) None

12- Quran was revealed in:

(a) 25 years
(b) 27 year
(c) 23 year
(d) None

13- Hazrat Umer (R.A) was assassinated in the month of:

(a) Ramadan
(b) Ziq'ad
(c) Muharram (1st)
(d) None
14- Musaylama was:
(a) Philosopher
(b) poet
(c) False Prophet
(d) None

15- The battle of Jamal was fought between Hazrat Aisha and:
(a) Hazrat Muawiyah
(b) Hazrat Talah
(c) hazrat Ali
(d) None

16- The capital of Umayyad dynasty was:

(a) Baghdad
(b) Cairo
(c) Khurasan
(d) None (Damascus)

17- Abbasid Caliphate came into being in:

(a) 132 AH
(b) 122 AH
(c) 142 AH
(d) None

18- Samarra was built by:

(a) Al-Mansur
(b) Al Mahdi
(c) Al-Musta’sim (IN 836 A.D)
(d) None

19- Jizya is a :-
(a) Poll tax
(b) Trade tab
(c) Land tax
(d) None

20- The Ottoman dynasty fell in:

(a) 1857
(b) 1926
(c) 1940
(d) None (Nov 1922)

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2011:

Part II:
1- Literal meaning of Jehad is ;
(a) Exemption
(b) Sacrifice
(c) Fight
(d) Struggle

2- Marwan was the son of

(a) Hakam
(b) Walid
(c) Suleman
(d) Yazid
(e) None

3- Musa-bin-Naseer conquered parts of:

(a) Asia
(b) Africa
(c) Europe
(d) Australia

4- in 89 A.H. -- became viceroy of Africa:

(a) Musa-bin Naseer
(b) Tariq bin ziyad
(c) Yazid bin Muhalib
(d) Umer bin Abdul Aziz

5- After a short khilafat of Muawiyah II the next Khalifa of Islam was:

(a)Ibn-e-Khatab
(b)Ibn-e -Hashim
(c) Ibn-e- Zubair
(d)Ibn-e-Yazid
(e) None

6-Whilst Africa was under the Umayyad the Spain was under:
(a) Visigoths
(b) The Jews
(c) The Hindus
d) The Mongols
(e)None

7- For the first time Abdul Malik issued purely Muslim coinage known as:
(a) Pound
(b) Deenar
(c) Dirham
(d) Rupee
(e)None

8- Firdousi was the poet of:

(a) Persia
(b) Asia
(c) Africa
(d) America
(e) None

9- Al-Walid was one of the greatest Caliphs of:

(a) Arabs
(b) Indo- Pak
(c) China
(d) Whole Islamic world
(e)None

10- Umm-ul- Banin was a remarkable --- women

(a) Arab
(b) Spanish
(c) Egyptian
(d) European
(e)None

11- Saffah was the first caliph of:

(a) Umayyads
(b) Hashimis
(c) Abbasids
(d) Alvids
(e) None

12- ---- was the real founder of the Abbasid dynasty

(a) Saffah
(b) Abu Jafar
(c) Muhammad Musa
(d) Abdullah
(e) None

13- In the administration of the Ummayads the court language was:

(a) Persian
(b) Arabic
(c) French
(d) German
(e) none

14- Fazl bin Yahya has held the governorship of:

(a) Khusran and Egypt
(b) Spain
(c) South Asia
(d) Africa
(e) None

15- with the emergence of Abbasids the Capital was transferred from Syria to:
(a) Iran
(b) Egypt
(c) Iraq
(d) Turkey
(e) None

16- Amin was Murdered in

(a) 814 A.D
(b)815 A.D
(c)816 A.D
(d) 817 A.D
(e) None (813 A.D)

17- Nazhun, Zainab and Hamda belonged to

(a) Spain
(b) Baghdad
(c) Syria
(d) Iraq
(e) None

18- Maliki doctrines were introduced in spain in the reign of:

(a) Hisham
(b) Abd-ur-Rahman
(c) Abdullah
(d) Yazid
(e) None

19- Al-Qanun-fi-Tib was written by;

(a) Ibn-Sina
(b) Almasudi
(c) Ibn-Ishq
(d) al- Yaqubi
e) None

20- Al Tafseer was written by

(a) al-Zharwi
(b) Muhammad-bin Zikraya
(c) al- Ghazali
(d) Jabir bin Hayan
(e) None

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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2011

Friday, 30 January 2015

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2010:

Part I:
i- Arabia is a largest tract of country in the of Asia.
a-South East
b-South West
c-North East
d-None of these

ii- is called in Arab tradition “Year of the elephant”

a- 650 AD
b- 560 AD
c- 570 AD
d- None of these

iii-ANSAR means
a- defender
b- helper
c- rular
d- None of these

iv-The ninth year of the Hijra is known in Muslim history as the

a- Year of elephant
b- year of deputations
c- year of embassies
d- None of these

v-In 14 Hijri/635 AD laid the foundation of Basra

a-Hazrat Umar
b- Khalid bin Walid
c-Uthbah bin Ghazwan
d-None of these

vi-Hazrar Usman was assassinated in the month of

a-Ramzan
b-rajab
c-Zulhija
d-None of these

vii-Hazrat Khalid bin walid belonged to the tribe of

a-Hashim
b-Umayyah
c-Makhzum
d-None of these

viii- The city of FUSTAT was founded by

a- Amr bin Al-As
b- Hazrat Umar bin Khattab
c- Hazrat Khalid bin Walid
d- None of these

ix-KHARAJ is
a-poor tax
b-land tax
c-poll tax
d-None of these

x- _______was the first caliph, who abdicated the caliphate

a-Hazrat Ali
b-Hazrat Hassan
c-Hazrat Hussain
d- None of these

xi- The tomb of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari is situated at

a-Ankara
b-Madina
c-Istanbul
d-None of these

xii-The first capital of Abbasid Caliphate was

a- Al-Hashmiyah
b- Samrah
c- Baghdad
d- None of these (Kufa)

xiii-Ibne-e-Kahldun was a famous historian of century

a-15th
b-14th
c-13th
d-None of these

xiv- DIWAN AL HISBAH was instituted by

a-Mahdi
b-Hadi
c-Harun
d-None of these (al-Mansur)

xv- IDRISI was a famous

a-Musician
b-poet
c-Geographer
d- None of these

xvi-SIYASAT NAMA was written by

a-Firdausi
b-Masudi
c-Madwardi
d- None of these (Nizam al-Mulk)

xvii-Tulunid Dynasty was founded by Ahmad ibn Tulun in

a-Khurasan
b-Syrea
c-Iraq
d- None of these (Egypt)

xviii- the capture of Baghdad by Halaku Khan took place in the year
a-1285
b-1258
c-1271
d- None of these

xix- Constantinople fell into the hands of the Muslims in

a-1453
b-1543
c-1354
b- None of these

xx-With the Othman empire reached its zenith of glory and prestige
a-Bayazid
b-Muhammad II
c-Salim I
d- None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2010:

Part II:
i- When Muslims invade the Spain was the ruler of the country?
a-Vetiza
b-Roderick
c-Theodomir
d- None of these

ii- was the Gothic capital

a- Cordava
b- Toledo
c- Garnada
d- None of these

iii- During muslim rule was the capital of Spain

a- Cordava
b- Toledo
c- Garnada
d- None of these

iv- was the first Muslim governor of Spain

a- Turaif
b- Tariq bin ziyad
c- Abdul Aziz bin Musa bin Naseer
d- None of these

v-Abdul Rehman al dakhil died in 173 AH after the reign of years

a-40
b-41
c-42
d-None of these(32 Years)

vi-Hisham bin Abdur Rehman introduce doctrine in spain

a- Hanafi
b-Shafi
c-Humbali
d-None of these(Maliki)

vii- The beautiful palace of built by al-Nasir

a-Al zuhra
b-Al hambra
c-Al qurtaba
d-None of these

viii- al Mahdi was the first caliph of the fatimids

a- Ubaidullah
b- Abdullah
c- Muhammad
d- None of these

ix- Battale of ZALAQA was fought between Alfanso VI and

a-Hajib Almansur
b-Yousaf bin Tashfeen
c-Tariq bin Ziyad
d-None of these

x- “Moors in Spain” was written by

a- J.J Saunders
b- P.K HATTI
c-Lane pole
d- None of these

xi- Abdur Rehman al nasir assumed the title of Ameer ul Mominin

a-713 AH
b-317 AH (929AD)
c-300 AH
d-None of these

xii-The greatest muslim art in which they have achieved incomparable success is
a- Painting
b- Architeture
c- Calligraphy
d- None of these

xiii- Al KAMIL FIT TARIKH was written by

a-Tabri
b-Masudi
c-Ibn ul Athir
d-None of these

xiv- GIBRALTER is named after

a-Musa bin Nusair
b-Al Turaif
c-Uqba bin Nafay
d-None of these ( Tariq bin Ziyad)

xv- Garnada Fell in

a-1429 AC
b-1492 AC
c-1592 AC
d- None of these

xvi-Ibn e Rushd was a distinguished

a-Musician
b-Doctor
c-Philosopher
d- None of these

xvii-R DOZY is the author of

a-Islam in History
b-The spirit of Islam
c-The Spanish Islam
d- None of these

xviii- MUWALLEDUN were

a-Spanish neo muslim
b-African slave
c-Arab soldier
d- None of these

xix- Iberian Peninsula is a part of

a-Africa
b-Asia
c-Europe
d- None of these

xx-THE PREACHING OF ISLAM is written by

a-Ameer Ali
b-Arberry A.J
c-Arnold T.W
d- None of these

Posted by Unknown at 11:37 1 comment:

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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2010

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2009:

Paper I:
1.The Holy Quran was first compiled during the caliphate of Hazrat---------:
a) Abu Bakar Siddique (R.A)
b) Umer Faooq (R.A)
c) Uthman (R.A)
d) none of these

2. Hazrat Umer was Caliph for---------------:

a) 2 years
b) 4 years
c) 10 years
d) none of these

3.The orthodox caliphate lasted for---------- :

a) 26 years
b) 29 years
c) 32 years
d)none of these

4.Hazrat Ali was martyred in the year---------:

a) 650 AD
b) 656 AD
c) 661 AD
d) none of these

5.The Umayyad Dynasty was put to an end in the year----------:

a)660 AD
b)750 AD
c)770 AD
d)None of these

6.The Abbasid Dynasty ruled for just over---------:

a)five centuries
b)two centuries
c)three centuries
d)none of these

7.The Islamic calendar(hijra) started in the year-----------:

a) 622 AD
b) 620 AD
c) 621 AD
d) none of these

8.The famous Al-Muwatta was written by:

a) Imam Malik
b) Imam Abu Hanifa
c) Imam Muslim
d) Imam Hanbal
9.The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) migrated to Madina in-------------:
a) 615 AD
b) 622 AD
c) 625 AD
d)none of these

10.The last Umayyad ruler at Damascus was--------:

a) Marwan II
b) Abdul Aziz
c) Abdul Rahman
d) none of these

11.The founder of Umayyad Dynasty was---------:

a) Yazid
b) Abd al Malik
c) Muawiyah I
d) none of these

12.Baybars, the Mamluke Sultan of Egypt, took----------to install him as Abbasid caliph in Cairo on the year 1261
AD:
a) Al-Mustansir
b) Al-Hakim
c) Al-Mustakfi-I
d)None of these

13.The founder of Umayyad Dynasty in Spain was-------:

a) Khalid bin Walid
b) Moosa bin Nysair
c) Abdur Rahman I
d) None of these

14.The Ottoman Sultan Salim took------from Cairo to Istanbul to install him as Caliph:
a) Al-Mutawakkil III
b) Al-Qa’im
c) Al-Mustamsik
d) None of these

15. Under which Caliph, Sindh was invaded by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 AD?
a) Muawiyah
b) Al-Walid I
c) Abdul Malik
d) None of these

16.When did the Ottomans cross into Europe:

a) 1357 AD
b) 1520 AD
c) 1550 AD
d)None of these

17.When was Hungary brought under Ottoman rule?

a) 1521 AD
b) 1526 AD
c) 1530 AD
d)None of these
18.Kamal Attaturk ended the Ottoman Caliphate and deposed Abdul Majid II in-----
a) 1920
b) 1922
c) 1924
d)none of these

19. Which Ottoman Ruler took the Abbasid Caliphate to Istanbul?

a) Sulaiman I
b) Salim I
c) Al-Mustansar
d) None of these

20. The Ottoman Empire lasted for over----------

a) Five Centuries
b) Six Centuries
c) Seven Centuries
d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2009:

Paper II:

1.Spain was invaded in 711 AD by ---------:

a) Tariq bin Ziyad
b) Abd al Rahman I
c) Khalid bin Walid
d)none of these

2. The al-Qairawan in North Africa was founded in 670 AD by---------------:

a) Musa bin Nusayr
b) Suleman I
c) Uqbah bin Nafi
d) none of these

3.The conquests of Hujjaj in the East matched the Western conquests by ---------- :
a Musa bin Nusayr
b) Tariq bin Ziyad
c) al-Mutawakkil
d)none of these

4.Abdul Aziz married Egilona, the widow of king Roderick, and named her ---------:
a) Umm-e-Asim
b) Umm-Kulsum
c) Umm-Hani
d)none of these

5.The Umayyad Dynasty was put to an end in the year----------:

a)661 AD
b)750 AD
c)770 AD
d)None of these

6.The Abbasid Dynasty ruled for just over---------:

a) two centuries
b) three centuries
c) five centuries
d)none of these

7.Baghdad was put on fire in 1258 AD by -----------

a) The Umayyads
b) The Mongols
c) The Ottomans
d)none of these

8.Musa bin Nusayr was the Governor of---------

a) Egypt
b) Spain
c) North Africa
d) none of these

9.The fugitive Umayyad prince reached Spain in the year -------------:

a) 755 AD
b) 750 AD
c) 760 AD
d)none of these

10.The last Umayyad ruler in 750 AD was--------:

a) Hisham
b) Marwan II
c) Yazid III
d) none of these

11.The name of the French King who attacked Spain in 777 AD was ---------:
a) Roderick
b) Charlemagne
c) Alfonso
d) none of these

12.Ibn Khuldun is generally known as a-------

a) Mathematician
b) Astronomer
c) Historian
d) None of these

13.The real founder of Umayyad Dynasty in Spain was-------:

a) Tariq bin Ziyad
b) Moosa bin Nysair
c) Abdur Rahman I
d) None of these

14.The Arabs invaded Spain in the year-------

a) 711 AD
b) 750 AD
c) 756 AD
d) None of these

15.Which Caliph recalled Musa bin Nusayr to Damascus-------?

a) al Walid-I
b) Abdul Aziz
c) Abdul Malik
d)None of these

16. Who punished Musa bin Nusayr for invading Spain---------?

a) Sulaiman
b) Abdul Aziz
c) Amr Thaqafi
d)None of these

17.After ruling over Spain for one year who refused to give turn to the Yamanites?
a) Abdur Rahman-II
b) al-Hakam
c) Abdur Rahman al-Fehri
d) None of these

18.The new capital established by Abbasid in 835 AD is called -----

a) al-Mansurah
b) Samarra
c) Kufa/Basra
d) none of these

19. Abdur Rahman-II of Spain went out to receive a minstrel called--------

a) Khalid
b) Ziryab
c) Walid
d) None of these

20. Cordova and Baghdad served to the West as main centres for------------
a) Rivalry
b) Treasures
c) Learning
d) None of these

Posted by Unknown at 11:02 No comments:

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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2009

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2007:

Paper I:
(1) First compilation of the Holy Quran was completed during the period of Hazrat:
(a) Abu Bakr (RA)
(b) Umar (RA)
(c) Uthman (RA)
(d) None of these

(2) In 14 Hijri / 635 AD ________ laid the foundation of Basrah.

(a) Hazrat Umar (RA)
(b) Khalid bin Walid (RA)
(c) Utbah bin Ghazwan (RA)
(d) None of these

(3) Hazrat Uthman assassinated in the month of:

(a) Ramazan
(b) Rajab
(c) Zilhaj
(d) None of these

(4) Hazrat Ali (RA) shifted the capital from Madina to:
(a) Basra
(b) Fustat
(c) Damascus
(d) None of these (Kufa)

(5) Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RA)belonged the tribe of:

(a) Hashim
(b) Umayyah
(c) Makhzum
(d) None of these

(6) ________ is known “First year of Unification in the history of Islam”.

(a) 40 Hijri
(b) 41 Hijri
(c) 70 Hijri
(d) None of these

(7) _________ was the conqueror of Spain.

(a) Mohammad bin Qasim
(b) Qutaibah bin Muslim
(c) Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these

(8) The last Caliph of Ummayads was:

(a) Hisham bin Abdul Malik
(b) Marwan II
(c) Yazid II
(d) None of these

(9) Umayyad Caliphate lasted for __________ years.

(a) 90
(b) 92
(c) 132
(d) None of these

(10) Baghdad was founded by:

(a) Harun
(b) Mamun
(c) Mansur
(d) None of these

(11) Kitab Al-Kharaj was written by:

(a) Imam Malik
(b) Imam Abu Hanifa
(c) Imam Yousuf
(d) None of these

(12) ‘Jizya’ is a:
(a) Poll tax
(b) Land tax
(c) Property tax
(d) None of these

(13) Abbasid Caliphate came into being in:

(a) 122 Hijri
(b) 132 Hijri
(c) 142 Hijri
(d) None of these

(14) Ishaque Al kindi was a famous:

(a) Musician
(b) Historian
(c) Jurist
(d) None of these

(15) The first Wazir to Abbasids was:

(a) Abu Salama Khalal
(b) Abu Muslim
(c) Yahha Barmaki
(d) None of these

(16) The first capital of Abbasid Caliphate was:

(a) Baghdad
(b) Samara
(c) Al-Hashimiyah
(d) None of these (Kufa)

(17) Abu Bakr ibn Zakaria al-Razi (RHAZES) was a great:

(a) Historian
(b) Jurist
(c) Physician
(d) None of these

(18) ‘Siyasatnama’ was written by:

(a) Al Kindi
(b) Nizamul Mulk Tusi
(c) Al-Farabi
(d) None of these

(19) Sultan Salim-I became first Osmani Caliph in:

(a) 1517
(b) 1520
(c) 1525
(d) None of these (1521)

(20) Institution of ‘Khilafat’ abolished (1924) by:

(a) Anwer Pasha
(b) Mustafa Kamal
(c) Ismet Inono
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2007:

Paper II:

(1) Egypt was invaded under the leadership of:

(a) Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas (RA)
(b) Amr bin A’as (RA)
(c) Khalid bin Waleed (RA)
(d) None of these

(2) Muslim Rule in Spain was established by:

(a) Abbasids
(b) Turks
(c) Umayyads
(d) None of these

(3) The central headquarter of Umayyad was:

(a) Kufa
(b) Cairo
(c) Baghdad
(d) None of these (Damascus)

(4) Yousaf bin Tashfin was from the dynasty of:

(a) Muwahhid
(b) Murabit
(c) Umayyid
(d) None of these

(5) Who said, “I never fight with a foe in distress”.

(a) Mahmood of Ghazna
(b) Salahuddin Ibn Ayyubi
(c) Omar bin Adbul Azia
(d) None of these

(6) Sasanids were:

(a) Fire-Worshippers
(b) Idol Worshippers
(c) Sun and Moon worshippers
(d) None of these

(7) Al-Beruni was born in:

(a) Makkah
(b) Khiva
(c) Baghdad
(d) None of these (khwarzem)

(8) Razi (Rhazes) was a great:

(a) Philosopher
(b) Poet
(c) Physician
(d) None of these

(9) Yarmuk is situated in:

(a) Egypt
(b) Iraq
(c) Syria
(d) None of these

(10) Kimai-e-Sa’adat is written by:

(a) Ibn-e-Khuldun
(b) Imam Al-Ghazali
(c) Ibn-e-Sina
(d) None of these
(11) Omar Khayyam wrote his Algebra in:
(a) Persian
(b) Arabic
(c) English
(d) None of these

(12) Omar bin Abdul Aziz belonged to:

(a) Umayya family
(b) Abbasi family
(c) Sassani family
(d) None of these

(13) Fihrist-al-Ulum was written by:

(a) Ibn-e-Qayyim
(b) Ibn-an-Nadim
(c) Ibn-e-Nafis
(d) None of these

(14) Al-Farabi was:

(a) Turkish
(b) Iranian
(c) Arab
(d) None of these

(15) The death of Caliph __________ brought the Abbasid Dynasty to an end.
(a) Musta’sim
(b) Mutawakkil
(c) Muatazid
(d) None of these

(16) “Islam and the Modern World” is written by:

(a) ) M. Hanif Nadvi
(b) Arberry, A. J.
(c) Nadvi, Abul Hasan
(d) None of these

(17) “Mesopotamia” is a _________ word.

(a) Greek
(b) Turkish
(c) French
(d) None of these

(18) “The Arabian Nights” is a book of:

(a) Tales
(b) Poetry
(c) History
(d) None of these

(19) “Toledo” is city in:

(a) Iraq
(b) Italy
(c) Spain
(d) None of these
(20) Bosnia was part of:
(a) British Empire
(b) Turkish Empire
(c) Sassanaid Empire
(d) None of these
Posted by Unknown at 10:56 1 comment:
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Labels: Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture, Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2007

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2006:

Paper I:
1- The longest Sura of the Qur'an is:
(a) Al-Nisa
(b) Al-i-Imran
(c) Al-Baqara
(d) Al-Maida
(e) None of these

2- Sura al-Nur speaks of:

(a) Wars
(b) Mal-i-Ghanimat
(c) The Jews
(d) Women issues
(e) None of these

3- The Holy Qur'an is generally printed in:

(a) Nastaliq script
(b) Kufi script
(c) Naskh script
(d) Shikasta script
(e) None of these

4- Imam Bukhari hailed from:

(a) Malaysia
(b) India
(c) Egypt
(d) Turkestan
(e) None of these

5- Prophet Muhammad (SAW) while immigrating to Madina took refuge in:

(a) Cave Hira
(b) Cave Thaur
(c) Dar-i-Arqam
(d) Masjid-i-Nabawa
(e) None of these

6- Prophet Muhammad (SAW) visited Ghar-i-Hira for:

(a) Recitation
(b) Memorization
(c) Meetings
(d) Meditation/Tahanuth
(e) None of these

7- The Najashi King of Habasha with whom the Muslims for the first time took refuge was a:
(a) Jew
(b) Hindu
(c) Christian
(d) Mushrik

8- The duration of social boycott of Muslims in Sheb abi Talib was for:
(a) 10 Years
(b) 5 Years
(c) 3 Years
(d) 8 Years
(e) None of these

9- Sulh-i Hudibiyya was written by:

(a) Hazrat Abu Bakr
(b) Hazrat Ali
(c) Hazrat Umar
(d) Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
(e) None of these

10- Aws and Khazraj lived in:

(a) Yemen
(b) Makkah
(c) Najd
(d) Hijaz
(e) None of these (Madina)

11- Aws and Khizraj were:

(a) Money lenders
(b) Agriculturalists
(c) Nomads
(d) Cottage Industrialists
(e) None of these

12- The Jewish tribe Banu Qainuqa worked as:

(a) Carpenters
(b) Gold Smiths
(c) Iron Smiths
(d) Farmers
(e) None of these

13- Hajjaj bin Yusuf was:

(a) Ummayad
(b) Abbasid
(c) Ottoman
(d) Mughal
(e) None of these (Thaqafi from Taif)

14- Saif Allah was the title of:

(a) Hazrat Umar
(b) Hazrat Usman
(c) Hazrat Ali
(d) Hazrat Khalid bin Walid
(e) None of these

15- Hazrat Suhaib belonged to:

(a) Rome
(b) Iran
(c) Sudan
(d) Habasha
(e) None of these

16- Abu Sufyan lost his eye in the battle of:

(a) Tabuk
(b) Yarmuk
(c) Muta
(d) Khandaq
(e) None of these

17- Byzantium was:

(a) Central Asia
(b) Iberian Peninsula
(c) Middle East
(d) Eastern Rome
(e) None of these

18- Sasanids ruled:

(a) India
(b) Far East
(c) Egypt
(d) Persian Empire
(e) None of these

19- Imam Malik was a famous:

(a) Poet
(b) Historian
(c) Architect
(d) Jurist
(e) None of these

20- Literal meaning of word Khilafat-e-Rashida is;

(a) Four Sahaba Caliphs
(b) Right Guided caliphs
(c) Followers
(d) Pious people
(e) None of these.

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2006:

Paper II:
1- Iberian peninsula is a part of:
(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Europe
(d) None of these

2- Granada is a city of:

(a) Iran
(b) Egypt
(c) Syria
(d) None of these (Spain)
3- The Umayyad rule in Spain came to an end in:
(a) 1000
(b) 1258
(c) 1492
(d) None of these.

4- The commander in the first ever Muslim Jihad in Constantinople was:

(a) Khalid bin Waleed
(b) Qutayba bin Muslim
(c) Yazid bin Muawiyah
(d) None of these.

5- Al-Dakhil was a prince of:

(a) Banu Abbas
(b) Saljukids
(c) Banu Umayyah
(d) None of these

6- Ibn Tufail was:

(a) Poet
(b) Historian
(c) Philosopher
(d) None of these.

7- The author of Ihya ‘Ulum al-Din is:

(a) Al-Kindi
(b) Imam Al-Ghazali
(c) Ibn Sina
(d) None of these.

8- Hunayn ibn Ishaq lived during the reign of:

(a) Harun
(b) Hisham
(c) Mamun
(d) None of these.

9- Qubba-us_Sakhra is built at:

(a) Madina
(b) Jerusalem
(c) Makkah
(d) None of these.

10- Zaryab was:

(a) Poet
(b) Magician
(c) Singer
(d) None of these.

11- Who was the founder of Fatimid dynasty:

(a) Al-Mamun
(b) Mauwiyah
(c) Imam Hussain
(d) None of these (Ubaid Ullah al-Mahdi)
12- Baghdad was the capital of:
(a) Banu Fatimah
(b) Ottomans
(c) Banu Abbas
(d) None of these.

13- Sihah Sittah are the books of:

(a) Tafsir
(b) Fiqh
(c) Hadith
(d) None of these.

14- Shajarat-ul-Dur was the queen of:

(a) Iraq
(b) Egypt
(c) Iran
(d) None of these.

15- Riyadh is the capital city of:

(a) Egypt
(b) Algeria
(c) Saudi Arabia
(d) None of these.

16- Ibn Rushd was:

(a) Story Writer
(b) Philosopher
(c) Historian
(d) None of these.

17- Spain is called by the Arabs as:

(a) Ifriquiye
(b) Auruba
(c) Al-Andalus
(d) None of these.

18- Berbers were originally:

(a) Arabs
(b) Europeans
(c) Africans
(d) None of these.

19- “A History of Muslim Philosophy” is written by:

(a) M. Hanif Nadvi
(b) Kh. Abd al-Hakam
(c) M.M. Sharif
(d) None of these.

20- R. Dozy is the author of:

(a) History of Islam
(b) Islam and the Modern world
(c) Spanish Islam
(d) None of these.

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2005:

Paper I:
1: The shortest surah of the Quran is:
(a) Al-Maun
(b) Al-Bayyinah
(c) Al-Kauthar
(d) Al-Akhlas
(e) None of these.

2: There is No Bismillah in the beginning of surah:

(a) Al-Fatiha
(b) Al-Nisa
(c)Al-Namal
(d)Al-Taubah
(e) None of these

3: The Quran was revealed in :

(a) 25 y
(b) 12 y
(c) 23 y
(d) 20 y
(e)none of these

4: The 1st Revelation came to Prophet(saw)

(a) Dar Arqam
(b) Hira
(c) Thaur
(d) Shi'b abi Talib
(e) none of these

5: The battle in which Mohammad (saw) particpated before Nubuwwahwa:

(a) Dahis
(b) Bait Aqba
(c) Fijar
(d) None of these

6: The duration of social boycott of muslims in Shi'b abi Talib was for:
(a) 5 y
(b) 10 y
(c) 3 y
(d) 8 y
(e) none of these

7:The Conqeror of Khyber was:

(a)Umar (R.A)
(b) Jafar (R.A)
(c) Khalid bin Walid (R.A)
(d) Ali(R.A)
(e) None of these

8: Who is called the 5th Rightly Guided caliph:

(a) Harun
(c) Ibn Zubayr
(d)Umar bin Aziz
(e) none of these

9: The battle of Jamal was fought b/w the Aishah(R.A) and:

(a) Talhah (R.A)
(b) Muawiya (R.A)
(c) Yazid
(d) Umer (R.A)
(e) None of these (Ali(R.A)

10: Egypt was conqered during the caliphate of :

(a) Abu Bakr (R.A)
(b) Muawiah (R.A)
(c) Ali (R.A)
(d) Umar (R.A)
(e) none of these

11: Hazrat Umar(R.A) was the son of :

(a) Abu Talib
(b) Talhah
(c) Abdullah
(d) Khattab
(e) none of these

12: Abbasid caliphate came into being in:

(a) 110 A.H
(b) 122 A.H
(c)132 A.H
(d)140 A.H
(e) none of these

13: Bait al Hikma was established by:

(a) Waild
(b) Hisham
(c) Mansur
(d) Harun
(e) none of these

14: Masjid Qiblatayn is situated in :

(a) Habsha
(b) Makkah
(c) Taif
(d) Madina
(e) none of these

15: Khalid bin Walid was removed from the command during the expedition to:
(a) Iran
(b) Syria
(c) Yeman
(d) None of these

16: The city of Fustat was founded by:

(a) Amr bin al A'as
(b) Abd al Malik
(c) Muawiyah
(d) none of these

17: Expedition of Tabuk place in:

(a) 6 A.H
(b) 7 A.H
(c) 9 A.H
(d) none of these

18: Hazrat Salman (R.A.) was from:

(a) Rome
(b) Syria
(c) Yeman
(d) Faris

19: Imam Abu Hanifah was a famous:

(a) musician
(b) architect
(c) jurist
(d) historian
(e) none of these

20: The total period of Khalafat -i- Rashidah was:

(a) 40 y
(b) 30 y
(c) 29 y
(d) None of these.

Solved Mcqs Islamic History and Culture 2005:

Paper II:
1:Bait al Hikma was established by:
(a) Yazid
(b) Al Zahir Baibers
(c) Mamun-al-Rashid
(d) None of these (Harun ur Rasheed)

2: Gibraltar owes its name to:

(a) Aghlab
(b) Abd al Jabbar
(c) Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these

3: The Barmaki Vizier existed during:

(a) Umayyad
(b) Salijqis
(c) Abbasids
(d) Ottomans

4: Spain was ruled by --- before Arab and Berber troops conquered it.
(a) Byzantines
(b) Franks
(c) Visigoths
(d) None of these

5: In historical references Spain is generally refered as part of:

(a) Iberian Peninsula
(b) Middle East
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these.

6: Libya, Tunisia and Algeria are geographically included in the :

(a) Far West
(b) Central Africa
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these

7: Cordova is a city in :
(a) Iraq
(b) Mauritania
(c) Spain
(d) None of these

8: Cordova is pronounced in Arabic as:

(a) Qurtuba
(b) Gharnata
(c) zaghrab
(d) None of these

9: Ibn Khulun wrote a book titled:

(a) Al Shifa
(b) Muqaddima
(c) Al Qanun
(d) None of these

10: Ibn Khulun was a :

(a) jurist
(b) philosopher of history
(c) calligrapher
(d) None of these

11: Nizam al Mulk worked as wazir during the :

(a) Umayyad
(b) The early Salijuks
(c) The late Ottmans
(d) None of these

12: The Druzi sect of Syria and Lebanon was born during the :
(a) Ghazanavis
(b) Fatimids
(c) Ayyubids
(d) None of these.

13: Muwalladan were:

(a) Spanish Neo-Muslims
(b) African Slaves
(c) Arab soldiers
(d) None of these

14: The Ottman dynasty fell in:

(a) 1802
(b) 1924
(c) 1912
(d) None of these (Nov 1922)

15: Phlip k. Hitti wrote a book titled :

(a) Clash of civilizations
(b) The Abbasids
(c) History of the Arabs
(d) None of these

16: Ibn Hazm was a great --- scholar.

(a) Egyptian
(b) Spanish
(c) Ottoman
(d) None of these.

17: Shaikh Sa'di was a :

(a) Historian
(b) Botanist
(c) Poet
(d) None of these

18: History of the Islamic Peoples is written by:

(a) Gibb
(b) Arnold
(c) Carl Brokelman
(d) None of these

19: The Arab Siqilliyah is :

(a) Spain
(b) Sicily
(c) Italy
(d) None of these

20: Umar Khayyam is known for his :

(a) Shah Nama
(b) Siyasat Nama
(c) Ruba'iyyat
(d) None of these .

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2004:

Paper I:
(1) Before Islam Arab were engaged live systematically as:

(a) Central Government

(b) Autonomous body
(c) Tribal feuds
(d) None of these

(2) Hadith was complied by:

(a) Hazrat Abu Bakkar

(b) Hujjaj Bin Yousuf
(c) Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
(d) Haroon Rasheed
(e) None of these

(3) Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was born on the following date:

(a) 2nd August 570 AD

(b) 13th August 570 AD
(c) 3rd August 571 AD
(d) 14th Sept. 571 AD
(e) None of these (Probably 19-Apr-570)

(4) Hajr-e-Aswad means:

(a) Pious Stone
(b) Black Stone
(c) Historical Stone
(d) Foundation Stone

(5) Ka'bah is situated in the valley of:

(a) Valley Karan

(b) Valley Taif
(c) Valley Makka
(d) None of these

(6) Hazrat Imam Hussain martyred in:

(a) 680 AD
(b) 681 AD
(c) 682 AD
(d) 683 AD

(7) Treaty of Hudaibiyah was observed in:

(a) 5th Hijrah

(b) 6th Hijrah
(c) 7lh Hijrah.
(d) 8th Hijrah
(e) None of these

(8) Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) died on:

(a) March 633 AD

(b) April 633 AD
(c) May 633 AD
(d) June 633 AD
(e) None of these (8-June-632)

(9) Hazrat Othman was murdered on:

(a) 17th March, 656 A.D.

(b) 17th April, 656 A.D.
(c) 17th May, 656 A.D.
(d) 17th June, 656 A.D.

(10) “The Spirit of Islam” is written by:

(a) Carl Brockelmann
(b) T. W. Arnold
(c) Ameer Ali
(d) None of these

(11) Hisbah was established by:

(a)Harun
(b) Mamun
(c) Al-Mansur
(d) None of these

(12) Salah-ud-Din ayyubi was:

(a) Arabic
(b) Persian
(c) Turk
(d) Kurdish
(e) None of these

(13) The last Abbasid caliph at Cairo was:

(a) al-Mustansar
(b) Al-Mu'tamid
(c) Mutawakil III
(d) None of these

(14) Umer Khayam was:

(a) Arab
(b) Persian
(c) Turk
(d) None of these

(15) Al-Beruni died in:

(a) 1048
(b) 1021
(c) 1063
(d) None of these

(16) Mu’atta was written by:

(a) Imam Shafi

(b) Imam Abu Hanifa
(c) Ahmad bin Hanbal
(d)None of these (Imam Malik)

(17) Kitab ul Asar is the famous book of:

(a) Imam Jafar Sadiq

(b)Imam Abu Hanifa
(c) Imam Shafi
(d) None of these

(18) The first vizier of Abbasid dynasty was:

(a) Abu Muslim

(b) Khalid Barmaki
(c) Yahya Barmaki
(d) None of these

(19) The actual name of Ibn Sina was:

(a) Abu Ali al-Husayn(b) Moosa bin shakir

(c) Saiful daula
(d) None of these

(20) The actual name of the Akber the mughal emperor was:
(a) Noorud-din Muhammad(b) Shahab-ud-din Muhammad
(c) Zaheer-ud-din Muhammad
(d) Jalal-ud-din Muhammad(e) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2003:

Paper II:
(1) Al–Andalus was conquered by the Arabs in:
(a) 699 AD
(b) 711 AD
(c) 800 AD
(d) None of these

(2) Gibraltar is named after:

(a) Musa bin Nusair
(b) Caliph Walid
(c) Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these

(3) Musa bin Nusair was Governor of:

(a) Egypt
(b) North Africa
(c) Basra
(d) None of these

(4) Berbers belonged to:

(a) India
(b) Iraq
(c) Africa
(d) None of these
(5) Al-Dakhil was a Prince of the house of:
(a) Umayyah
(b) Fatimah
(c) Abbas
(d) None of these

(6) Granada fell in:

(a) 1398
(b) 1452
(c) 1492
(d) None of these

(7) Cordova is a city of:

(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) Libya
(c) Spain
(d) None of these

(8) Zaryab was:

(a) Poet
(b) Politician
(c) Musician
(d) None of these

(9) Muhammad Al Fatih was an:

(a) Arab
(b) African
(c) Turk
(d) None of these

(10) Istanbul was the capital of the Khilafat of:

(a) Banu Abbas
(b) Ottomans
(c) Banu Fatimah
(d) None of these

(11) Ibn e Khuldun was:

(a) King
(b) Governor
(c) Historian
(d) None of these

(12) Jamaluddin Afghani was born in:

(a) India
(b) Iran
(c) Afghanistan
(d) None of these

(13) The city of Baghdad lies on the:

(a) River Nile
(b) Tigris
(c) Indus
(d) None of these

(14) Muhammad Ali was the ruler of:

(a) Syria
(b) Turkey
(c) Egypt
(d) None of these

(15) Ottoman Caliphate was abolished in:

(a) 1900
(b) 1918
(c) 1922
(d) None of these (3 March 1924)

(16) Ibn-e-Rushd was a distinguished:

(a) Musician
(b) Calligraphist
(c) Philosopher
(d) None of these

(17) The capital of Saudi Arabia is:

(a) Makkah
(b) Madinah
(c) Riyadh
(d) None of these

(18) Alp Arsalan belonged to

(a) The Ottoman
(b) Saljuqid
(c) Mamluq Dynasty
(d) None of these

(19) “The Preaching of Islam” is written by:

(a) Carl Brockelmann
(b) T. W. Arnold
(c) T. B. Irving
(d) None of these

(20) R. Dozy is the author of:

(a) Islam in History
(b) The spirit of Islam
(c) The Spanish Islam
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2003:

Paper I:
(1) Which is the 3rd Sura in Al-Quran?
(a) Al-Maida
(b) Aal-e-Imran
(c) An_Nisa
(d) None of these

(2) Imam Shafi was a:

(a) Philosopher
(b) Jurist
(c) Poet
(d) None of these

(3) Tigris is a river of:

(a) Uzbekistan
(b) Iraq
(c) Kazakhstan
(d) None of these

(4) The modern name of Habsha is

(a) Africa
(b) Ethopia
(c) Sudam
(d) None of these

(5) Word Muhammad means:

(a) Worthy of praise
(b) ‘The praised one’
(c) Noble
(d) None of these

(6) Aws and Kharzaj were two tribes of:

(a) The Jews
(b) The Quraish
(c) The Ansar
(d) None of these

(7) Banu Quraiza, Banu Nadir and Banu Qainuqa were three tribes of the:
(a) Muslims
(b) Christians
(c) Jews
(d) None of these

(8) Arrange in chronological order:

(a) Battle of Uhud (1)
(b) Battle of Muta (3)
(c) Battle of Khandaq (2)
(d) None of these

(9) The capital of Khurasan was:

(a) Peshawar
(b) Daibul
(c) Nishapur
(d) None of these

(10) Khilafat-e-Rashida lasted for about:

(a) 60 years
(b) 80 years
(c) 30 years
(d) None of these

(11) Ummayed Caliph Mu’awiyah was son of:

(a) Abu Talib
(b) Abu Sufyan
(c) Jafar
(d) None of these

(12) The battle of Qudisiyya was fought during the reign of:
(a) Caliph Abu Bakr(RA)
(b) Caliph Umar Farooq(RA)
(c) Salahuddin Ayyubi
(d) None of these

(13) Tughril was the founder of:

(a) Ghaznawids Dynasty
(b) Ghaurid Dynasty
(c) Saljuq Dynasty
(d) None of these

(14) Khuzestan is an area in:

(a) Turkey
(b) Iran
(c) Azerbaijan
(d) None of these

(15) Sulaiman, the Magnificent was an:

(a) Abbasid Caliph
(b) Ottoman Caliph
(c) Mughal king
(d) None of these

(16) The Mongols defeated:

(a) Salahuddin Ayyubi
(b) The Abbasids
(c) The Ghaznawids
(d) None of these

(17) Bait-al-Hikmah was established by:

(a) Babar
(b) Akber
(c) Harun al-Rashid
(d) None of these

(18) Carl Brockelmann is the author of:

(a) History of the Islamic People
(b) The Samanids
(c) The Fatimids
(d) None of these

(19) The Ottoman Dynasty fell in:

(a) 1810
(b) 1924
(c) 1940
(d) None of these (Nov 1922)

(20) Musailama al Kazzab was:

(a) Writer
(b) False Prophet
(c) Trader
(d) None of these.

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2003:

Paper II:
(1) Sulyman, the magnificent invaded Vienna in:
(a) 1540
(b) 1555
(c) 1580
(d) None of these (1529)

(2) “History of Medieval Islam” was written by:

(a) Amir Ali
(b) Sulyman
(c) J.J.Saunders
(d) None of these

(3) Armistice between Turkey and the Allies (Eastern Thrace issue) took place in:
(a) 1520
(b) 1819
(c) 1919
(d) None of these (11-Oct-1922)

Armistice b/w Allies and Ottomn Empire had taken place on 30 oct 1918 to end hostilities.

(4) Kamal Mustafa was born in the town of:

(a) Basra
(b) Cyprus
(c) Salonika
(d) None of these

(5) Russia declared war on Turkey:

(a) 1718
(b) 1877
(c) 1978
(d) None of these

(6) “A History of Muslim in Spain” was written by:

(a) Macmillan
(b) Frank Cass
(c) Yaqut
(d) None of these

(7) Merida, an old city of Spain, was founded by:

(a) Jews
(b) Muslims
(c) Romans
(d) None of these

(8) ‘Islam in History’ was written by:

(a) Ibn e Khuldun
(b) Nadawi
(c) Muhmmad Munir
(d) None of these (Wahid-ud-Din)

(9) The greatest Muslim Art in which they have achieved incomparable success is:
(a) Paintings
(b) Architecture
(c) Calligraphy
(d) None of these

(10) The city of Baghdad lies on the:

(a) River Nile
(b) Tigris
(c) Bay of Bengal
(d) None of these

(11) Which Muslim ruler was styled the “Augustus of the Arabs”?
(a) Mansur
(b) Mamun
(c) Zubair
(d) None of these

(12) Hakam-I became caliph of Cordova in:

(a) 756
(b) 788
(c) 796
(d) None of these

(13) The book “Studies in the Islamic History” was written by:
(a) Syed Amir Ali
(b) Hanif Nadvi
(c) Amir Hussain
(d) None of these

(14) Musa bin Nusair was the governor of:

(a) Iran
(b) Basra
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these

(15) Hisham became Sovereign of Damascus in:

(a) 717
(b) 724
(c) 743
(d) None of these

(16) The kingdom of Saba was succeeded by :

(a) Himyar
(b) Kablan
(c) Zaid
(d) None of these

(17) Abolition of the Sultanate took place in:

(a) 1918
(b) 1920
(c) 1922
(d) None of these

(18) Avicenna was not only a genius but also a distinguished:

(a) Musician
(b) Calligraphist
(c) Physician
(d) None of these (Philosopher)

(19) Ibn e Khuldun was born in Tunis in the year:

(a) 1332
(b) 1242
(c) 1248
(d) None of these

(20) Universal history book known as “Al-Kamil” was written by:

(a) Ibn- ul- Athir
(b) Tabari
(c) Masudi
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2002:

Paper I:
(1) Total number of the Surahs of the Holy Quran is:
(a) 99
(b) 114
(c) 120
(d) None of these

(2) Write down the names of Khulafa e Rashideen in chronological order.

1- Hazrat Abubakr
2-Hazrat Umar
3- Hazrat Usman
4- Hazrat Ali

(3) Imam Abu Hanifa was a:

(a) Philosopher
(b) Faqih (also called Imam Azam)
(c) Poet
(d) None of these

(4) Euphrates is a river of:

(a) North Africa
(b) Iran
(c) Iraq
(d) None of these

(5) Arrange in chronological order:

(a) Battle of Khaibar (2)
(b) Battle of Badr (1)
(c) Battle of Hunain (3)

(6) Sammara was a city of:

(a) Afghanistan
(b) Turkey
(c) Iraq
(d) None of these

(7) Musa bin Nusair was the governor of:

(a) Makkah
(b) Madinah
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these

(8) Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered:

(a) Spain
(b) Iran
(c) Sindh
(d) None of these

(9) “Al Ahkam al Sutlania” was written by:

(a) Ibn Khuldun
(b) Al-Mawardi
(c) Al Farabi
(d) None of these

(10) The Cantonment of Basra was founded by:

(a) Hazrat Ali
(b) Hazrat Umar(R.A)
(c) Al Saffah
(d) None of these

(11) Imam al Ghazali was the author or:

(a) Tahafat al Tahafat
(b)Muqaddima
(c) Tahafat al Falasafah (Incoherence of Philosophy)
(d) None of these

(12) Alp Arsalan belonged to:

(a) The Ottomon
(b) Saljuqid
(c) Mamluk Dynasty
(d) None of these

(13) The battle of Qadisiyaah was won by:

(a) Tariq bin Ziyad
(b) Salahuddin Ayyubi
(c) Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas(R.A)
(d) None of these

(14) Baghdad was the capital of:

(a) Banu Umayyah
(b) Banu Abbas
(c) Banu Fatimah
(d) None of these (Banu Abbas)

(15) Battle of Karbala occurred during the reign of:

(a) Amir Muawiyah
(b) Harun al Rasheed
(c) Yazeed
(d) None of these

(16) Al-Idrisi was a:

(a) Philosopher
(b) Muhaddith
(c) Geographer
(d) None of these

(17) Arrange in chronological order the following rulers.

(a) Amin al-Rashid (3)
(b) Walid bin Abdul Malik (1)
(c) Al Mansur (2)
 (18) The battle of Jamal was fought between Hazat Aisha(R.A) and Hazrat Ali(R.A).

(19) Imam Bukhari was a:

(a) Caliph
(b) Mufassir
(c) Muhaddith
(d) None of these

(20) Aswad Ansi was

(a) Poet
(b) False Prophet
(c) Trader
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2002:

Paper II:
1. Battle of Tours was fought in ______________
732

2. Which Fiqah (School of Thought) spread in Muslim Spain___________

Maliki

3. Which Muslim Spanish ruler was known as “the bibliophile”___________

Hakam II

4. “Al-Ihatah fi Tarikh Gharnata” was written by _____________

Ibn Qutiyyah

5. Who introduced the doctrine of etiology of decline “Assabiah”__________

Ibn Khuldun

6. Mountain range in South West Europe between France and Spain __________
Pyrenees

7. The Spanish Muslim scholars were expert in philology. Philology means________

Study of Language.

8. “A History of Medieval Islam” was written by ____________

J. J. Saunders

9. “Spanish Islam” was written by _____________

R. Dozy

10. Who built the city of Al-Hambra______________

Ibn al-ahmar

11. Surrender of Granada took place in _____________

1492 AD

12. Ibn ul Ahmar assumed the title of _____________

Sultan of Granada

13. ‘Futuh ul Buldan’ was written by ____________

al-Baladhuri
14. Battle of Roncevalles was fought between Charlamagne and ___________
Basques

15. About which city the Arab scholar remarked: “It stood like a watch-tower in the Meadow”?
City of Granada

16. In Muslim Spain the naval commander was called ____________

Al-Quide

17. Which Muslim ruler is called Dakhil or the Enterer in Spanish history__________
Abdur Rahman-I

18. Abdul Rahman I was succeeded by his son _____________

Hisham-I

19. ‘Islam Resurgent: The Islamic World Today’ was written by ___________
T. B. Irving

20. Who is author of the book entitled ‘History of the Islamic People’_________
Carl Brockelmann

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2001:

Paper I:
(1) The first mosque built for Muslims was:
(a) Bait-ul-Maqdas
(b) Quba Mosque
(c) Nabvi Mosque
(d) None of these

(2) Musailma Kazzab was killed by:

(a) Khalid bin Walid
(b) Wahshi Bin Harb
(c) Hazrat Abbas
(d) None of these

(3) Battle of BADR was fought in the year:

(a) 2 A.H
(b) 3 A.H
(c) 4 A.H
(d) None of these

(4) Grand Mosque at Damascus was built by:

(a) Abdul Malik
(b) Waleed bin Abdul Malik
(c) Umar bin Abdul Aziz
(d) None of these

(5) At Qadsia ________ commanded the Muslim army.

(a) Saad bin Abi Waqas
(b) Khalid bin Waleed
(c) Ikrama
(d) None of these
(6) Dots on Arabic letter was introduced by:
(a) Hajjaj
(b) Yahya Barmaki
(c) Hassan Basri
(d) None of these

(7) Abbasids adopted _______ colour for their official dress.

(a) Red
(b) Green
(c) Black
(d) None of these

(8) Abu Muslim Khurasani was murdered in:

(a) 730 A.D.
(b) 755 A.D. (137 A.H.)
(c) 757 A.D.
(d) None of these

(9) Zakariyya Razi was a:

(a) Mufassir
(b) Sufi
(c) Physician
(d) None of these

(10) Ottoman Sultans were the direct descendants of:

(a) Osman Gazi
(b) Timur
(c) Chingez Khan
(d) None of these

(11) Mamun-ur-Rashid following __________ doctrines.

(a) Ismaili
(b) Ashari
(c) Mutazilla
(d) None of these

(12) Al-Khwarzmi was a:

(a) Soldier
(b) Astonomer
(c) Mathematician
(d) None of these

(13) ________ signed the Treaty of Hudaibiya on behalf of the Quresh.

(a) Abu Sufyhean
(b) Suhail bin Amar
(c) Utba
(d) None of these

(14) Baghdad was conquered and sacked by Halaku Khan in:

(a) 1258 A.D. (656 A.H.)
(b) 1260 A.D.
(c) 1265 A.D.
(d) None of these
(15) Tulaiha was a:
(a) Trader
(b) Poet
(c) False Prophet
(d) None of these

(16) Khayr-al-Din Barbarossa was a:

(a) Sailor (Amir al-Bahr(Admiral) of Suleman the Magnicent)
(b) Qazi
(c) Minister
(d) None of these

(17) Tragedy of Karbala took place in the year:

(a) 61 A.H.
(b) 71 A.H.
(c) 81 A.H.
(d) None of these

(18) ________ was the Tutor of Haroon-ur-Rashid:

(a) Khalid Rarmaki
(b) Yahya Barmaki
(c) Ghazali
(d) None of these

(19) Constantinople was conquered by:

(a) Muhammad II
(b) Suleman
(c) Murad
(d) None of these

(20) Hammurabi, the law giver was a:

(a) Babylonian
(b) Assyrian
(c) Sassanid
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2001:

Paper II:
(1) Who was the first conqueror of Africa?
(a) Muhammad Bin Qasim
(b) Khalid Bin Walid
(c) Uqba bin Nafi
(d) None of these

(2) Spain was conquered by:

(a) Mohmud Ghaznawi
(b) Musa bin Nusair
(c) Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these

(3) Spain is called by the Arabs as:

(a) Afiquiye
(b) Auruba
(c)Al-Andalus
(d) None of these

(4) Ibn Khaldun was an:

(a) Architect
(b) Historian
(c) Muhaddith
(d) None of these

(5) Ibn Zaidun was:

(a) Historian
(b) Philosopher
(c) Poet
(d) None of these

(6) Ibn Tufail lived in:

(a) Egypt
(b) Spain
(c) Syria
(d) None of these

(7) Cordova is a city of:

(a) Libya
(b) al-Andalus
(c) Lebanon
(d) None of these

(8) Who was Zaryab:

(a) A poet
(b) A politician
(c) A singer
(d) None of these

(9) The Moors vacated Spain in:

(a) 1501
(b) 1492
(c) 1452
(d) None of these

(10) What is the name of the book written by Ibn Khaldun? Muqaddimah

(11) What is the real name of “Al-Dakhil” ? Abdur Rahman

(12) “Thafa-tul-Thafat” is a book on:

(a) Science
(b) History
(c) Philosophy
(d) None of these

(13) Who was known as Hawk of Quresh?

(a) Amir Muawiya
(b) Abd-ul-Rahman-I
(c) Ibn Zubair
(d) None of these
(14) What is Granada and Cordova in Arabic (Urdu) alphabets? Gharnata, Qurtubah

(15) What is Wadi-al-Kabeer? Big River(Guadalquivir)

(16) Did the Moor enter in France? Write Yes or No.

(17) Who first took the title of “Khalifa” in Spain? Abdur Rahman III

(18) Name at least TWO Muslim Philosophers of Spain.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Ibn Bajah (Avempace)

(19) Which city was called “Queen of the cities” (Aroos ul Bilaad)?
(a) Baghdad
(b) Cordova
(c) Damascus
(d) None of these

(20) Berbers originally were:

(a) Iranians
(b) Arabs
(c) Africans
(d) None of these

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2000:

Paper I:
(1)Rulers of Pre-Islamic lran were called__________
(a) Qaisar
(b) Kisra
(c) Sultan
(d) None of these.(Shahnshah)

(2) Control over city state of Mecca was regained by the Quraish under__________
(a) Qusay bin Kilab
(b) Abdul Muttalib
(c) Amir Haniza
(d) None of these.

(3) Banu Adnan were the descendents of_____________

(a) Adi bin Hatim
(b) Khusraou
(c) Hazrat Ismail
(d) None of these.

(4) Hazrat Hamza accepted Islam in the year____________

(a) 3 Nabvi
(b) 8 Nabvi
(c) 2 A.H.
(d) None of these (6 Nabvi)

(5) Battle of Uhud was fought in the year____________

(a) 2 A.H.
(b) 3 A.H.
(c) 4 A.H.
(d) None of these.
(6) _________ signed the Treaty of Hudaibiya on behalf of the Quraish.

(a) Abu Sufyan

(b) Suhail bin Amar
(c) Utba
(d) None of these.

(7) Aswad Ansi was a_______________

(a) General
(b) Poet
(c) False Prophet
(d) None of these.

(8) Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah was the conqueror of______________

(a) Egypt
(b) Iran
(c) Yarmuk
(d) None of these.

(9) Tragedy of Karbala took place in the year______________

(a) 61A.H. (680 AD)
(b) 71A.H.
(c) 81A.H.
(d) None of these.

(10) Battle of Marj Rahat was fought against_______________

(a) France
(b) Iran
(c) Crusaders(634)
(d) None of these.

(11) Dots on Arabic Letters were introduced by_____________

(a) Hajjaj bin Yousuf
(b) Yahya Baniiaki
(c) Ashmi
(d) None of these.

(12) Grand Mosque at Damascus was built by_______________

(a) Abdul Malik
(b) Walid bin Abdul Malik
(c) Umar bin Abdul Aziz
(d) None of these.

(13) Battle of Tours was fought in_________________

(a) Europe(France 732)
(b) Syria
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these.

(14) Abu Muslim Khurasani was murdered in________________

(a) 130 A.H.
(b) 135 A.H.
(c) 137 A.H.(755 AD)
(d) None of these.
(15) Independent state of Samania was established in_______________
(a) Central Asia
(b) South Asia
(c) North Africa
(d) None of these.

(16) Al-Hawi was a book on_________________

(a) Jurisprudence
(b) Philosophy
(c) Medicine
(d) None of these.

(17) Al-Qanun was written by_________________

(a) Abu Hanifa (
(b) Ibn Sina(Avecenna)
(c) Imam Ghazali
(d) None of these.

(18) Al-Beruni died in the year_________________

(a) 1048 A.D.
(b) 1150 A.D.
(c) 1180A.D.
(d) None of these.

(19) Samara was built by______________

(a) Walid
(b) Mamun
(c) Muta’sam
(d) None of these.

(20) Ottoman Turks were descendents of_____________

(a) Hazart Uthman
(b) Nuruddin Zangi
(c) Hasan binSabah
(d)None of these.(Osman Ghazi)

Solved MCQs Islamic History and Culture 2000:

Paper II:
(1) Tariq bin Ziyad conquered Spain in 711 A.D. during the reign of Caliph________
Walid bin Abdulmalik

(2) During 719-1031 A.D. Muslim Spain ‘was ruled from the capital of________
Cordova(Cordoba)

3) The great mosque of Cordova was built by ________________

Abdur Rehman-I

(4) Abdur Rahman III assumed the title of caliph in_____________

929 AD(Emir of Cordoba since 912)
5) Fatimid caliphate was established in North Africa in_____________
909 AD (Ubaidullah al-Mahdi)

(6) Nasrid kingdom ruled Granada during ____________

1238-1492 (Ibn ul-Ahmar___Boabdil)

(7) Ibn Bassal contributed to the development of agriculture science during________________

Almu’tamid

(8) Paper making industry was introduced to Europe by Islamic Spain by establishing paper
industry at ________________
Xàtiva, Valencia

(9) "Tarikh Iftitab al-Andlus" was written by___________

Ibn Al Qutiyyah

(10) The technique of cutting crystal was introduced in Muslim Spain by _________
Abbas Ibn Firnas

(11) Islamic Spain was ruled by _________ during 796-822 AD.

Hakam I

(12) The great city of "Madina tul Zohra" was constructed by __________
Abdur Rahman-III

(13) The battle of Alarcas was fought in’_________

1195 AD

(14) Muslim Rule in Granada came to an end in_____________

1492 AD .

(15) "Calendar of Cardova" was compiled by_____________

Rabi Ibn Zaid(Rocemudus)

(16) Tauq al—Hamamah was written by_______________

Ibn Hazm

(17) Al-Masalik wa’l Mamalik was written by __________

Abul Qasim Ibn Khurdadbah

(18) Fiqh ____________ was dominant in Muslim Spain throughout its history.
Maliki

(19) Ibn Rushd (Averroes) lived during ______________

Almohades
(20) The earliest Muslim mathematician of Granada was___________
Abu al-Hasan al-Qasadi

2019
1. Who was the Author of kashf ul Mahjoob? Ans Ali Hujwiri
2. Abdal Malik ibn Marwan was ___? Ans Umayyad
3. Who was the Last Umayyad Caliph? Marwan II
4. Which is the most sacred place in the World ? Baitullah
5. Name the Battle which is fought against Jews? Khyber
6. Quran compilation began in the tenure of which Khalifa? Hazrat Abu Bakar R.A
7. King Roderic was defeated by whom ? Tariq bin Ziyad
8. Rise of Ottoman Empire ? Ans 1300
9. Sufism developed during whom era? Abbasid
10. Crusades fought between which two communities ? Muslims & Christians
11. Who was Al Mansur? Abbasid (2nd Abbasid Caliph)
12. Who was As Saffah? Abu al Abbas
13. Manjaneeq was first used by whom? Muawiyah R.A

2011 Paper 1

1- the pre- islamic era is known as:

a) Modern age b) Age of ignorance c) Golden age d) none

2- Ma'rib dam was located in:

a) iraq b) yaman c) egypt d) none

3- Rulers of Pre- islamic iran were called:-

a) qaiser b) kisra c) shahan- shah d) none

4- Ka'bah is situated in the valley of:

a) Faran b) Makkah c) Taif d) none

5- Hajre- Aswad means:

a) pious stone b) black ston c) foundation stone d) none

6- The word "Muhammad" means:

a) The praised one b) Noble c) Respectful d) none

7- The first revelation came to Prophet (p.b.u.h) in:

a) Hira b) Thaur c) Dar-e-Arqam d) none

8- The duration of social boycott of Musliam Shi'b Abi Talib was for

a) 3 years b) 5 years c) 10 year d) none

9- The Battle of Uhad was fought in the year :

a) 3 Nabvi b) 8 Nabvi c) 9 A.H d) none

10- Who signed the treaty of Hudabiya on the behalf of the Quresh?
a) Abu sufyan b) Abu Lahab c) Abu al Hakam d) none (sohail bhatti`s book page no
136)

11- Banu Qurayzah, Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir were three tribes of :

a) Quraysh b) Christian c) the jews d) none

12- Quran was revealed in :

a) 25 years b) 27 year c) 23 year d) none

13- Hazrat Umer (R.A) was assassinated in the month of:

a) Ramadan b) Ziq'ad c) Muharram d) none (he was assassinated in the month of

zilhajj)

14- Musaylama was:

a) philosopher b) poet c) false prophet d) none

15- The battle of Jamal was fought between Hazrat Aisha and:

a) hazrat muawiyah b) hazrat talah c) hazrat ali d) none

16- The capital of umyad dynasty was:

a) Baghdad b) Cairo c) Khusran d) none (Damascus)

17- Abbasid Caliphate came into being in:

a) 132 AH b) 122 AH c) 142 AH d) none

18- SAmmarra was built by:

a) Al-mansur b) Al mahdi c)Al-must'asim (IN 836 A.D)d) none

19- Jizya is a :-
a) poll tax b) trade tab c) land taxd) none

20- The ottoman dynasty fell in:

a) 1857 b) 1926 c) 1940 d) none

Q1 MCQs
1- Literal meaning of Jehad is ;
a) exemption b) sacrifice c) fight d) struggle

2- Marwan was the son of

a) Hakam b) Walid c) Suleman d) yazid e) none

3- Musa-bin-naseer conquered parts of:

a) Asia b) Africa c) Europe d) Australia

4- in 89 A.H. -- became viceroy of Africa:

a) Musa-bin naseer b) Tariq bin ziyad c) Yazid bin Muhalib d) Umer bin Abdul Aziz

5- After a short khilafat of Muawiyah II the next Khalifa of Islam was:

a)Ibn-e-khatab b)Ibn-e -hashim c) Ibn-e- zubair d)Ibn-e-Yazid e) none

6-Whilst Africa was under the ummayad the Spain was under:
a) Goth b) The Jews c) THe Hindus d) The mongols e)none

7- For the first time Abdul Malik issued purely Muslim Coinage Know as:
a) Pound b) Deenar c) Dirham d) Ruppe e)none

8- Firdousi was the poet of:

a) Persia b) Asia c) africa d) America e) none

9- Al- walid Was one of the greatest Khalifas of:

a) Arabs b) Indo- pak c) China d) Whole islamic world e)none

10- Umm-ul- Banin was a remarkable --- women

a) Arab b) Spanish c) Egyptian d) European e)none

11- Safah was the first caliph of:-

a) Ummayads b) Hashimis c) Abbasids d) Alvids e) none

12- ---- was the real founder of the Abbasid dynasty

a) Safah b) Abu jafar c) Muhammad musa d) Abdullah e) none

13- In the adminstration of the ummayads the court language was:

a) Persian b) Arabics c) French d) German e) none

14- Fazl bin yahya has held the governership of:

a) Khusran and egypt b) Spain c) South asia d) Africa e) none

15- with the emergence of abbasids the Capital was transferd from syria to:
a) Iran b) egypt c) iraq d) turkey e) none (moved from baghdad to samarra)

16- Amin was Murdered in

a) 814 A.c b)815 A.c c)816 A.c d) 817 A.c e) none( 24 march,813 a.c)

17- NAzhun, Zainab and Hamda belonge to

a) spain b) baghdad c) syria d) iraq e) none

18- MAliki doctrines were introduced in spain in the reign of:

a) hisham b) Abd-ur-rahman c) abdullah d) yazid e) none

19- Al-Qanun - Fil tib was written by;

a) Bu-ali-sina b) Almasudi c) Ibn-ishq d) al- yaqubi e) none
 20- Al tafser was written by
a) al-zharwi b) Muhammad-bin zikraya c) al- ghazali d) Jabir bin hayan e) none

The Crusades: Causes & Goals

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by Christian powers in order to
retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control. There would be eight officially
sanctioned crusades between 1095 CE and 1270 CE and many more unofficial ones. Each
campaign met with varying successes and failures but, ultimately, the wider objective of keeping
Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Christian hands failed. Nevertheless, the appeal of the crusading
ideal continued right up to the 16th century CE, and the purpose of this article is to consider what
were the motivating factors for crusaders, from the Pope to the humblest warrior, especially for
the very first campaign which established a model to be followed thereafter.

Who Wanted What?

Why the Crusades happened at all is a complex question with multiple answers. As the historian
J. Riley-Smith notes:
It cannot be stressed often enough that crusades were arduous, disorientating, frightening,
dangerous, and expensive for participants, and the continuing enthusiasm for them displayed
over the centuries is not easy to explain.
An estimated 90,000 men, women, and children of all classes were persuaded by political and
religious leaders to participate in the First Crusade (1095-1202 CE), and their various
motivations, along with those of the political and religious leaders of the time, must each be
examined to reach a satisfactory explanation. Although we can never know exactly the thoughts
or motivation of individuals, the general reasons why the crusading ideal was promoted and acted
upon can be summarised according to the following key leaders and social groups:
• The Byzantine Emperor - to regain lost territory and defeat a threatening rival state.
• The Pope - to strengthen the papacy in Italy and achieve ascendancy as head of the Christian
church.
• Merchants - to monopolise important trading centres currently under Muslim control and earn
money shipping crusaders to the Middle East.
• Knights - to defend Christianity (its believers and holy places), follow the principles of chivalry
and gain material wealth in this life and special favour in the next one.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire had long been in control of Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians
but, in the latter decades of the 11th century CE, they lost them dramatically to the Seljuks, a
Turkish tribe of the steppe. The Seljuks, already having made several raids into Byzantine
territory, shockingly defeated a Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in ancient Armenia in
August 1071 CE. They even captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068-
1071 CE), and although he was released for a massive ransom, the emperor also had to hand
over the important cities of Edessa, Hieropolis, and Antioch. The defeat astonished Byzantium,
and there followed a scramble for the throne which even Romanos’ return to Constantinople did
not settle. It also meant that many of the Byzantine commanders in Asia Minor left their
commands to stake their claim for the throne in Constantinople.
Meanwhile, the Seljuks took full advantage of this military neglect and, c. 1078 CE, created the
Sultanate of Rum with their capital at Nicaea in Bithynia in northwest Asia Minor, which was
captured from the Byzantines in 1081 CE. The Seljuks were even more ambitious, though, and by
1087 CE they controlled Jerusalem.
Several Byzantine emperors came and went but some stability was achieved during the reign of
Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118 CE), himself a veteran of Manzikert. Alexios could not stop the
Seljuks though, and he had only himself to blame for his territorial losses as it was he who had
weakened the military provinces (themes) in Asia Minor. Alexios had done this in fear of the
rising power, and thus potential threat to himself, of the theme commanders. Instead, he had
bolstered the garrisons of Constantinople. The emperor had also been doubtful of the loyalty of
his Norman mercenaries, given the Norman control of Sicily and recent attacks in Byzantine
Greece. Seeing the Seljuk control of Jerusalem as a means to tempt European leaders into
action, Alexios appealed to the west in the spring of 1095 CE to help kick the Seljuks out of not
just the Holy Land but also all those parts of the Byzantine Empire they had conquered. The
sword of Christendom could prove a very useful weapon in preserving the crown of Byzantium.
The Pope
Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) received Alexios’ appeal in 1095 CE, but it was not the first time
the Byzantine emperor had asked and got papal help. In 1091 CE the pope had sent troops to
help the Byzantines against the Pecheneg steppe nomads who were invading the northern
Danube area of the empire. Urban II was again disposed to assistance four years later for various
reasons. A crusade would increase the prestige of the papacy, as it led a combined western army,
and consolidate its position in Italy itself, having experienced serious threats from the Holy
Roman Emperors in the previous century which had even forced the popes to relocate away from
Rome.
Urban II also hoped to reunite the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Christian churches,
with himself at its head, above the Patriarch of Constantinople. The two churches had been split
since 1054 CE over disagreements about doctrine and liturgical practices. The Crusades could be
given wider appeal by playing on the threat of Islam to Christian territories and the Christians
living there. Most important of all though was the loss of Christian control of the Holy Land with
its unique sites of historical significance to Christianity, particularly the tomb of Jesus Christ, the
Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. On top of that, Spain was a reminder of how precarious the
Christian world’s situation really was. By 1085 CE half of Spain was back in Christian hands, and
the Normans had wrested Sicily back to the Christian fold, but the Muslim threat in Europe
remained a potent one, something Urban II could now remind people of. The appeal of Alexios I
Komnenos had all sorts of political and religious advantages.
On 27 November 1095 CE, Urban II called for a crusade in a speech during the Council of
Clermont, France. The message, known as the Indulgence and aimed specifically at knights, was
loud and clear: those who defended Christendom would be embarking on a pilgrimage, all their
sins would be washed away and their souls would reap untold rewards in the next life. In
medieval Europe, Christianity permeated every aspect of daily life, pilgrimage was common,
monasteries were full and the number of newly created saints booming. The idea of sin was
especially prevalent and so Urban II’s promise of immunity from its consequences would have
appealed to many. Crucially, too, the church could condone a campaign of violence because it
was one of liberation (not attack) and it had a just and righteous aim.
Urban II embarked on a preaching tour in France during 1095-6 CE to recruit crusaders, where
his message was spiced up with exaggerated tales of how, at that very moment, Christian
monuments were being defiled and Christian believers persecuted and tortured with impunity.
Embassies and letters were dispatched to all parts of Christendom. Major churches such as those
at Limoges, Angers, and Tours acted as recruitment centres, as did many rural churches and
especially the monasteries. Across Europe, warriors gathered throughout 1096 CE, ready to
embark for Jerusalem.
Merchants
Merchants, although not so involved in the First Crusade, certainly became more involved from
1200 CE as they wanted to open up trade routes with the East, even to control such prosperous
trade centres as Antioch and Jerusalem. Further, merchants could make a handsome profit from
ferrying crusaders across the Mediterranean. Indeed, from the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE),
lucrative contracts were drawn up beforehand to ship armies across to the Middle East. The
Italian trading states of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, as well as Marseille in France, were particular
rivals, and each was eager to gain a monopoly on east-west trade. It should be remembered,
though, that these cities also provided plenty of religious zealots keen to fight for the Christian
cause and not just make cash from it.
European Knights
By the 11th century CE society in medieval Europe had become increasingly militarised. Central
governments simply did not have the means to govern on the ground across every part of their
territories. Those who did govern in practice at local level were large landowners, the barons who
had castles and a force of knights to defend them. Knights, even kings and princes, too, joined
the crusades for religious principles, a reward in the afterlife perhaps or the pure ideal that
Christians and Christian sites must be protected from the infidel. It is important perhaps to note
that there was only a very limited racial or religious hatred specifically against those who had
usurped the Holy Land. Although the clergy certainly used the tools of propaganda available to
them and delivered recruitment sermons across Europe, the fact that Muslims were virtually
unknown to their audience meant that any demonisation had little value. Muslims were the
enemy because they had taken Christian holy sites, not directly because they were Muslims. This
important point is stressed by the historian M. Bull in the following terms:

Popular understanding of the crusades nowadays tends to think in terms of a great conflict
between faiths fuelled by religious fanaticism. This perception is bound up with modern
sensibilities about religious discrimination, and it also has resonances in reactions to current
political conflicts in the Near East and elsewhere. But it is a perspective which, at least as far as
the First Crusade is concerned, needs to be rejected. (Riley-Smith, 18)

For willing knights there was also the chance to win booty, lands, and perhaps even a title. Land
might have to be sold and equipment was expensive, though, so there was certainly a major
financial sacrifice to be made at the outset. Monasteries were on hand to arrange loans for this
who struggled to meet the initial costs. There was, too, the idea of chivalry - that a knight should
‘do the right thing’ and protect not only the interests of their church and god but also those of the
weak and oppressed. In the 11th century CE the code of chivalry was still in its infancy and so
was more concerned with upholding a brotherhood of arms. Thus the relevance of chivalry as
motivation to join the First Crusade is perhaps more to do with the importance of being seen to
do what was expected of one by one’s peers, and only in later crusades would its moral aspects
become more prominent and the message fuelled by songs and poems of daring crusader deeds.

Many knights, too, were simply obliged to join their baron or lord as part of the service they
performed to earn a living. Technically, crusaders were volunteers but one can imagine that
staying at home to tend the castle fireplace while one’s lord and benefactor rode off to the Middle
East was not a practical option for knights in service. In addition, many knights followed their
fathers or brothers as ties of kinship and mutual protection were strong. As the Crusades
continued, traditions and expectations were established within families so that at least one
member of each generation was expected to continue to fight for the cause.
Citizens
Besides knights, the idea of a crusade had to appeal to ordinary foot soldiers, archers, squires,
and all the non-combatants needed to support the cavalry units of knights when on campaign.
That the ideal did appeal to ordinary folk, including women, is illustrated by such events as the
people’s army led by the preacher Peter the Hermit which gathered and arrived in Constantinople
in 1096 CE. The unruly army, sometimes referred to as the “People’s Crusade”, were promptly
shipped by Alexios I Komnenos to Asia Minor, where, ignoring the Byzantine’s advice, they were
ambushed and wiped out near Nicaea by a Seljuk army on 21 October 1096 CE.
Besides the prestige and honour of 'taking up the cross', so called because crusaders wore a
badge on the shoulder on their tunic or cloak, there were some practical benefits for ordinary
citizens, at least by the 13th century CE. These included a delay in feudal service, a court case
might be speeded up before departure, an exemption from certain taxes and tolls, a
postponement of the repayment of debts, and even a release from excommunication.
Conclusion
As the historian C. Tyerman points out in his God’s War, in many ways 1095 CE was the 1914 CE
of the Middle Ages - a perfect storm of moral outrage, personal gain, institutionalised political and
religious propaganda, peer pressure, societal expectations, and a thirst for adventure, which all
combined to inspire people to leave their homes and embark on a perilous journey to a
destination they knew nothing about and where they might meet glory and death or just death.
The fervour did not dissipate either. If anything, the success of the First Crusade and the
recapture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099 CE only inspired more people to 'take the cross'. The idea
of crusading spread to such endeavours as liberating Spain from the Moors (the Reconquista) and
attacking minority targets in Europe such as the Jews, pagans, and heretics (the Northern
Crusades). Orders of knights were created to defend the territories gained in the Middle East, and
taxes were continuously raised to fund the crusades which followed as Muslim and Christian
armies enjoyed both successes and failures, constantly keeping cartographers busy for the next
four centuries.

Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be
one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The
Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it
was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe
and the Middle East. At its height the empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe
to the gates of Vienna, including present-day Hungary, the Balkan region, Greece, and
parts of Ukraine; portions of the Middle East now occupied by Iraq, Syria, Israel, and
Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The
term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the
nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire about 1300.

The Ottoman State to 1481: The Age Of Expansion

The first period of Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial
expansion, during which Ottoman dominion spread out from a small northwestern
Anatolian principality to cover most of southeastern Europe and Anatolia. The political,
economic, and social institutions of the classical Islamic empires were amalgamated with
those inherited from Byzantium and the great Turkish empires of Central Asia and were
reestablished in new forms that were to characterize the area into modern times.

Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 1300–1402

In their initial stages of expansion, the Ottomans were leaders of the Turkish warriors for
the faith of Islam, known by the honorific title ghāzī (Arabic: “raider”), who fought against
the shrinking Christian Byzantine state. The ancestors of Osman I, the founder of the
dynasty, were members of the Kayı tribe who had entered Anatolia along with a mass of
Turkmen Oğuz nomads. Those nomads, migrating from Central Asia, established
themselves as the Seljuq dynasty in Iran and Mesopotamia in the mid-11th century,
overwhelmed Byzantium after the Battle of Manzikert (1071), and occupied eastern and
central Anatolia during the 12th century. The ghazis fought against the Byzantines and
then the Mongols, who invaded Anatolia following the establishment of the Il-Khanid
(Ilhanid) empire in Iran and Mesopotamia in the last half of the 13th century. With the
disintegration of Seljuq power and its replacement by Mongol suzerainty, enforced by
direct military occupation of much of eastern Anatolia, independent Turkmen
principalities—one of which was led by Osman—emerged in the remainder of Anatolia.

Osman and Orhan

Following the final Mongol defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293, Osman emerged as prince (bey)
of the border principality that took over Byzantine Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia
around Bursa, commanding the ghazis against the Byzantines in that area. Hemmed in on
the east by the more powerful Turkmen principality of Germiyan, Osman and his
immediate successors concentrated their attacks on Byzantine territories bordering the
Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara to the west. The Ottomans, left as the major Muslim
rivals of Byzantium, attracted masses of nomads and urban unemployed who were
roaming through the Middle East searching for means to gain their livelihoods and seeking
to fulfill their religious desire to expand the territory of Islam. The Ottomans were able to
take advantage of the decay of the Byzantine frontier defense system and the rise of
economic, religious, and social discontent in the Byzantine Empire and, beginning under
Osman and continuing under his successors Orhan (Orkhan, ruled 1324–60) and Murad I
(1360–89), took over Byzantine territories, first in western Anatolia and then in
southeastern Europe. It was only under Bayezid I (1389–1402) that the wealth and power
gained by that initial expansion were used to assimilate the Anatolian Turkish principalities
to the east.

By 1300 Osman ruled an area in Anatolia stretching from Eskişehir (Dorylaeum) to the
plains of İznik (Nicaea), having defeated several organized Byzantine efforts to curb his
expansion. Byzantine attempts to secure Il-Khanid support against the Ottomans from the
east were unsuccessful, and the Byzantine emperor’s use of mercenary troops from
western Europe caused more damage to his own territory than to that of the Turks. The
Ottomans lacked effective siege equipment, however, and were unable to take the major
cities of Bithynia. Nor could they move against their increasingly powerful Turkmen
neighbours, the Aydın and Karası dynasties, which had taken over Byzantine territory in
southwestern Anatolia. Orhan’s capture of Bursa in 1324 (some sources date the event to
1326) provided the first means for developing the administrative, economic, and military
power necessary to make the principality into a real state and to create an army. Orhan
began the military policy, expanded by his successors, of employing Christian mercenary
troops, thus lessening his dependence on the nomads.
Orhan soon was able to capture the remaining Byzantine towns in northwestern Anatolia:
İznik (1331), İzmit (1337), and Üsküdar (1338). He then moved against his major
Turkmen neighbours to the south. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Orhan annexed
Karası in 1345 and gained control of the area between the Gulf of Edremit and Kapıdağı
(Cyzicus), reaching the Sea of Marmara. He thus put himself in a position to end the
lucrative monopoly enjoyed by the city of Aydın, that of providing mercenary troops to
competing Byzantine factions in Thrace and at the Byzantine capital, Constantinople
(present-day Istanbul). The expansion also enabled the Ottomans to replace Aydın as the
principal ally of the Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. The consequent entry of
Ottoman troops into Europe gave them a direct opportunity to see the possibilities for
conquest offered by Byzantine decadence. The collapse of Aydın following the death of its
ruler, Umur Bey, left the Ottomans alone as the leaders of the ghazis against the
Byzantines. Orhan helped Cantacuzenus take the throne of Byzantium from John V
Palaeologus and as a reward secured the right to ravage Thrace and to marry the
emperor’s daughter Theodora.

Ottoman raiding parties began to move regularly through Gallipoli into Thrace. Huge
quantities of captured booty strengthened Ottoman power and attracted thousands from
the uprooted Turkmen masses of Anatolia into Ottoman service. Starting in 1354, Orhan’s
son Süleyman transformed Gallipoli, a peninsula on the European side of the Dardanelles,
into a permanent base for expansion into Europe and refused to leave, despite the
protests of Cantacuzenus and others. From Gallipoli Süleyman’s bands moved up the
Maritsa River into southeastern Europe, raiding as far as Adrianople. Cantacuzenus soon
fell from power, at least partially because of his cooperation with the Turks, and Europe
began to be aware of the extent of the Turkish danger.

Murad I

Orhan’s son Murad I was the first Ottoman emperor to use Gallipoli for permanent
conquests in Europe. Constantinople itself was bypassed, despite the weakness and
disorganization of its defenders, because its thick walls and well-placed defenses remained
too strong for the nomadic Ottoman army, which continued to lack siege equipment.
Murad’s initial conquests extended northward into Thrace, culminating with the capture in
1361 of Adrianople, the second city of the Byzantine Empire. Renamed Edirne, the city
became the new Ottoman capital, providing the Ottomans with a centre for the
administrative and military control of Thrace. As the main fortress between Constantinople
and the Danube River, it controlled the principal invasion road through the Balkan
Mountains, assured Ottoman retention of their European conquests, and facilitated further
expansion to the north.

Murad then moved through the Maritsa River valley and captured Philippopolis (Philibé or
Filibe; modern Plovdiv) in 1363. Control of the main sources of Constantinople’s grain and
tax revenues enabled him to force the Byzantine emperor to accept Ottoman suzerainty.
The death of the Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355 left his successors too divided
and weak to defeat the Ottomans, despite an alliance with Louis I of Hungary and Tsar
Shishman of Bulgaria in the first European Crusade against the Ottomans. The Byzantine
emperor John V Palaeologus tried to mobilize European assistance by uniting the churches
of Constantinople and Rome, but that effort only further divided Byzantium without
assuring any concrete help from the West. Murad was thus able in 1371 to rout the allies
at Chernomen (Çirmen), on the Maritsa, increasing his own confidence and demoralizing
his smaller enemies, who rapidly accepted his suzerainty without further resistance.
Murad next incorporated into the rapidly expanding empire many European vassals. He
retained local native rulers, who in return accepted his suzerainty, paid annual tributes,
and provided contingents for his army when required. That policy enabled the Ottomans
generally to avoid local resistance by assuring rulers and subjects that their lives,
properties, traditions, and positions would be preserved if they peacefully accepted
Ottoman rule. It also enabled the Ottomans to govern the newly conquered areas without
building up a vast administrative system of their own or maintaining substantial
occupation garrisons.
Moving rapidly to consolidate his empire south of the Danube, Murad captured Macedonia
(1371), central Bulgaria (including Monastir [1382], Sofia [1385], and Niš [1386]), and
Serbia, all culminating in the climactic defeat of the Balkan allies at the Battle of Kosovo in
1389. South of the Danube only Walachia, Bosnia, Albania, Greece, and the Serbian fort of
Belgrade remained outside Ottoman rule, and to the north Hungary alone was in a
position to resist further Muslim advances.

Bayezid I

Murad was killed during the Battle of Kosovo. His son and successor, Bayezid I, was
unable to take advantage of his father’s victory to achieve further European conquest. In
fact, he was compelled to restore the defeated vassals and return to Anatolia. That return
was precipitated by the rising threat of the Turkmen principality of Karaman, created on
the ruins of the Seljuq empire of Anatolia with its capital at Konya. Bayezid’s predecessors
had avoided forceful annexation of Turkmen territory in order to concentrate on Europe.
They had, however, expanded peacefully through marriage alliances and the purchase of
territories. The acquisition of territory in central Anatolia from the emirates of Hamid and
Germiyan had brought the Ottomans into direct contact with Karaman for the first time.
Murad had been compelled to take some military action to prevent it from occupying his
newly acquired Anatolian territories but then had turned back to Europe, leaving the
unsolved problem to his successor son.
Karaman willingly cooperated with Serbia in inciting opposition to Ottoman rule among
Murad’s vassals in both Europe and Anatolia. That opposition strengthened the Balkan
Union that was routed by the Ottomans at Kosovo and stimulated a general revolt in
Anatolia that Bayezid was forced to meet by an open attack as soon as he was able. By
1390 Bayezid had overwhelmed and annexed all the remaining Turkmen principalities in
western Anatolia. He attacked and defeated Karaman in 1391, annexed several Turkmen
states in eastern Anatolia, and was preparing to complete his conquest in the area when
he was forced to turn back to Europe to deal with a revolt of some of his Balkan vassals,
encouraged and assisted by Hungary and Byzantium. Bayezid quickly smashed the rebels
(1390–93), occupied Bulgaria and installed direct Ottoman administration for the first
time, and besieged Constantinople. In response, Hungary organized a major European
Crusade against the Ottomans. The effort was beaten back by Bayezid at the Battle of
Nicopolis (Niğbolu) on the Danube in 1396. Europe was terrorized, and Ottoman rule
south of the Danube was assured; Bayezid’s prestige in the Islamic world was so
enhanced that he was given the title of sultan by the shadow ʿAbbāsid caliph of Cairo,
despite the opposition of the caliph’s Mamlūk masters (the rulers of Egypt, Syria, and the
holy cities of Mecca and Medina), who wanted to retain the title only for themselves.
Turning back to Anatolia to complete the conquests aborted by his move against the
Crusaders, Bayezid overran Karaman, the last Turkmen principality, in 1397. His
advances, however, attracted the attention of Timur (Tamerlane), who had been building
a powerful Tatar empire in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mesopotamia and whose
invasion of India in 1398 had been halted by his fear of the rising Ottoman power on his
western flank. Encouraged by several Turkmen princes who had fled to his court when
their territories were taken by Bayezid, Timur decided to destroy Bayezid’s empire before
turning his attentions back to the east and thus invaded Anatolia. As Bayezid and Timur
moved toward battle, the former’s Turkmen vassals and Muslim followers deserted him
because he had abandoned the old Ottoman ghazi tradition of advancing against the
infidel. Left only with forces provided by his Christian vassals, Bayezid was decisively
overwhelmed by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. Taken captive, Bayezid died within
a year.

Restoration of the Ottoman Empire, 1402–81

Timur’s objective in Anatolia had been not conquest but rather a secure western flank that
would enable him to make further conquests in the east. He thus followed his victory by
retiring from Anatolia after restoring to power the Turkmen princes who had joined him;
evidently Timur assumed that a divided Anatolia would constitute no threat to his
ambitions. Even Bayezid’s sons were able to assume control over the family’s former
possessions in western Anatolia, and the Ottoman Empire in Europe was left largely
untouched. At that time a strong European Crusade might have pushed the Ottomans out
of Europe altogether, but weakness and division south of the Danube and diversion to
other matters to the north left an opportunity for the Ottomans to restore what had been
torn asunder without significant loss.