DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
FINAL REQUIREMENT
I. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
II. CALCULATIONS
GIIVEN SPECIFICATIONS:
PARAMETER VALUE
Switching Frequency (fs) 1 kHz
Input Voltage (Vin) 5 Volts
Output Voltage (Vout) 35 Volts
Power 25 W
Power Efficiency ~ 80%
Iout(max) = Pout / Vout Vout
ΔIL = (0.2 to 0.4) x Iout(max) x
= 25W / 35V Vin
35 V
Iout(max) = 0.7142857 A = 0.3 x 0.7142857 A x
5V
ΔIL = 1.5 _
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
Inductor Value
(Vin)(𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑉𝑖𝑛) (5 V)(35 V −5 V)
L= = = 2.857 mH
(∆IL )(fs )(Vout) (1.5 A)(1000 Hz)(35 V)
(∆IL )(fs )(L) (1.5 A)(1000 Hz)(2.857 mH)
Duty Cycle = = = 0.8571 ≈ 85.71%
Vin 5V
Capacitor Value
IOUT ∆IL 0.7142857A 1.5 A
ΔVOUT = ESR x [ + ] = 0.1 x [ + ] = 0.574850035
1−D 2 1−0.8571 2
(IOUT(max) )(D) (0.7142857)(0.8571)
COUT(MIN) = = = 1.0649982 mF ≈ 1065uF
(fs )(∆Vout) (1000 Hz)(0.57450035)
III. Modelling the Inductor and Capacitor
Equivalent circuit for a real inductor
Equivalent circuit for a real capacitor
IV. Considerations on Choosing Transistor and Diode
Transistor
MOSFET is used since they are very efficient, but there may be situations where a
normal bipolar transistor may suffice because of simplicity. In this application, I pick a transistor
with a breakdown voltage that is higher than the maximum output voltage of the converter. It
might also be a good choice to look at the MOSFET datasheet and determine the input
capacitance/gate capacitance. The lower this value is, the easier the driving requirements are.
Anything below 3500pF is acceptable and moderately easy to drive.
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
One good choice would be the IRF1405, which has an on resistance of 5.3 mΩ and a
breakdown voltage of 55V, with a manageable input capacitance of 5480pF, besides being an
easily available part.
Diode
Unfortunately, the common 1N4007 won’t work, since it is too slow. To reduce losses,
then the diode of choice would be a Schottky. The forward current rating needed is equal to
the maximum output current. The other parameter that has to be checked is the power
dissipation of the diode.
IF = IOUT(MAX) = 0.7142857 A
PD = IF x VF
V. PWM Circuit
LTC6992
LTC6992 silicon oscillator with an analog voltage-controlled pulse width modulation
(PWM) capability. It is built around a master oscillator with a 1MHz maximum frequency.
The SET Pin current (ISET) and voltage (VSET) controls the LTC6992’s oscillator with a
1MHz • 50k conversion factor that is accurate to ±0.8% under typical conditions. With RSET in
place of VSET/ISET the equation reduces to:
𝟏 𝟏 𝐌𝐇𝐳 • 𝟓𝟎𝐤
𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐭 = =
𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐍𝐝𝐢𝐯 • 𝐑 𝐬𝐞𝐭
The output frequency is determined by this master oscillator and an internal frequency
divider, NDIV, programmable to eight settings from 1 to 16384. This programmable frequency
divider can further divide the frequency by 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024, 4096 or 16384 before
driving the OUT pin. The divider ratio NDIV is set by a resistor divider attached to the DIV pin.
The DIV pin connects to an internal, V+ referenced 4-bit A/D converter that determines
the DIVCODE value. DIVCODE programs two settings on the LTC6992:
• DIVCODE determines the output frequency divider setting, NDIV.
• DIVCODE determines the output polarity, via the POL bit.
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
Table 1 shows the DIVCODE Programming of the LTC6992. Since our fOUT = 1kHz,
we can see that our DIVCODE may be either 3 or 4, hence we choose the one with a narrower
range, that is 4 with NDIV = 256 with recommended fOUT of 244.1 Hz to 3.906 kHz. In this table,
we can also determine the values of R1 and R2, 1 MΩ and 392 kΩ respectively.
With this we get the value of our RSET by the formula:
𝟏 𝐌𝐇𝐳 • 𝟓𝟎𝐤 𝟏 𝐌𝐇𝐳 • 𝟓𝟎𝐤
𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟏𝐤𝐇𝐳 = 𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝐤Ω
𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐕 • 𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐓 𝟐𝟓𝟔 • 𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐓
Pulse Width (Duty Cycle) Modulation
The MOD pin is a high impedance analog input providing direct control of the output
duty cycle. The duty cycle is proportional to the voltage applied to the MOD pin, VMOD.
VMOD −100 mV
Duty Cycle = D ≅
800 mV
The VMOD control range is approximately 0.1V to 0.9V. Driving VMOD beyond that
range (towards GND or V+) will have no further affect on the duty cycle. With our duty cycle
of 85.7142%, we can get the right amount of VMOD needed to regulate our output voltage.
VMOD ≅ (800mV)(D) + 100 mV
VMOD ≅ (800mV)(0.857142) + 100 mV
𝐕𝐌𝐎𝐃 ≅ 0.7857 V
Arbitrary Voltage Source (B1)
The B source is a type of nonlinear controlled source that was added to open the door
to pretty much any function you might want, covering pretty much all possible cases. Starting
with Spice3, they allowed a V= (for voltage) or an I= (for current.) Most elementary math
functions are allowed and you can use node voltages and terminal currents in the expression.
The expression is assumed by Spice to be mathematically continuous.
In this application, we used the function min(x,y) for us to regulate the value of VMOD
with relation to the output voltage. This function compares and get the value of the smaller of
x or y. The first expression, x, will be our calculated VMOD = 0.7857. The second expression,
y, we used the floor(x) function to return an integer from the condition we set in relation to the
output voltage.
V=min(.7857, floor(49.9*(V(Vout))/51.05)
VI. TEST RESULTS
OUTPUT
TEST OUTPUT RIPPLE INPUT OUTPUT POWER
RIPPLE
LOAD VOLTAGE FACTOR POWER POWER EFFICIENCY
VOLTAGE
50 Ω 0.994051 V 34.999031 V 2.8409% 25.4705 W 24.3417 W 95.5682%
60 Ω 0.804350 V 34.999342 V 2.2982% 21.4279 W 20.5873 W 96.0771%
75 Ω 0.643755 V 35.002609 V 1.8391% 17.2601 W 16.6599 W 96.5226%
85 Ω 0.565489 V 35.126818 V 1.6098% 15.1391 W 14.7553 W 97.4648%
100 Ω 0.458202 V 35.268714 V 1.2992% 12.8853 W 12.6056 W 97.8254%
120 Ω 0.385401 V 35.433813 V 1.0877% 10.9379 W 10.6641 W 97.4968%
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
TEST RESULTS FOR 50 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
TEST RESULTS FOR 60 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
TEST RESULTS FOR 75 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
TEST RESULTS FOR 85 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
DOLOR, WILFRED JAMES T.
14-55632
TEST RESULTS FOR 100 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
TEST RESULTS FOR 120 OHM RESISTOR LOAD
