UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CITY OF NAGA

A PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR

“SMALL SCALE HYDRO – ELECTRIC STORAGE TANK”

SUBMITTED BY:
MALANYAON, GABRIEL S.
MIRAFLORES, MARIEL ANTONETTE Z.
PANUELOS, MARK JOSEPH P.
REYES, CHRISTIAN JOSEPH C.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JHON LUMENICK PEΗ͂ΙAS
Instructor
 Table of contents

Title page i

Table of contents ii

Chapter 1

Introduction 1

Chapter 2

Literature review 3

Chapter 3

Introduction 9

Methodology 10

Conceptual frame work 11

Scheduling of research work 12

Planning and Design 12

Material cost 12

Materials preparation 16

Fabrication of machine

components and parts assembly 19

Performance evaluation 23
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of

energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need

for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare

and health is increasing. All societies call for the services of energy to meet basic human

needs such as: health, lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and communication and

serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Securing energy supply and curbing

energy contribution to climate change are the two-over-riding challenges of energy sector on

the road to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010; Kaygusuz, 2012). One of the most

essential fields of inquiry that scientists and scholars alike continuously understand and enrich

is the importance of energy - its forms, its sources, its conservation and sustainable use. With

such a looming crisis, global focus in scholarly interest has been shifted towards developing

technologies that could harness clean renewable energy sources. Improvements and studies on

solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal sources of energy has increased dramatically in the past

few decades and continues to do so.

Renewable energy sources offer much better and sustainable potential in providing

power to human activities that may avoid the fossil-fuel energy time bomb. The abundance

and renewability of such sources makes it a more viable alternative that can supply mankind

with almost limitless clean energy. Current technology is advanced and is continuously being

improved to suit the needs of humanity. The renewable energy revolution has already taken

off around the world (insert citation)

 The practice of harnessing energy from the different renewable energy sources has been

around for as early as the 19th century. For one, the first hydroelectric power plant was built

at Niagara Falls in 1879. Hydroelectric power provides almost one-fifth of the world's

electricity. China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia were the five largest

producers of hydropower in 2004.

Since about three quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, there exists a vast

network of untapped energy that can be harnessed from such unlimited resources. Power such

as the electricity that we use in our households can be generated from waves, tides,

underwater (marine) currents, and even thermal systems. Every day, we use water for

various purposes such as washing the dishes, doing laundry, for taking our baths, and so much

more such that our use of water is already interwoven with our day to day lives. However,

most of us are unaware of its potential as an energy source which brings us at a disadvantage.

To contribute to the continuous effort to promote sustainable energy sources, this

research was conducted to improve existing hydroelectric technology commonly used in

domestic setups. The main objective of this study is to produce a small scale hydropower

generator that does not require a vast water supply like the traditional models to generate

electricity. Specifically, this research will design, fabricate, and alter a pre-existing mini

hydroelectric generator system to determine an optimal model that takes into consideration its

power output, cost of materials, equipment and tools for production.

This study will benefit individuals that would like to explore and utilize alternative

sources of power for their households. This will highly be beneficial for families who are

living in remote areas that have no access to cabled electricity connections. However, this

study is only limited to making various alterations in the design of pre-existing mini
 hydroelectric generator systems. This study has not involved and considered designs for large-

scale hydroelectric generator systems.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

This study will create a small-hydroelectric generator that uses household water to

generate electricity. Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:

 What materials does the machine need?

 What are the features of the machine in terms of the following criteria:

 Capacity of the water tank

 Desired power output

 Motors

 Pipes Size

 How much does the machine cost?

 How efficient will the machine be if used in a household setting?

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents related literature and studies authored by other scholars who have

contributed to the deeper understanding of this paper’s topic. These articles and publications

provided valuable insights in the conceptualization and interpretation of this study.

SOLAR PANELS

Solar panels work by absorbing sunlight with photovoltaic cells, generating direct current

(DC) energy and then converting it to usable alternating current (AC) energy with the help of

inverter technology. AC energy then flows through the home’s electrical panel and is

distributed accordingly. In the Philippines a 540 WP solar panel costs around 49,000 pesos

and has an average monthly savings of 670 pesos.However, the installation process of solar

panels is a difficulty especially in provinces which lacks reliable and experienced technicians.

Despite such problems, advantages of having a solar panel installed in a household like

lowering or eliminating electricity cost, reducing carbon footprint, and generally improving

quality of life.
 Figure 2.1 Solar power diagram

Figure 2.2 Rooftop solar panels

The placement and position of solar panels affect its efficiency and productivity to absorb

and harness solar energy. Solar panels are usually placed on household rooftops in which the

device should always face true south if the location is in the northern hemisphere, or true

north if the location is in the southern hemisphere. True north is not the same as magnetic

north. Solar panels can also be placed in yards and walls but it should be placed somewhere

that can generate its maximum generating power to fully take advantage of its benefits.

WIND TURBINES

The use of wind turbines is another alternative renewable source of power. These systems

use comparatively lower energy, less release of carbon, while producing more energy

compared to solar panels. A single wind turbine can generate the same amount of electricity

in kWh or kilowatt-hours) as thousands of solar panels. However, wind turbines are not

practical for household consumption. A wind turbine system is estimated to cost around a

minimum of 750,000 pesos for a 5kw of wind power to supply electricity for one household.
 Large commercial wind turbines are most commonly found in wind farms or floating

offshore. Wind turbines in residential areas are also not common since they take up a lot of

space, make a lot of noise, and current policies and legislation might be in place that outright

forbid their placement.

 Figure 2.3 Wind

turbine diagram 

HYDRO GENERATORS

The availability of a vertical water source is just one of the many considerations in the

installation of hydro generators. Power produced by hydro generators will depend on the amount

of water that it produces, the strength of the current, and the vertical distance of the body of

water. Unlike the previous alternatives, water is considered to be the most stable. A continuous

and constant flow of water will always provide the same input that the machine produces which

would mean that there will be less power interruptions in a hydro-powered household. A nearby

source of flowing water can be diverted to flow through a turbine and produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies

require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's,

hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although

the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by

other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently

supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower

is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to

rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems

powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate.

Figure 2.4 Example

of a hydroelectric

generator
HYBRID SYSTEMS

Hybrid systems are a combination of two or more other systems. This is particularly

useful in places and instances where an abundance or the lack of several resources are present

in one place. Seasonal changes affect wind speeds and day lengths. For example, wind speeds

are low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the

colder weather when less sunlight is available. Because the peak operating times for wind and

solar systems occur at different times of the day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to

produce power when you need it.

 Figure 2.5 Hybrid Power Systems

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily

requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot

change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic

development, welfare and health is increasing. All societies call for the services of energy to

meet basic human needs such as: health, lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and

communication and serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Securing energy

supply and curbing energy contribution to climate change are the two-over-riding challenges

of energy sector on the road to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010; Kaygusuz,

2012). One of the most essential fields of inquiry that scientists and scholars alike

continuously understand and enrich is the importance of energy - its forms, its sources, its

conservation and sustainable use. With such a looming crisis, global focus in scholarly

interest has been shifted towards developing technologies that could harness clean renewable
energy sources. Improvements and studies on solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal sources of

energy has increased dramatically in the past few decades and continues to do so.

Renewable energy sources offer much better and sustainable potential in providing

power to human activities that may avoid the fossil-fuel energy time bomb. The abundance

and renewability of such sources makes it a more viable alternative that can supply mankind

with almost limitless clean energy. Current technology is advanced and is continuously being

improved to suit the needs of humanity. The renewable energy revolution has already taken

off around the world (insert citation)

The practice of harnessing energy from the different renewable energy sources has been

around for as early as the 19th century. For one, the first hydroelectric power plant was built

at Niagara Falls in 1879. Hydroelectric power provides almost one-fifth of the world's

electricity. China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia were the five largest

producers of hydropower in 2004.

Since about three quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, there exists a vast

network of untapped energy that can be harnessed from such unlimited resources. Power such

as the electricity that we use in our households can be generated from waves, tides,

underwater (marine) currents, and even thermal systems. Every day, we use water for

various purposes such as washing the dishes, doing laundry, for taking our baths, and so much

more such that our use of water is already interwoven with our day to day lives. However,

most of us are unaware of its potential as an energy source which brings us at a disadvantage.

To contribute to the continuous effort to promote sustainable energy sources, this

research was conducted to improve existing hydroelectric technology commonly used in

domestic setups. The main objective of this study is to produce a small scale hydropower
generator that does not require a vast water supply like the traditional models to generate

electricity. Specifically, this research will design, fabricate, and alter a pre-existing mini

hydroelectric generator system to determine an optimal model that takes into consideration its

power output, cost of materials, equipment and tools for production.

This study will benefit individuals that would like to explore and utilize alternative

sources of power for their households. This will highly be beneficial for families who are

living in remote areas that have no access to cabled electricity connections. However, this

study is only limited to making various alterations in the design of pre-existing mini

hydroelectric generator systems. This study has not involved and considered designs for large-

scale hydroelectric generator systems.

In this chapter we discuss the progressive steps and techniques for the development and

constructing of the project. The plan, design, selection of appropriate material to be used,

construction, fabrication, also testing and revision.

The study was based on existing theories, information and also relevant study of hydro

generator, the development methodology research objective to make an output of electricity.

Several phases and stages of development, construction, assembly, testing

 Figure 3.1 Conceptual Frame Work

Phase 1: Preparatory research

 Gathering relevant information on existing design of hydroelectric generators

In this stage, preliminary data was gathered regarding hydroelectric power plants by

reading books and browsing the internet. Existing design of small scale renewable energy

generators, materials usually used in constructing hydroelectric generators, formulas to be

used in manually computing the data’s and common problems when building renewable

energy generators were gathered and were reviewed for the production and creation of the

project.

 Scheduling of research work

MONTH
1 Month
ST
2 MONTH
ND
3 MONTH
RD

ACTIVITIES
WEEKS WEEKS WEEKS
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. PLANNING 
2. DESIGNING

3. IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS

4. PREPOCUREMENT OF NEEDED MATERIALS

5. PREPARATION OF NEEDED MATERIALS

6. FABRICATION FOR THE PROTOTYPE MODEL

7. TESTING AND REVISIONS

8. FINISHING THE PROTOTYPE MODEL
Phase 2: Planning and Design 
 Designing the project and design drawing 
Several factors were considered in the production and design of the small scale
hydroelectric generator using household water supply. To come up with the desired
design and performance of the generator, proper consideration and identification of these
factors were of great help to the researcher.  These factors include the following:

1. Capacity of the water tank

2. Desired power output 
3. Motors 
4. Pipes 
5. Size of the design 
 Identification of appropriate materials

Motor

Figure 3.2 Mini hydroelectric turbine

Model D50-12V:  DC 12V voltage regulator output, you can give the 12V radio power.

Features:

No corrosion, the structure is strong, the mechanical noise: less than 55dB, Generator single

volume: 90g, the life of generator: more than 3000h.Output characteristics: the output voltage

with no voltage regulator is proportional to the water pressure.

Specification :

1. Water inlet/outlet : 1/2"

2. Output Voltage :  12V

3. Max power : 10W

4. Output Current : max 220Ma

5. Outlet closed highest pressure : 0.6MP

6. Outlet opening the highest pressure : 1.2MP

7. Startup pressure 0.05 Mpa

8.WorkingTemperatureRange:5°C~85°C

9. Size:8.8x5.8x3.9cm(L X W X H)

WATER FLOW SENSOR

Figure 3.3 Mini water flow sensor

Specification:

Material: Plastic / monocrystalline

Color: Transparent

Working voltage: DC 5～15V

Maximum operating current: 15 mA (DC 5V).

Working voltage range: DC 5~15 v.

Load capacity: ≤ 10 mA (DC 5V).

Work temperature: ≤ 80°C

Work humidity range: 35%~90%RH (no frost)

Allowing pressure: pressure 1.75Mpa

Storage temperature: -25~+80 ° c

Save humidity: 25%-95%RH

Flow Range: 1-30L/min

Insulation resistance:> 100MΩ

Accuracy (in 1 ~ 30L MIN): ± 10%

Flow pulse characteristics (5xQ): Q = L / Min ± 3%

Output pulse duty cycle: 50% ± 10%

External threads: Approx. 1/2"

Interface Type:1/2"(1/2" Tubing)

Dimension:54 x 29mm/2.13 x 1.14"(L x W)

Phase 3: Fabrication 

 Procurement and ordering of needed materials   

The choice of the materials were based on its availability in the market and the supplier

that offered the lowest price was selected for the purchasing of the materials needed for

fabrication of the components of the system.

QUANTIT UNIT PARTICULAR ITEM UNIT PRICE AMOUNT

Y
Order item
3 Pc Hydro Generator PHP                432.00 PHP              1,296.00
2 Pc Digital Flow Meter PHP                203.00 PHP                 406.00
2 Pc Digital Pressure Meter PHP                480.00 PHP                 960.00
2 Pc Mechanical Flow Meter PHP                200.00 PHP                 400.00
1 Pc Solar Control Panel PHP                345.00 PHP                 345.00
1 Pc Parameter Tester PHP                 500.00 PHP                 500.00
Local Product
1 Pc Blue Drum PHP              PHP              1,400.00
1,400.00
2 Pc Blue PVC Pipe ½ PHP                   70.00 PHP                 140.00
10 Pc Blue PVC Tee PHP                   16.00 PHP                 160.00
10 Pc Blue PVC Elbow ½ PHP                   12.00 PHP                 120.00
16 Pc Blue PVC  female Adaptor PHP                   15.00 PHP                 240.00
9 Pc Blue PVC Male Adaptor PHP                   15.00 PHP                 135.00
2 Pc GI Steel Pipe ¼ PHP                 345.00 PHP                 690.00
2 Pc GI Elbow Reducer ¾ to ½ PHP                   23.00 PHP                   46.00
2 Pc GI Tee Reducer ¾ to ½ PHP                   48.00 PHP                   96.00
½ Pc Angle Bar 1” PHP                 230.00 PHP                 115.00
½ Pc Flat Bar 1 ½” PHP                240 .00 PHP                 120.00
5 Pc Globe Valve ½ PHP                 400.00 PHP              2,000.00
1 Pc Check Valve PHP                 350.00 PHP                 350.00
1 Pc Pipe Cement PHP                   23.00 PHP                   23.00
3 Pc Tape Lon PHP                   10.00 PHP                   30.00
3 Pc Faucet PHP                   21.00 PHP                   63.00
5 Pc 1kg Welding Rod (GENCORD) PHP                 120.00 PHP                 600.00
1/8
½ Lit Primer Red Oxide PHP                   35.00 PHP                   35.00
½ Lit QDE Silver Metal PHP                   48.00 PHP                   48.00
1 Pc Motolite Maintenance Battery PHP              PHP              1,100.00
1,100.00
2 Pc Rubber mini wheel w/ lock PHP                   38.00 PHP                   76.00
 2 Pc Rubber mini wheel w/o lock PHP                   52.00 PHP                 104.00
1 Set Arduino Nano PHP                 500.00 PHP                 500.00
1 Set Arduino Pro PHP                 500.00 PHP                 500.00
2 Pc LED strap 1’’ PHP                   90.00 PHP                 180.00
1 Pc LED strap 2’’ PHP                 200.00 PHP                 200.00
Miscellaneous PHP              PHP              1,000.00
1,000.00
Total cost PHP           13,978.00

Phase 4: Performance evaluation

Due to unexpected Pandemic and lack of financial we can’t perfom the following data.

 Pre-testing

 Final testing

 Data collection
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