System Programming (SENG 3044)
Lecture 04: Macro Processors
Walelign A. (M.Sc.)
Debre Berhan University
Faculty of Computing
Department of Software Engineering
January 4, 2021
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Contents
Basic Macro Processors Functions
Machine-Independent Macro Processors Features
Macro Processors Design Options
Implementation Examples
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Introduction to Macro Processors
A macro instruction (macro) is a notational convenience for the
programmer.
I Allow the programmer to write a shorthand version of a program
A macro represents a commonly used group of statements in the
source programming language.
Expanding the macros
I The macro processor replaces each macro instruction with the
corresponding group of source language statements.
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Introduction to Macro Processors
A macro processor
I Essentially involve the substitution of one group of characters or lines
for another.
I Normally, it performs no analysis of the text it handles.
I It doesn’t concern the meaning of the involved statements during
macro expansion
The design of a macro processor generally is machine independent.
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Introduction to Macro Processors
Three examples of actual macro processors:
I A macro processor designed for use by assembler language programmers
I Used with a high-level programming language
I General-purpose macro processor, which is not tied to any particular
language
C uses a macro preprocessor to support language extensions, such as
named constants, expressions, and file inclusion.
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Basic Macro Processors Functions
Macro processor should processes the
I Macro Definitions
F Define macro name, group of instructions
I Macro invocation (macro calls)
F A body is simply copied or substituted at the point of call
I Expansion with substitution of parameters
F Arguments are textually substituted for the parameters
F The resulting procedure body is textually substituted for the call
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Macro Definition
Two new assembler directives are used in macro definition:
I MACRO: identify the beginning of a macro definition
I MEND: identify the end of a macro definition
label op operands
name MACRO parameters
.
body
.
MEND
Parameters: the entries in the operand field identify the parameters of
the macro instruction
I We require each parameter begins with ‘&
Body: the statements that will be generated as the expansion of the
macro.
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Macro Definition
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Macro Definition
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Macro Definition
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Macro Invocation
A macro invocation statement (a macro call) gives the name of the
macro instruction being invoked and the arguments in expanding the
macro.
Macro Invocation vs. Subroutine Call
I Statements of the macro body are expanded each time the macro is
invoked.
I Statements of the subroutine appear only one, regardless of how many
times the subroutine is called.
I Macro invocation is more efficient than subroutine call, however, the
code size is large
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Macro Expansion
Each macro invocation statement will be expanded into the
statements that form the body of the macro.
Arguments from the macro invocation are substituted for the
parameters in the macro prototype.
I The arguments and parameters are associated with one another
according to their positions.
F The first argument in the macro invocation corresponds to the first
parameter in the macro prototype, etc.
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Macro Expansion
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Macro Expansion with Parameters Substitution
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Macro Processors Algorithm and Data Structures
Two-pass macro processor
One-pass macro processor
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Two-pass macro processor
Two-pass Macro processor
I Pass1: process all macro definitions
I Pass2: expand all macro invocation statements
Problem
I Does not allow nested macro definitions
I Nested macro definitions
F The body of a macro contains definitions of other macros
I Because all macros would have to be defined during the first pass
before any macro invocations were expanded
Solution
I One-pass macro processor
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Nested Macros Definition
MACROS (for SIC)
I contains the definitions of RDBUFF and WRBUFF written in SIC
instructions
MACROX (for SIC/XE)
I contains the definitions of RDBUFF and WRBUFF written in SIC/XE
instructions.
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Nested Macros Definition
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Nested Macros Definition
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Nested Macros Definition
A program that is to be run on SIC system could invoke MACROS
whereas a program to be run on SIC/XE can invoke MACROX.
Defining MACROX does not define RDBUFF and WRBUFF.
I These definitions are processed only when an invocation of MACROX is
expanded
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One-pass macro processor
One-pass macro processor
I Every macro must be defined before it is called
I One-pass processor can alternate between macro definition and macro
expansion
I Nested macro definitions are allowed
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Three Main Data Structures
DEFTAB
I A definition table used to store macro definition including
F macro prototype
F macro body
I Comment lines are omitted.
I Positional notation has been used for the parameters for efficiency in
substituting arguments.
NAMTAB
I A name table used to store the macro names
I Serves as an index to DEFTAB
F Pointers to the beginning and the end of the macro definition
ARGTAB
I A argument table used to store the arguments used in the expansion of
macro invocation
I As the macro is expanded, arguments are substituted for the
corresponding parameters in the macro body.
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Data Structures Snapshot
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Handle Macro in Macro
When a macro definition is being entered into DEFTAB, the normal
approach is to continue until an MEND directive is reached.
This will not work for “macro in macro” because the MEND first
encountered (for the inner macro) will prematurely end the definition
of the outer macro.
To solve this problem, a counter LEVEL is used to keep track of the
level of macro definitions. A MEND will end the definition of the
macro currently being processed only when LEVEL is 0
I This is very much like matching left and right parentheses when
scanning an arithmetic expression.
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Concatenation of Macro Parameters
Most macro processors allow parameters to be concatenated with
other character stings.
E.g., to flexibly and easily generate the variables XA1, XA2, XA3,
. . . , or XB1, XB2, XB3, “A” or “B” can be input as an argument.
We just need to concatenate “X”, the argument, and the “1” , “2”,
“3” .. together.
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Concatenation Example
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Recursive Macro Expansion
If we want to allow a macro to be invoked in a macro definition, the
already presented macro processor implementation cannot be used.
This is because the EXPAND routine is recursively called but the
variable used by it (e.g., EXPANDING) is not saved across these calls.
It is easy to solve this problem if we use a programming language that
support recursive functions. (e.g., C or C++).
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Recursive Macro Examplee
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Recursive Macro Example
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End
Question
Many Thanks!
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