1

“Direct Current (DC) Magnet Motor as

an Improvised Electric Generator”

Members:

Rommel Rodriguez

Ronnie Ray Pichay

Ralph Lawrence Campo

Denver Cloy Langbay

Rachelle Ann Julba

Emerson Felix

Research Teacher:

Mr. Jose Herbert L. Delizo

S.Y. 2018-2019
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Table of Contents

Page

Chapter I: Introduction

Background of the Study…………………………………………………...3

Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….….6

Research Paradigm…………………………………………………….……7

Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………...9

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….…..10

Definition of Terms……………………………………….…………………..11

Significance of the Study……………………………….……………….…...12

Scope and Delimitations…………………………………..………….……...13

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Review of Related Literature…………………………….……….…………..14

Chapter III: Methodology

Research Design……………………………………………....………………24

Materials and Procedure………………………………………………...……25

Analysis of Data………………………………….…………………………….26
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Electricity is one of the most important that science has given to us, it has

so many uses in our daily life. It is used for lighting rooms, working fans and

domestic appliances like using electric stove. In factories, transportation and

communication have been revolutionized and worked by electricity. Electricity

also provides means of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are the

most popular forms of entertainment, are the result of electricity. Modern

equipment like computers and robots has also been developed because of

electricity. Electricity plays a pivotal role in the fields of medicines surgery too,

such as X-ray, ECG. The use of electricity is increasing day by day. (Lekshmi S.,

2010).

There are lots of different sources of energy that are used in the world to

generate power. While there are others discovered all the time. This entire

source of energy is used primarily to produce electricity. World runs on a series

of electrical reaction. It is part of the people need. All of these different sources of

energy add to store electricity power that is then sent out to the different locations

via high powered lines.

Oil may be the world's favorite fuel, but not for much longer. Modern

homes are powered mostly by electricity and it won't be long before most of us
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are driving electric cars as well. Electricity is superbly convenient. You can

produce it in all kinds of different ways using everything from coal and oil to wind

and waves. You can make it in one place and use it on the other side of the world

if you want to. And, once you've produced it, you can store it in batteries and use

it days, weeks, months, or even years later. What makes electric power possible

—and indeed practical—is a superb electromagnetic device called an electricity

generator: a kind of electric motor working in reverse that converts ordinary

energy into electricity (https://www.explainthatstuff.com/generators.html).

According to Satake M., (2015), in the first half of the year, planned

maintenance at major power plants will narrow supply further. On the island of

Luzon, which includes the Manila metropolitan area, a natural-gas-fired plant that

provides about 40% of the supply on the island will go offline for maintenance.

And other key plants will also have to undergo routine check-ups.

Between March and May of the year, demand may outstrip supply by as

much as 1 million kilowatts on the island, the country's energy department

projects. Rolling blackouts of two to three hours a day may be implemented.

According to infogram.com, one of the problems in the Philippines is the

prices from electricity that goes to the different cities and towns. Many people in

the Philippines must deal with rolling blackouts and outages. This is also a

problem for the government of the Philippines. The money they would use for

foreign trade and other bigger problems would go straight to the trying to keep

electricity in the Philippines.In houses most household appliances are using

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between 3000 and 65000 watts. If your home has a smaller furnace and city

water, you can generally expect that 3000-5000 watts will cover your needs. If

you have a larger furnace and/or well pump, you will likely need 5000 to 6500

generators, it is according to the powerequipment.honda.com.

The researchers considered to use an electric generator because it can

decrease the harmful sources of energy and it is important because all living

things depend upon on it.

The researchers have observed that some of the magnets were seldom

used. Due to this factor, the researchers formulated a plan that would put this

material into essential and efficient use. Until today, the shortage of electricity

has become abundant in most parts of the world that is why the researchers

planned to use the magnet as a motor to generate power that is harmless to

everyone.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

We are surrounded by technology, innovation and happiness. Electricity is

one of the greatest technological innovations of mankind. It has now become a

part of our daily life and one cannot think of a world without electricity. Electricity

is now an important part of homes and industries. Almost whole the device at

homes, businesses and industries are running because of electricity. Most of the

households use commercial electricity to run, but due to poverty some people

cannot afford commercial electricity. As an outcome, many homes still lack of

access of electricity.

The use of magnets as a motor to generate electricity was studied by

some researchers and some of the researchers are finding another recyclable

material to create a more useful generator. A magnet has a property that can

produce electricity through induction of current. The purpose of this study is to

test the effectiveness of the Improvised Electric Generator with the use of

Magnet motor to produce electricity.

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RESEARCH PARADIGM

Input Process

Draft the design Output

for the Direct

Current Magnet
Direct Current
Dynamo Motor as an
Magnet Magnet Motor
Improvised
Led bulb as an
Electric
Resistor Improvised
Generator
Electric

Generator
Assemble the

Improvised

Electric

Generator

Figure 1. Research Paradigm on how to make Direct Current Magnet Motor as

an Improvised Electric Generator

Figure 1 shows the steps or procedure on making the Direct Current

Magnet Motor as an Improvised Electric Generator using the materials under

input.
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Process Input
Input

Efficiency of
Direct Current
Testing the Direct the Direct
Magnet Motor
Current Magnet Current
as an
Motor as an Magnet Motor
Improvised
Improvised as an
Electric
Electric Improvised
Generator
Generator Electric

Generator

Figure 2. Research Paradigm on the Efficiency of the Direct Current Magnet

Motor as an Improvised Electric Generator

Figure 2 shows the procedure or process in testing the Efficiency of the

Direct Current Magnet Motor as an Improvised Electric Generator.

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Hypotheses

Ha: There is a significant change in the electrical capacity of the improvised

electric generator using the magnet motor.

Ho: There is no significant change in the electrical capacity of the improvised

electric generator using the magnet motor.

Ha: There is a significant change in the improvised electric generator using

magnet motor in terms of:

a) Duration of power outage

b) Voltage

Ho: There is no significant change in the improvised electric generator using

magnet motor in terms of:

a) Duration of power outage

b) Voltage
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

General Objective(s)

This study aims to determine the ability of the direct current magnet motor

as an improvised electric generator to generate power to light up the bulb.

Specific Objective(s)

1. Does the magnet motor increase the electrical capacity of the improvised

electric generator?

2. Is the magnet motor effective on the improvised electric generator in

terms of:

a) Duration of power outage

b) Voltage
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Definition of Terms

Dynamo - a device that makes direct current electric power using

electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term generator

normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating current power.

Generator - normally this term is used to describe an alternator which creates

AC power using electromagnetism.

Magnet Motor - a permanent magnet motor is a type of brushless electric motor

that uses permanent magnets rather than winding in the field.

DC (direct current) - is the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge

carriers (which are usually electrons). The intensity of the current can vary with

time, but the general direction of movement stays the same at all times. As an

adjective, the term DC is used in reference to voltage whose polarity never

reverses.

Led Bulb - is a light source that is created by a light emitting diode (LED).

Alternator - an alternator is a device, used especially in a car, that creates an

electrical current that changes direction as it flows.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is conducted to generate energy and provides many benefits,

which is supplement existing power sources to reduce the total cost of energy.

For the student, they can use the improvised electric generator by being

the source of energy for gadgets, machines and technological items. The

researchers considered this study so that the result in this study will help the

future researchers to have more ideas and information using the magnet as a

motor to an improvised electric generator.

For the School, with the improvised solar panel, the teachers can continue

with the lessons even in the shortage of the electricity.

For the Filipino Community, the improvised solar panel can benefit the

community by having an alternative and affordable substitute for energy and

electricity. It may also help the people that use commercial electricity, in a way

that it may decrease their bills.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study entitled "Direct Current Magnet Motor as an Improvised Electric

Generator" was conducted at Naguilian Senior High School-Stand Alone Building

during the School Year 2018-2019.

This study was conducted to produce an improvised electric generator

with the use of magnet as a motor.

This study yearned to identify on how capable the researchers to improve

and lessen used of commercial electricity that is not renewable and harmful for

the others.
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CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

There are two concepts of law of conservation of energy. The first one is that

you cannot get more energy out of a system than you put into it. That is not

specific, because the sentence was worded carefully. Say it again and this time,

emphasis the key words: “you cannot get more energy out of a system than you

put into it”. If that were true, then it would be impossible to sail a yacht all the way

around the world without burning any fuel, and that has been done many times

and none of the driving energy came from the crews. If it were true, then a grain

mill driven by a waterwheel would not be able to produce flour as the miller

certainly does not push the millstones around himself. If that were true, then

nobody would build windmills, or construct solar panels, or tidal power stations.

The second one is “more energy can’t be taken out of a system than is put into it

or is already in it” and that is a very different statement. When sailing a yacht, the

wind provides the driving force which makes the trip possible. Notice that, it is the

environment providing the power and not the sailors. The wind arrived without

them having to do anything about it, and a lot less than 100% of the wind energy

reaching the yacht actually becomes forward thrust, contributing to the voyage. A

good deal of the energy arriving at the yacht ends up stretching the rigging,

creating a wake, producing noise, pushing the helmsman, etc. etc. This idea of

no more energy coming out of a system than goes into it, is called “The Law of

Conservation of Energy” and it is perfectly right, in spite of the fact that it gets

people confused. “Free-Energy Devices” or “Zero-Point Energy Devices” are the

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names applied to systems which appear to produce a higher output power than

their input power (Anne H.,2018).

Howard Johnson's Motor is known as the motor that uses the natural

behavior of permanent magnet which is repulsion and attraction to create the

indefinitely rotating motion of the motor. Johnson's motor is directed to the

method of utilizing the unpaired electron spins in ferromagnetic material as the

power source without any electron flows in normal conductors. The magnetic flux

created by the magnet are controlled and concentrated to orient the magnetic

forces to do useful continuous work. According to this patent, Howard Johnson

has been granted a U.S Patent No. 4,151,431 from highly skeptical patent office

for successfully discovered, built and demonstrated a motor that can run without

an input of electricity or any other kind of sources but using only the energy

contained in the atoms of permanents magnets. However, the feasibility of

Howard's Motor is being suspected as it has violated the Conservation Law of

Energy. Besides that, some scientists argue that no work is done as the

repulsion of the magnet is not considered as a kind of energy. However, by not

violating the conservative law of energy, it is possible that energy use to rotate

the motor associated with spinning electron of the atoms (fuel-efficient-

vehicles.org, 2016).

The New Zealander, Robert Adams has produced a motor which appears to

have 800% efficient, typically, known as over-unity machine and he has received

a UK Patent, GB2282708 with Harold Aspden, entitled Electrical motor-

generator. Adam's Motor is an electro-dynamic motor-generator has a salient

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pole permanent magnet rotor interacting with salient stator poles to form a

machine operating on the magnetic reluctance principle. The motor was

designed and built using permanent magnets on the rotor and pulsed

electromagnets on the frame of the motor. Robert Johnson found that if the

configuration of the motor was adjusted correctly, the output from the motors that

he built exceeded the input by a large margin which is 800% (Nexus Magazine,

1993).

Charles Flynn's, patent illustrated an invention which is a motor with

permanent magnets positioned so that there is magnetic interaction between

them. A coil placed in the space between the permanent magnets is used to

control the magnetic interaction. The coil is connected to a source of electric

potential and controlled switching so that closing the switch places a voltage

across the coil and affects the magnetic interaction between the permanent

magnets as to produce rotational movement of the output shaft. According to the

patent, the motor uses electromagnet shielding to achieve continuous rotation.

The input is very small with even a 9-volt battery being able to operate the motor

and produce an output power which is substantial and operation up to 20,000rpm

(freepatentsonline.com.2009).

Steorn, of Dublin Ireland, claims to have discovered a technology that

produces “free energy” that could transform the renewable energy sector,

providing clean, continuous, reliable, safe, affordable energy for the world. They

have essentially two iterations of the effect: an all-magnet motor technology as

well as an electromagnetic over-unity technology claimed that Orbo is a

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technology that creates energy from magnetic interactions which is a over-unity

technology as it provides more energy out than is put in. The Irish company

Steorn have produced a system which is almost identical to the Charles Flynn

Magnet Motor. They name their device as 'Orbo' and its operation is quite similar

to Charles Flynn's motor (Mike S..2010).

The electrical machine, that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

and vice versa, is the workhorse in a drive system. Drive systems are widely

used in applications such as fiber spinning mills, rolling mills, MAGLEV - linear

synchronous motor propulsion, aircraft engines, paper and textile mills, electric

vehicle and subway transportation, home appliances, wind generation systems,

servos and robotics, computer peripherals, steel and cement mills, ship

propulsion, etc. A machine is a complex structure electrically, mechanically, and

thermally. Although machines were introduced more than one hundred years

ago, the research and development (R&D) in this area appears to be never-

ending. However, the evolution of machines has been slow compared to power

semiconductor devices and power electronic converters. An engineer designing a

high-performance drive system must have the knowledge about machine

performance, the dynamic model, and parameter variations. Industrial drive

applications are generally classified into constant-speed and variable-speed

drives. Traditionally, ac machines with a constant frequency sinusoidal power

supply have been used in constant-speed applications, whereas dc machines

were preferred for variable-speed drives. Dc machines have the disadvantages

of higher cost, higher rotor inertia, and maintenance problems with commutator
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and brushes. Commutator and brushes, in addition, limit the machine speed and

peak current, cause EMI problems, and do not permit a machine to operate in

dirty and explosive environments. However, dc machine drive converters and

controls are simple, and the machine torque response is very fast (RG S., 2011).

For electromagnetic analysis and design of electrical machines, FEM has

emerged as more or less a standard tool. The generator presented in the paper

has been analyzed in the finite element environment ACE (ACE, Modified

Version 3.1, ABB common platform for field analysis and simulations, ABB

Corporate Research Centre, ABBAB, Corporate Research, 721 78 V ¨aster˚ as,

Sweden), based on a two dimensional field model of an axial cross-section of the

generator. After the generator geometry is decided, the different subdomains of

the calculation geometry are allocated material properties such as electric

conductivity, σ, and relative magnetic permeability, μr. Nonlinear ferromagnetic

material properties of the stator steel are represented by a single-valued BH

curve. Three-dimensional end effects are taken into account by introducing coil

end impedances in the circuit equations of the stator windings and the permanent

magnets are modeled by surface current sources.

Rotating machines usually present symmetry conditions that allow for a

reduction of the necessary calculation geometry. In this case, a fractional winding

with 7/5 slots per pole and phase is used, and thus the calculation geometry

includes a section of five poles and 21 stator slots.

The Magnetic Generator operates and is able to generate power due to

interaction of permanent magnets with bifilar coils and an emerging

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electromagnetic force between them. The magnets and coils are directed

towards each other to create torque on the rotor. This composition of the drum of

the generator is designed in order for rotor to rotate indefinitely as long as energy

of interaction between permanent magnets and bifilar coils is collected and

dispensed rationally and effectively (infinitylav.com, 2018).

The generator no load test was carried out at the nominal speed of 10 rpm.

Once the generator had reached a constant speed, the magnetic field in the air

gap was measured on a stator tooth using a 7010 Gauss/Tesla meter, that is, the

Hall probe was fixed at one stator tooth perpendicular to the magnetic flux. Note

that there are two components of magnetic fields in the air gap, namely, normal,

Bn, and tangential, Bt, components. Only the normal component was measured

by the Hall probe. The simulated value for the B-field is taken at a point 1mm in

front of a stator tooth, to match the position of the Hall probe during

measurements. The measured normal component of the no load air gap

magnetic fields together with the magnetic field predicted by the simulations.

Simulations show that the maximum normal component and tangential

components of the magnetic field in the air gap are around 0.6T and 0.15T,

respectively. The difference in the peak normal component of the measured and

calculated magnetic fields is about 6%. The force per unit area in the air gap at

no load is calculated to 65kN/m2 using the simulation tool. The no load phase

voltages were measured for all three phases and they all were balanced and

phase shifted by 120◦. Hence only the voltage for one phase is shown in Figure 4

together with the voltage predicted by the simulations. The differences in the rms
 20

value of simulated and measured voltages are shown in Table 2. It is found that

the rms value of the simulated voltages is about 9% higher when compared with

the measurements. This is most likely due to measurement uncertainties and

modeling inaccuracies regarding for example end effects. Furthermore, the small

differences in axial length of the rotor and the stator due to constructional errors

are not taken

into account in the modeling of the generator. The voltages were measured

using three Tektronix P2220 voltage probes.

An electric motor is essentially just a tight coil of copper wire wrapped

around an iron core that's free to rotate at high speed inside a powerful,

permanent magnet. When you feed electricity into the copper coil, it becomes a

temporary, electrically powered magnet—in other words, an electromagnet—and

generates a magnetic field all around it. This temporary magnetic field pushes

against the magnetic field that the permanent magnet creates and forces the coil

to rotate. By a bit of clever design, the coil can be made to rotate continuously in

the same direction, spinning round and round and powering anything (K

Thomas,2012).

DC electric motor uses direct current (DC) electricity to produce continual,

rotary motion, so a simple DC generator produces a steady supply of direct

current electricity when it spins around. Like a DC motor, a DC generator uses a

commutator. It sounds technical, but it's just a metal ring with splits in it that

periodically reverses the electrical contacts from the generator coil, reversing the
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current at the same time. As we saw up above, a simple loop of wire

automatically reverses the current it produces every half-turn, simply because it's

rotating, and the commutator's job is to cancel out the effect of the coil's rotation,

ensuring that a direct current is produced.

Comparing the simplest DC generator with the simplest AC alternator the

coil spins between the poles of a permanent magnet. Each time the coil rotates

through a half-turn, the current it generates reverses. In a DC generator, a

commutator reverses the current every time the coil moves a half-turn, cancelling

out the reversal of the current. In a AC alternator, there is no commutator so the

output simply rises, falls, and reverses as the coil rotates.

Alternators are mostly used for generating electricity from vehicle engines.

Cars use alternators, driven by their gasoline engines, which charge up their

batteries as they drive along (the AC current is converted to DC by diodes or

rectifier circuits).

Magnets can create electricity was discovered accidentally by Hans

Christian Oersted in 1819 while giving a lecture. Waving a magnet past a circuit,

he made an ammeter twitch. By 1831, Englishman Michael Faraday and

American Joseph Henry independently had formalized the theory for this

“induction” of a current. Specifically, because the wires cut the magnetic field

lines while the magnet is moving, a quantifiable electromagnetic force arises in

the wire--pushing electrons and thus making a current

(https://sciencing.com/use-magnet-create-electricity-5882494.html).
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A Magnetic Generator operates and is able to generate power due to interaction

of permanent magnets with bifilar coils and an emerging electromagnetic force

between them. The magnets and coils are directed towards each other to create

torque on the rotor. This composition of the drum of the generator is designed in

order for rotor to rotate indefinitely as long as energy of interaction between

permanent magnets and bifilar coils is collected and dispensed rationally and

effectively (https://infinitysav.com/magneticgenerator/).

Permanent magnets are uniformly situated along the circumference of the

rotor with the same-name and opposite polar poles. Bifilar coils are situated

along the circumference of the stator in the same way but with a precise angular

alignment to the magnets and parallel-serial connection to each other.

A neodymium magnet is the strongest type of permanent magnet

commercially available today. Crystal structure of the neodymium magnet is

composed of microcrystalline grains that are aligned in a powerful magnetic field

during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The

crystal lattice of the magnet resists to turning its direction of magnetization which

makes this compound highly coercive to demagnetize.

A bifilar coil is an electromagnetic coil that contains two closely spaced

parallel windings and a series connection counter coil. In order to properly

increase the coil power, its turns are wound in such a way to provide the greatest

potential difference between adjacent turns or spirals. The energy stored in the

coil is proportional to the square of the potential difference between adjacent

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turns. Due to the special material of the coil’s core (transformer steel), capacity

for a set value of the potential difference between turns has been significantly

enhanced.
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study was focused on the experimental type of research to test the

effectiveness of the Improvised Electric Generator using a Direct Current (DC)

Magnet Motor. The researchers sought the assistance of an expert to reinforce

the idea on how to make an electric generator and formulated to become an

improvised electric generator using a direct current magnet motor.

This experiment includes three (3) tests with 30 trials each. The three (3)

tests were composed of testing the light bulbs with different watts, 3 watts, 5

watts and 7 watts. And the three light bulbs were tested, if the improvised solar

panel can light up the bulbs.

Working Design

A working design was made with the help of an expert. Some of the

needed materials were bought as well as scrap like plywood. The unused

magnets and dynamo were collected from a friend. The researchers identified the

specifications for the direct current magnet motor.

The direct current magnet motor of the improvised electric generator was

placed on its designated spot. A battery was also connected after the inverter

where it stores the energy from the improvised solar panel.

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Procedure/s:

A. Design and assembly of the Improvised Electric Generator using a

Direct Current Magnet Motor

In creating the Improvised Electric Generator using a Direct Current

Magnet Motor the researchers finalized the design and the specifications of the

improvised solar panel. All the materials to be used were already prepared and

were measured according to its specification.

The magnet as the main material for the improvised electric generator was

assembled. The improvised electric generator was assembled and the magnet

motor was placed in its designated spot wherein it has an exact fit.

B. Testing the Improvised Electric Generator using a Direct Current

Magnet Motor

In testing the improvised electric generator, there were three (3) tests that

were performed by the researchers and in every test there were 30 trials, where

the battery would be charge in every period of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120

minutes.

The voltage output of the improvised electric generator was measured

using a multi meter and charged the battery through the improvised electric

generator. The duration of power outage of the battery was tested in 3 watts, 5

watts and 7 watts led bulb and was recorded.

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C. Analysis of Data

The researchers used the one-way ANOVA at 0.5 level of significance as

a statistical analysis in determining the significant differences of the three (3)

tests with 30 trials in terms of duration and wattage output.