Chapter: - 3 (Pakistan).

Q1. Describe the importance of Location of Pakistan.

Ans. Pakistan is a new state. It came into being one 14 August 1947. It is a traditional society
with a low literacy rate trying to acquire modern technology. It is a developing country with a
high rate of population growth. It has in the recent past been heavily burdened with foreign debt.
It has an unfavorable balance of trade, although the manufacturing sector is growing. The past
9/11 events have coincided with Marco-stability and an economic breakthrough.
Pakistan is the Land of Pure, is strategically placed all the crossroads of Asia. The official
name of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Capital of Pakistan is Islamabad but the first
capital of Pakistan was Karachi from 1947 to 1959. Then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan
shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in 1959.
LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located between 23½ degree North to 37 degree North and 61 degree East to
77 degree East as far as the latitudinal and longitudinal extents are concerned.
1) In the West of sub-continent, Pakistan is located. While in the North of Pakistan, Himalaya is
located.
2) The narrow strip of Afghanistan “Wakhan” separates Pakistan from independent states.
3) In the N-E side of Pakistan, the province of China joins the border of Kashmir.
4) In further South, the borders of Pakistan and Iran joins.
5) In eastern side, Indian Punjab and the states of Rajhistan are located.
Geo-Strategic Position:-
Pakistan is surrounded by various countries:
East………………………………………..India
West & North West ……………………..Afghanistan
South West Iran …………………………Iran
North…………………………………..….China
South………………………………..……Arabian Sea
AREA OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic Republic of
Pakistan. It has an area of 7, 96,096 square kilometers. Area of Pakistan is four times as larger as
UK and one fourth of the size of India. 58% area of Pakistan is consists of Mountains and
plateaus, while 42% area of Pakistan consists of plains and deserts.

Q2) Write a note on the Population and its distribution.

A) According to cense of 1998 total population of Pakistan was 132.3 million. While, according to the
census of 2015-2016, the total population of Pakistan was 195.4 million. About 98% of the total
population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis and Ahmadis also live in this country and
density of population in Pakistan is 250 persons per sq. km.
It means that the annual population growth rate was 1.89, which increased to 1.92.
1) Densely Populated Regions:-
The Densely populated areas in Pakistan are described in the following:-
a) The highest density of population is in Karachi Division. The factors for this high density are the
extensive settlement, trade and development of industry.
b) In the same way, the industrial cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Peshawar, Mardan and Gujranwala also
have high population density.
c) The high-density areas include piedmont cities of Sialkot and Gujrat that were established since ancient
times.
d) The canal-irrigated areas of Punjab have more population. The new irrigation schemes have not only
increased the area under cultivation, it has also increased the per hectare production.

2) Less densely/Sparsely Populated Areas:-

The features of less densely populated areas are following:-
a) North and North Western Mountains, the dry plateau of Balochistan and the desert areas of Thal and
Thar have low population density because of the low amount of rainfall, and due to rocky and sandy land,
the agriculture is difficult.
b) The barren area of Kalat has population density less than 20 persons per square Km.
c) Chaghi and Kharan that have an area less than 3 % under cultivation have density of population less
than 5 people per square Km.

Q3) Write a note on the population of Big/ Major Cities of Pakistan.

A) The population of Pakistan Major Cities is mentioned in the following:-
1) According to the population census of 1998, the largest city of Pakistan in terms of population is
Karachi. It has a population of 9.2 Million.
2) The second city is Lahore (5.06 Million).
3) After Lahore is Faisalabad (1.97 Million). The population of Pakistan 3 major cities makes up to
38.4% of the total population of Pakistan.
4) The 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th ranking cities are Rawalpindi (1.04 Million), Multan (1.18 Million), Hyderabad
(1.15 Million) and Gujranwala (1.12 Million).
5) The Federal Capital Islamabad has a population of 0.79 Million.

Q4) Write a note on Agriculture of Pakistan.

A) The salient features of Agriculture of Pakistan are following:-
1) The people of this region have been depending upon the agriculture from ancient times. The economy
of the country largely depends upon the agriculture.
2) Agriculture supplies the raw materials for the major industries of the country.
3) About 19.87% of the exports of the country comprises of dairy farming and agriculture.
4) Agriculture contributes 60% of the national income and around 42% of the population is related to
agricultural activities.
5) According to 1986-87 statistic the arable land area of Pakistan was 57.78 Million Hectares out of
which 36.5 was under irrigation, 5% under forest covers and 40% was not available for cultivation, while
18% of the total area i.e. 10.4 Million Hectares was left with any crop cover.
The prosperity of Pakistan sure depends upon its agriculture.
Q5) Write a note on the Major crops of Pakistan.
A) Due to the seasonal changes in Pakistan there are 2 types of crops.
1) Kharif:-
The Kharif crops are sown in the end of spring season and the beginning of the summer season.
These crops are harvested in October or November. For these types of crops more water and high
temperature are required. Cotton, Rice, Maize, Millet, and Sugar-cane are major Kharif crops.

2) Rabi:-
The Rabi crops are sown after the rainy season in October and November. These crops are
harvested in April or May. These are called spring crops, Wheat, Grams, Barley and oil seeds are Rabi
crops.
>) The Major crops of Pakistan are mentioned in the following:-
A) Rice:-
The salient features of Rice of Pakistan are following:-
1) Rice is an important crop of Pakistan. In the Initial days of the crop it not only requires high
temperature, it requires high amount of water too. Abundant water supply and rainfall provide the suitable
condition for cultivation of rice.
2) Rice in Pakistan is grown in the canal irrigated areas and the flood plains of the rivers. At a limited
scale, it is grown in the piedmont areas in the north. But Pakistan is far too behind in the per hectare
production of the rice.
3) Basmati rice has a great demand in the international market. Government exports it after buying it from
the farmers.
4) For rice cultivation warm and humid climate, abundant rainfall and level field with soft fertile soil are
required.
5) Rice at first is sown in nursery and after 2 weeks these small plants are transferred to the water filled
fields. As the crop ripens, the requirement for water also decreases.
6) For the better production of rice it is necessary that the temperature in July must not increase above
24.C and the January temperature should not fall below 13.C.
7) At the rime of ripening the temperature should be around 26.C. This crop requires more labor force as
the small plants are shifted from nurseries to the field by hand. Thus the densely populated areas can
provide the necessary labor force.

B) Wheat:-
The salient features of Wheat of Pakistan are mentioned in the following:-
1) In the cereal crops, wheat is the most popular food. If has been cultivated since times immemorial.
2) It is the most important cereal of Pakistan and is a Rabi Crop.
3) Around 5 million- hectare area is under wheat cover whereas rice covers about half of this area. The
other cereal crops cover only ¼ of the areas covered by wheat.
4) For the cultivation of wheat suitable conditions are much important. This crop is ready in 90 days, and
requires cool and humid climate.
5) At the time of its sowing, the weather should be clear, dry and warm.
6) The average annual rainfall should be between 375 mm to 875 mm. In Pakistan wherever the rainfall in
less than 225 mm, the deficiency of water is fulfilled by irrigation.
7) Wheat can be grown in many types of soils. But the most suitable soil has the mixture of sand, clay,
and chalk. The surface should be leveled so that water can easily flow.
8) About 2/3rd of the crop is grown in the canal-irrigated areas of Pakistan. Besides the dry areas of the
country, the canal areas and the areas that receive rainfall in autumn and summer.
9) The Potwar Plateau and Peshawar Plains are the areas that totally depends on rainfall for the wheat
production.,

>) Major wheat producing areas of Pakistan are in the following:-

1) In Punjab province Multan, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Muzaffargarh and Jhang.
2) In Sind Sukkar, Hyderabad and Nawabshah.
3) In N.W.F.P Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Bannu and Mardan.
4) In Balochistan Nasirabad and Khuzdar.
.) According to 2015-16 statistics, the total annual production of wheat was 25482 metric tons. In drought
conditions wheat has to be imported to meet the domestic needs.

C) Corn:-
The salient features of Corn of Pakistan are following:-
1) For the cultivation of crop, a lot of water, sunny days, and warm climate are required. The heavy or
mixed soil has a positive effect on its growth.
2) It needs 500 mm to 1500 mm of annual rainfall, 24.C of temperature and fertile soil.
3) It is a Kharif crop and is mainly cultivated in the piedmont plains of Peshawar &Plains and the plains
of Punjab.

D) Sugarcane:-
The salient features of Sugarcane are following:-
1) The cultivation of Sugarcane requires fertile land and abundant supply of water. Dry climate and frost
are a major threat to this crop.
2) The sugarcane is cultivated in irrigated lands and most parts of Multan, Peshawar, and Mardan are
under the cover of this crop.

E) Barley:-
The salient features of Barley are following:-
1) This cereal crop is sturdier than wheat. In less fertile soils, it can give good production.
2) It can easily sustain drought. The areas which are not suitable for wheat cultivation, barley is a suitable
alternative.

F) Sorghum, Millets and Grams:-

The salient features of Barley are following:-
1) These are also cereal crops than can flourish in sandy and less fertile lands; lesser amount of water is
required for these crops.
2) Millet & Sorghum is Kharif crop, while Gram is a Rabi crop.
G) Cotton:-
The salient features of Cotton are following:-
1) This is an important cash and Kharif crop of Pakistan. It is commonly cultivated in the canal- irrigated
areas of Indus valley in Sindh.
2) The heavy soils that can retain moisture are suitable for its cultivation.
3) At the time of harvest, the weather should be warm and dry.
4) Around 80% of the cotton cultivated area is under the cover of American Cotton.
5) 3/4th of the area is located in Punjab and rest is in Sindh Province.

H) Tobacco:-
The salient features of Tobacco are following:-
1) It requires fertile soil. It is generally cultivated in the irrigated areas. This crop requires high amount of
fertilizers.
2) Although tobacco is cultivated in every district of Pakistan but high quality crop is limited to a few
districts. For example: - Mardan, Swabi, Attock and Sahiwal.
3) In Mastung region of Qalat high quality edible tobacco is grown.

I) Fruits:-
The salient features of the fruits of Pakistan are in the following:-
1) In the semi-arid parts of Pakistan, Citrus fruits are grown. These include: - Kino, Oranges, and
Lemons. These are mainly limited to the canal irrigated areas of Punjab.
2) Multan is famous for the Mangoes. Multan, Khairpur and Qalat divisions have the world famous date
palm plantations.
3) Peaches, Plums, Apples, Almonds, Pears and Apricots are grown in Peshawar, Mardan, Hazara and
Quetta districts.
4) High Quality Apples, peaches and Cherries and pomegranates are grown in Quetta.
5) The estimated production of dry fruits is 74.5 Lakh Kilograms per year.

Q6) Write a note on Minerals and Power Resources.

A) The economic development of every country is based upon its industries. The mineral resources
provide raw materials for the industries. Till now not all of the mineral wealth of Pakistan has been
surveyed. There is a possibility that many big reserves of the mineral deposits might be discovered in
future.
Many mountains areas are inaccessible; therefore these areas cannot be surveyed. Furthermore, the Tribal
residents of these areas suspect the foreigners. Even then the search for mineral deposits is going on in
Pakistan at a fast pace.
.) Popular regions for mineral resources in Pakistan:-
1) The Balochistan Plateau.
2) The salt range and potwar plateau.

Nearly about all minerals are exploited from these 2 regions. Presently the value addition in this miner
sector is concentrated in the following 3 principles:-

A) Salt:-
 Major rock salt deposits are found in the following areas of Pakistan. The Salt ranges are
located in the following areas:-
1) Khewra (Jhelum District), Warcha (Sargodha District) and Kalabagh, across the River Indus in Clita,
Bahadur Khel and Kurk (Kohat District).
2) A layer of water salt and salt lake extends in vast area of Tharparker of Sindh, with a width of about
1.83 meters.
3) Salt is also produced by oceanic water through evaporation at Maripur nearly 13 Km away from
Karachi.
4) In Balochistan, salt is also availed from the sea water through evaporation in Makran and Lesbella
coastal area.

B) Coal:-
In Pakistan coals mines are situated in following 3 principle regions.
1) Kohistan:-
These regions major coal mines are located at Dandote and Pidh in Eastern part and
Makerwal in western part.
2) North Eastern Balochistan:-
It is based upon coal mines of following 3 areas.
a) Khost-sharing
b) Sor Range, Deghari and Shirin Abb.
c) Mach-Bolan (these coal mines are located on both sides of railway line which goes to the Khyber Pass.

3) The Sindh Coals Mines:-

It has 2 main coal areas.
a) Jhamphir, Mainting coal mines which are located 128 Km away from Karachi in east.
b) Lakhra (Dadu District) Coals mines which are located 128 Km away from Karachi in North. The coal
is mostly of low quality and mainly used in brick kilns and in different factories while the good quality
coal is imported.

C) Mineral Oil:-
The search for mineral oil in Pakistan is from its independence. In spite of its local
production contributes a little in its requirement. Therefore, it has to import it from other countries,
especially Iran, Central Asia Sates, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and U.S.A.

All the oil fields are located in Punjab. Six prominent oil fields are following:-
a) Dhulian (Attock District).
b) Joyamir (Jhelum District).
c) Karsal (Jhelum District).
d) Balksar (Chakwal District).
e) Tut (Attock District).
f) Khar (Attock District).

.) In 2015-16, the production of crude oil from these wells was “5,353,380 bbl.
a) Morga Rawalpindi oil refinery
b) Pakistan oil refinery limited Karachi.
c) National Oil refinery limited Karachi.
D) Natural Gas:-
1) During the search for mineral oil, Natural Gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (Sibi District). It is one of
the huge reserves of Natural Gas in the world and is a blessing of God to Pakistan. It is used for industrial
and domestic purpose.
2) Its recoverable reserves are more than 178 Million cubic meters, which will be used several hundred
years.
3) This Gas is supplied to other cities like:- Quetta, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad, etc.
from Sibi through Pipeline.
4) Gas is cheap fuel for industrial, commercial and domestic purposes. Therefore, numbers of foreign
companies are engaged in exploration of oil and gas,
5) Oil and gas development Corporation of Pakistan (OGDC) is also engaged in it.
6) In 2015-16, the total production of gas was 306,604 MM-Scf.

E) Chromite:-
1) Pakistan has fairly deposits of chromite, located at Muslim Bagh (Zhob District) in Zhob valley in
North West of Balochistan.
2) Its annual Production is from 15,000-20,000 tons and all is exported. Other deposits are in areas of
Chaghi (Near Vabandin), Kharan and North Waziristan.

F) Iron:-
1) Iron ore deposits are located in the following areas.
a) Kalabagh in Mianwali District.
b) Domal Nisar in Chitral.

2) Its mining is difficult due to mixed mineral structural and transportation. Iron ore reserves of good
quality discovered at wabandin (Chaghi District) and Mangrial (Hazara District) but breaking has not
started.

G) Gypsum:-
1) Major deposits of Gypsum are located in the salt range and Western Mountain of which important area
are Khewra, Dandowat and Dadu Kbol.
2) Other is in Kohat, Saintungi, and Rohri. Its annual production is from ½ lakh and a large amount is
exported.

H) Other Minerals:-
The other Minerals found in Pakistan are following:-
a) Huge amount of Lime Stone is found in North and North western hilly areas, which are located in the
borders of Plains.
b) Good quality marble is found in Mulaghori, Munri, and Ghundhai, Tarco, (Mardaan District). Black
and White marbles are also found on a large scale in Kala Chita range in Attock district near Fathegang.
A small amount is exploited from the Kamal Gil mines of Chitral found in Hazara, Chitral, Lesbella, and
Chaghi.
c) Some deposits of Asbestos in North of Muslim Bagh and China clay in Nagir Parker (Sindh) are found.
d) Recently, China clay of Good Quality has discovered in Mangora (Swat).
e) Radioactive minerals like uranium are discovered in Hazara District of Khyber PaktunKhwa and D.G
Khan (District Punjab).

Q7) Write a note on Energy Resources in Pakistan.

A) In this age, energy has a great role in the development of the country especially in the industry and
agriculture. It requires of domestic purpose, light, food preservation and means of transportation and
communication.
Following are the energy resources of Pakistan:-

1) Hydro power
Pakistan is not self-sufficient in its oil, gas and coal requirements, but Pakistan has a
large economically feasible Hydel power potential of 7027 MW (2015-2016) in northern areas. It is due
to relief and permanent flow of rivers. Following are major Hydel projects.
a) Malakand-Dirgay Hydro-electric project.
b) Rasool hydro-electric project
c) Mangla hydro-electric project
d) Tarbela.

2) Thermal Power:-
Thermal power plants are located in Karachi, Faisalabad, Guddu, Jamshoro,
“Muzaffargarh, Sukkar, Shahara and Quetta.

3) Nuclear Power:-
Nuclear power plant is also working in Karachi and is known as KANUPP

4) Conventional Power:-
Salient features of Conventional energy in Pakistan are following:-
a) Conventional energy includes the solar and wind energy recourses. Solar energy resources are under
experiment. It can make the best use of this free gift of nature.
b) Pakistan has large quantity of daily sunshine. It is neat and clean source of energy and can be changed
into mechanical and electrical power sources.

c) Wind energy mills are also cheap sources of energy and may be generated into coastal areas on small
scale.

Q8) Write a note on the industries of Pakistan.

A) Basically Pakistan is an agriculture country but for the prosperity of the country, industrial
development is also essential. For a lot of raw material and manufacturing goods, Pakistan has depended
upon other countries. It imports a lot of coal, mineral oil, machines and vehicles.
For industrial development, those industries should be established which utilize locally available raw
material resources.
In this way Pakistan can save substantial amount of foreign exchange.
After the independence, Pakistan had established many factories in major cities such as Karachi, Lahore
and Faisalabad, etc; then adopted decentralization policy. Now industrial zones have been established at
other locations.
Pakistan industries may be divided into 2 groups:-

1) Cottage/ small scale industries:-

Small-scale industry has always been praised in different ways in various countries. In
Pakistan this industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers, produces different goods
for the market on small scale. Every industry is included, whether it produces goods at home, or
by setting up few machines on a rented place and employing few workers to produce various
goods.
.) Industries included in Small Scale Industries:
Majority of the workers are attached with small scale industry. In our small industry
poultry farms, dairy farms, honey making industry, carpet industry, pottery, sports, goods, fans
and electric motors and iron goods of daily use are included.
2) Heavy Industry
Usually heavy industry is that industry which not only produces goods on large scale but
also produces machines and raw material for other industries, for example Pakistan Steel Mill
and Shipyard in Karachi. In Pakistan the large scale industries are those which produce major
parts of industrial products for the consumers.

.) Industries included in Heavy Industry:

The percentage of industrial progress is 13.1% in 2003-04. In large scale industry 11
types of industries have progressed rapidly including
(1) The petroleum and petroleum products industry,
(2) Automobile industry,
(3) Cement and chemical fertilizers producing industry,
(4) Vehicle manufacturing Industries,
(5) Electrical Appliances Manufacturing Industries,
(6) Sugar industry,
(7) Food products, i.e., ghee, cooking oil, etc, tobacco and cigarette,
(8) Textile and textile related industries,
(9) Leather and leather goods industry,
(10) Paper and paper products industry, Cosmetics and chemical materials,
(11) Rubber and plastic goods industry,
(12) Tires and tubes

>) Major factories of Pakistan:-

1) Iron and Steel industries:-
 Salient features of Iron and Steel industries of Pakistan are following:-

a) Iron and steel industries has a vital role in the industrial development of the country due to availability
of iron-ore at present, it is imported from the foreign countries and scrap iron is used.
b) Pakistan has number of foundries, steel factories especially at Karachi, Lahore and Gujranwala.
c) Pakistan steel mills at Karachi are the biggest iron sheet industries of the country. Its construction
started in 1971 with the help of Russia and completed in 1981 with the total cost of Rs. 24700 Million.
d) Heavy mechanical complex has been built at Textile with the help of china. Heavy machinery, cement
and sugar manufacturing plants and road constructions machines are manufactured at this unit.
e) Karachi ship building and engineering work was completed in 1951. It is one of the biggest projects of
Pakistan. This unit is not only building ships for Pakistan but so for other countries. This unit is also
manufacturing heavy mills unit like: - Sugar, cement, chemicals, vegetables, ghee mills. Etc.

2) Woolen, Cotton Textile industry:-

a) Cotton is mostly used for thread and cloth in cotton textile factories. Karachi is the biggest center of
this industry. After this, Faisalabad is the 2 nd biggest center of this industry which is also known as
Manchester of Pakistan.
b) Hyderabad, Tando Yousaf, Gamat, Rahim-Yar-Khan, Khairpur, Multan, Gojra, Okara, Burewala and
Lahore are other important cotton textile center.
c) Cotton Textile Industries are also established in Non-cotton producing areas like:- Rawalpindi,
Peshawar, Nowshera, Habib Abad (Kohat), Haripur, Kala (Jhelum), Syrub (Quetta), Liaquet Abad,
Mianwali and Bakhar.

3) Sugar Industry:-

a) At the time of partition of Indo-Pak subcontinent, Pakistan had only 2 sugar mills.
1) Rohwali (Gujranwala)
2) Takht Bhai (B.P.K.H)
And production was less than 10 thousand tons yearly.
b) After the partition, the 1 st sugar mill was established at Mardan. After this there was a rapid progress in
this industry.
c) In 1950-60 decades 4 mills, in 1960-70 13 mills, in 1970-80 12, and in 1980-88 16 mills, were
established. In this way, the total no, of sugar mills increased till 45.
d) There are 74 sugar mills in this country, of which 38 are in Punjab, 30 in Sindh, 6 are in B.K.H
(example:- N.W.F.P). The total production was 65,475 thousand tons from July to March in (2015-2016).

4) Chemical Industry:-

a) Chemical Industry has a great importance in the industrial development of the country. It includes
sulfuric acid, paints, varnish, pesticides and fertilizers etc. Daud Khalil is the important center of this,
which produces sulfuric acid, penicillin, paints and other chemical compounds.
b) Nowshera is the 2nd important center of this industry, which produces D.D.T, caustic soda, soaps and
medicines.
c) There are ten fertilizers units operating in the country (Punjab6, Sindh 2 and P.K.H 2) and its
production was 3,019,478 Million tons from July to March in 2016.
d) The Koh-i-Nor Sahgil complex at the distance of about 32 km from Lahore produces sulfuric acids and
rayon.

5) Cement Industry:-
1) A lot of lime stone and gypsum cement is available in Pakistan. Therefore, Pakistan produced
sufficient cement. Cement industry are located in Karachi, Dandot, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad, Daud Khel,
D.G Khan, Gharilwal (Jhelum), Cherat (Hazara). Its total population was 45.39 Million tons in 2015-16

6) Other Industries:-
A part from all above industries many industries are also working in different parts of the
country such as:-
a) Hard board and paper industries at Nowshera, Charsadda, Rohwali, Gujranwala.
b) Plastic industries at Karachi.
c) Rubber industries at Lahore, Karachi and Sialkot.
d) Match industries at Ghari Habib Ullah, Hazara, Muzafarabad, Lahore, Kotri and Landhi (Karachi).
e) China clay industries at Jhelum, Gujrat, Lala Musa, Gujranwala and Karachi, etc.

Q9) Write a note on the Trade of Pakistan.

A) At the time of independence mostly trade depended upon agricultural products and important exports
were cotton and Jute, which were mostly imported by India. Govt. took many steps to promote the foreign
trade. A trade promotion bureau was established and export bonus scheme was announced which changed
the nature of foreign trade from raw material to manufacturing goods.
Pakistan is trading with large countries but concentrated with U.S.A, U.K, Japan, Hong Kong, Belgium,
Luxemburg, Iran, Russia, and Netherlands and China.

1) Imports:-
The salient features of imports of Pakistan are following:-
a) Major imports of Pakistan are all types of machines, iron & steel items, transportation &
communicational items, electrical goods, vegetable & mineral oil, paints and chemical compounds.
b) It is mostly imported from U.S.A and Japan.
c) Mineral oil is also imported from Iran and Saudi Arabia and paints from Switzerland, U.K and France.

2) Exports:-
The salient features of exports of Pakistan are following:-
a) Pakistan exports are highly concentrated in raw cotton, leather, garments, yarn, Rice, fish, leather
goods, sports goods, surgical industries, carpets, fruits and handicraft.
b) Raw cotton is mostly exported to China, Hong Kong, France, and U.K, but now raw cotton export is
declined due to increase of domestic textile industry.
c) Raw cotton is mostly exported to U.S.A and U.K.
d) Leather is exported to U.K, Iran, U.S.A, Germany, Italy and Japan.

TEXT-BOOK Q/A:-
Q1). Describe the importance of Location of Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan is a new state. It came into being one 14 August 1947. It is a traditional society
with a low literacy rate trying to acquire modern technology. It is a developing country with a
high rate of population growth. It has in the recent past been heavily burdened with foreign
debt. It has an unfavorable balance of trade, although the manufacturing sector is growing. The
past 9/11 events have coincided with Marco-stability and an economic breakthrough.
Pakistan is the Land of Pure, is strategically placed all the crossroads of Asia. The official
name of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Capital of Pakistan is Islamabad but the first
capital of Pakistan was Karachi from 1947 to 1959. Then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan
shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in 1959.
LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located between 23½ degree North to 37 degree North and 61 degree East to
77 degree East as far as the latitudinal and longitudinal extents are concerned.
1) In the West of sub-continent, Pakistan is located. While in the North of Pakistan, Himalaya is
located.
2) The narrow strip of Afghanistan “Wakhan” separates Pakistan from independent states.
3) In the N-E side of Pakistan, the province of China joins the border of Kashmir.
4) In further South, the borders of Pakistan and Iran joins.
5) In eastern side, Indian Punjab and the states of Rajhistan are located.
Geo-Strategic Position:-
Pakistan is surrounded by various countries:
East………………………………………..India
West & North West ……………………..Afghanistan
South West Iran …………………………Iran
North…………………………………..….China
South………………………………..……Arabian Sea
AREA OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic Republic of
Pakistan. It has an area of 7, 96,096 square kilometers. Area of Pakistan is four times as larger
as UK and one fourth of the size of India. 58% area of Pakistan is consists of Mountains and
plateaus, while 42% area of Pakistan consists of plains and deserts.

Q2) Write a note on the Population of Pakistan and its Distribution. Also
tell the reason behind the Less densely populated Regions of Pakistan.
A) According to cense of 1998 total population of Pakistan was 132.3 million. While, according to the
census of 2015-2016, the total population of Pakistan was 195.4 million. About 98% of the total
population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis and Ahmadis also live in this country and
density of population in Pakistan is 250 persons per sq. km.
It means that the annual population growth rate was 1.89, which increased to 1.92.

1) Densely Populated Regions:-

The Densely populated areas in Pakistan are described in the following:-
a) The highest density of population is in Karachi Division. The factors for this high density are the
extensive settlement, trade and development of industry.
b) In the same way, the industrial cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Peshawar, Mardan and Gujranwala also
have high population density.
c) The high-density areas include piedmont cities of Sialkot and Gujrat that were established since ancient
times.
d) The canal-irrigated areas of Punjab have more population. The new irrigation schemes have not only
increased the area under cultivation, it has also increased the per hectare production.

2) Less densely/Sparsely Populated Areas:-

The features of less densely populated areas are following:-
a) North and North Western Mountains, the dry plateau of Balochistan and the desert areas of Thal and
Thar have low population density because of the low amount of rainfall, and due to rocky and sandy land,
the agriculture is difficult.
b) The barren area of Kalat has population density less than 20 persons per square Km.
c) Chaghi and Kharan that have an area less than 3 % under cultivation have density of population less
than 5 people per square Km.

.) Reasons behind less population in Pakistan:-

Rural areas are less densely populated because of the following reasons:-
a) Lack of medical facilities.
b) Lack of resources.
c) Lack of basic necessities of life. For instance: - pure water.
d) Lack of educational facilities. For instance: - people usually come to Lahore and Islamabad, especially
for educational purposes, because they are not provided with good educational institutions.

Q3) Write a note on the following crops.

A) The people of this region have been depending upon the agriculture from ancient times. The economy
of the country largely depends upon the agriculture. The salient features of the following are mentioned:-

A) Rice:-
The salient features of Rice of Pakistan are following:-
1) Rice is an important crop of Pakistan. In the Initial days of the crop it not only requires high
temperature, it requires high amount of water too. Abundant water supply and rainfall provide the suitable
condition for cultivation of rice.
2) Rice in Pakistan is grown in the canal irrigated areas and the flood plains of the rivers. At a limited
scale, it is grown in the piedmont areas in the north. But Pakistan is far too behind in the per hectare
production of the rice.
3) Basmati rice has a great demand in the international market. Government exports it after buying it from
the farmers.
4) For rice cultivation warm and humid climate, abundant rainfall and level field with soft fertile soil are
required.
5) Rice at first is sown in nursery and after 2 weeks these small plants are transferred to the water filled
fields. As the crop ripens, the requirement for water also decreases.
6) For the better production of rice it is necessary that the temperature in July must not increase above
24.C and the January temperature should not fall below 13.C.
7) At the rime of ripening the temperature should be around 26.C. This crop requires more labor force as
the small plants are shifted from nurseries to the field by hand. Thus the densely populated areas can
provide the necessary labor force.

B) Wheat:-
The salient features of Wheat of Pakistan are mentioned in the following:-
1) In the cereal crops, wheat is the most popular food. If has been cultivated since times immemorial.
2) It is the most important cereal of Pakistan and is a Rabi Crop.
3) Around 5 million- hectare area is under wheat cover whereas rice covers about half of this area. The
other cereal crops cover only ¼ of the areas covered by wheat.
4) For the cultivation of wheat suitable conditions are much important. This crop is ready in 90 days, and
requires cool and humid climate.
5) At the time of its sowing, the weather should be clear, dry and warm.
6) The average annual rainfall should be between 375 mm to 875 mm. In Pakistan wherever the rainfall in
less than 225 mm, the deficiency of water is fulfilled by irrigation.
7) Wheat can be grown in many types of soils. But the most suitable soil has the mixture of sand, clay,
and chalk. The surface should be leveled so that water can easily flow.
8) About 2/3rd of the crop is grown in the canal-irrigated areas of Pakistan. Besides the dry areas of the
country, the canal areas and the areas that receive rainfall in autumn and summer.
9) The Potwar Plateau and Peshawar Plains are the areas that totally depends on rainfall for the wheat
production.,

>) Major wheat producing areas of Pakistan are in the following:-

1) In Punjab province Multan, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Muzaffargarh and Jhang.
2) In Sind Sukkar, Hyderabad and Nawabshah.
3) In N.W.F.P Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Bannu and Mardan.
4) In Balochistan Nasirabad and Khuzdar.
.) According to 2015-16 statistics, the total annual production of wheat was 25482 metric tons. In drought
conditions wheat has to be imported to meet the domestic needs.

C) Corn:-
The salient features of Corn of Pakistan are following:-
1) For the cultivation of crop, a lot of water, sunny days, and warm climate are required. The heavy or
mixed soil has a positive effect on its growth.
2) It needs 500 mm to 1500 mm of annual rainfall, 24.C of temperature and fertile soil.
3) It is a Kharif crop and is mainly cultivated in the piedmont plains of Peshawar &Plains and the plains
of Punjab.

D) Sugarcane:-
The salient features of Sugarcane are following:-
1) The cultivation of Sugarcane requires fertile land and abundant supply of water. Dry climate and frost
are a major threat to this crop.
2) The sugarcane is cultivated in irrigated lands and most parts of Multan, Peshawar, and Mardan are
under the cover of this crop.

E) Cotton:-
The salient features of Cotton are following:-
1) This is an important cash and Kharif crop of Pakistan. It is commonly cultivated in the canal- irrigated
areas of Indus valley in Sindh.
2) The heavy soils that can retain moisture are suitable for its cultivation.
3) At the time of harvest, the weather should be warm and dry.
4) Around 80% of the cotton cultivated area is under the cover of American Cotton.
5) 3/4th of the area is located in Punjab and rest is in Sindh Province.

Q4) Write a note on Importance of Agriculture in the Economy of

Pakistan.
A) The salient features of Agriculture of Pakistan are following:-
1) The people of this region have been depending upon the agriculture from ancient times. The economy
of the country largely depends upon the agriculture.
2) Agriculture supplies the raw materials for the major industries of the country.
3) About 19.87% of the exports of the country comprises of dairy farming and agriculture.
4) Agriculture contributes 60% of the national income and around 42% of the population is related to
agricultural activities.
5) According to 1986-87 statistic the arable land area of Pakistan was 57.78 Million Hectares out of
which 36.5 was under irrigation, 5% under forest covers and 40% was not available for cultivation, while
18% of the total area i.e. 10.4 Million Hectares was left with any crop cover.
The prosperity of Pakistan sure depends upon its agriculture.

Q5) Write a brief note on the Mineral resources of Pakistan, also name
the places where these Minerals are found.
A) The economic development of every country is based upon its industries. The mineral resources
provide raw materials for the industries. Till now not all of the mineral wealth of Pakistan has been
surveyed. There is a possibility that many big reserves of the mineral deposits might be discovered in
future.
Many mountains areas are inaccessible; therefore these areas cannot be surveyed. Furthermore, the Tribal
residents of these areas suspect the foreigners. Even then the search for mineral deposits is going on in
Pakistan at a fast pace.
.) Popular regions for mineral resources in Pakistan:-
1) The Balochistan Plateau.
2) The salt range and potwar plateau.

Nearly about all minerals are exploited from these 2 regions. Presently the value addition in this miner
sector is concentrated in the following 3 principles:-

A) Salt:-
Major rock salt deposits are found in the following areas of Pakistan. The Salt ranges are
located in the following areas:-
1) Khewra (Jhelum District), Warcha (Sargodha District) and Kalabagh, across the River Indus in Clita,
Bahadur Khel and Kurk (Kohat District).
2) A layer of water salt and salt lake extends in vast area of Tharparker of Sindh, with a width of about
1.83 meters.
3) Salt is also produced by oceanic water through evaporation at Maripur nearly 13 Km away from
Karachi.
4) In Balochistan, salt is also availed from the sea water through evaporation in Makran and Lesbella
coastal area.

B) Coal:-
In Pakistan coals mines are situated in following 3 principle regions.
1) Kohistan:-
These regions major coal mines are located at Dandote and Pidh in Eastern part and
Makerwal in western part.
2) North Eastern Balochistan:-
It is based upon coal mines of following 3 areas.
a) Khost-sharing
b) Sor Range, Deghari and Shirin Abb.
c) Mach-Bolan (these coal mines are located on both sides of railway line which goes to the Khyber Pass.

3) The Sindh Coals Mines:-

It has 2 main coal areas.
a) Jhamphir, Mainting coal mines which are located 128 Km away from Karachi in east.
b) Lakhra (Dadu District) Coals mines which are located 128 Km away from Karachi in North. The coal
is mostly of low quality and mainly used in brick kilns and in different factories while the good quality
coal is imported.

C) Mineral Oil:-
The search for mineral oil in Pakistan is from its independence. In spite of its local
production contributes a little in its requirement. Therefore, it has to import it from other countries,
especially Iran, Central Asia Sates, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and U.S.A.
All the oil fields are located in Punjab. Six prominent oil fields are following:-
a) Dhulian (Attock District).
b) Joyamir (Jhelum District).
c) Karsal (Jhelum District).
d) Balksar (Chakwal District).
e) Tut (Attock District).
f) Khar (Attock District).

.) In 2015-16, the production of crude oil from these wells was “5,353,380 bbl.
a) Morga Rawalpindi oil refinery
b) Pakistan oil refinery limited Karachi.
c) National Oil refinery limited Karachi.
D) Natural Gas:-
1) During the search for mineral oil, Natural Gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (Sibi District). It is one of
the huge reserves of Natural Gas in the world and is a blessing of God to Pakistan. It is used for industrial
and domestic purpose.
2) Its recoverable reserves are more than 178 Million cubic meters, which will be used several hundred
years.
3) This Gas is supplied to other cities like:- Quetta, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad, etc.
from Sibi through Pipeline.
4) Gas is cheap fuel for industrial, commercial and domestic purposes. Therefore, numbers of foreign
companies are engaged in exploration of oil and gas,
5) Oil and gas development Corporation of Pakistan (OGDC) is also engaged in it.
6) In 2015-16, the total production of gas was 306,604 MM-Scf.

E) Chromite:-
1) Pakistan has fairly deposits of chromite, located at Muslim Bagh (Zhob District) in Zhob valley in
North West of Balochistan.
2) Its annual Production is from 15,000-20,000 tons and all is exported. Other deposits are in areas of
Chaghi (Near Vabandin), Kharan and North Waziristan.

F) Iron:-
1) Iron ore deposits are located in the following areas.
a) Kalabagh in Mianwali District.
b) Domal Nisar in Chitral.

2) Its mining is difficult due to mixed mineral structural and transportation. Iron ore reserves of good
quality discovered at wabandin (Chaghi District) and Mangrial (Hazara District) but breaking has not
started.

G) Gypsum:-
1) Major deposits of Gypsum are located in the salt range and Western Mountain of which important area
are Khewra, Dandowat and Dadu Kbol.
2) Other is in Kohat, Saintungi, and Rohri. Its annual production is from ½ lakh and a large amount is
exported.

H) Other Minerals:-
The other Minerals found in Pakistan are following:-
a) Huge amount of Lime Stone is found in North and North western hilly areas, which are located in the
borders of Plains.
b) Good quality marble is found in Mulaghori, Munri, and Ghundhai, Tarco, (Mardaan District). Black
and White marbles are also found on a large scale in Kala Chita range in Attock district near Fathegang.
A small amount is exploited from the Kamal Gil mines of Chitral found in Hazara, Chitral, Lesbella, and
Chaghi.
c) Some deposits of Asbestos in North of Muslim Bagh and China clay in Nagir Parker (Sindh) are found.
d) Recently, China clay of Good Quality has discovered in Mangora (Swat).
e) Radioactive minerals like uranium are discovered in Hazara District of Khyber PaktunKhwa and D.G
Khan (District Punjab).

Q6) Write a note on Power resources of Pakistan. And also describes it

importance for the development of this country.
A) ) In this age, energy has a great role in the development of the country especially in the industry and
agriculture. It requires of domestic purpose, light, food preservation and means of transportation and
communication.
Following are the energy resources of Pakistan:-

1) Hydro power
Pakistan is not self-sufficient in its oil, gas and coal requirements, but Pakistan has a
large economically feasible Hydel power potential of 7027 MW (2015-2016) in northern areas. It is due
to relief and permanent flow of rivers. Following are major Hydel projects.
a) Malakand-Dirgay Hydro-electric project.
b) Rasool hydro-electric project
c) Mangla hydro-electric project
d) Tarbela.

2) Thermal Power:-
Thermal power plants are located in Karachi, Faisalabad, Guddu, Jamshoro,
“Muzaffargarh, Sukkar, Shahara and Quetta.

3) Nuclear Power:-
Nuclear power plant is also working in Karachi and is known as KANUPP

4) Conventional Power:-
Salient features of Conventional energy in Pakistan are following:-
a) Conventional energy includes the solar and wind energy recourses. Solar energy resources are under
experiment. It can make the best use of this free gift of nature.
b) Pakistan has large quantity of daily sunshine. It is neat and clean source of energy and can be changed
into mechanical and electrical power sources.

c) Wind energy mills are also cheap sources of energy and may be generated into coastal areas on small
scale.