Frequency Division Multiplexer and

Demultiplexer
Scientech 2211

Learning Material
Ver 1.2

An ISO 9001:2008 company

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : [email protected] , : www.ScientechWorld.com
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Frequency Division Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Scientech 2211
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 4
2. Introduction 5
3. Features 7
4. Technical Specifications 8
5. Theory 9
I. Frequency Division Multiplexing 9
II. Introduction To modulation 10
III. Types of Modulation 12
IV. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 13
V. Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) 23
VI. Functional Description of Blocks 30
VII. Operating Instructions & Panel Control Description 33
6. Experiments
• Experiment 1 34
Study of Frequency Division Multiplexing / De-multiplexing with
sinusoidal input
• Experiment 2 36
Study of Frequency Division Multiplexing/De-multiplexing with
audio input
• Experiment 3 38
Study of Fourier Spectrum of FDM
• Experiment 4 40
Study of DSBSC modulation/Demodulation
7. Glossary of Terminology 42
8. Assignment 42
9. Frequently Asked Questions 43
10. Warranty 45
11. List of Accessories 45

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Safety Instructions

Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To
avoid any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected
instrument.
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.

For your safety :

Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this instrument.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This instrument is grounded through the protective
earth conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric
shock the grounding conductor must be connected to
the earth ground. Before making connections to the
input terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this
instrument.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.

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Introduction
FDM communication method is basically used in telemetry communication.
In this method, transmission of several signals from a single channel is possible. In
this technique several signal share the band of signal. Each signal has its own carrier
and any kind of modulation technique can use for modulation of individual channel.
All individual channels are added and composite base band signal is formed.
This signal is again modulated over a RF carrier frequency for the purpose of
transmission. At the receiver end the incoming signal is first demodulated by the RF
signal and composite base band signal is achieved. Then composite signal is passed
through band pass filter followed by demodulator to achieve original message signals
Scientech 2211 FDM techbook basically fulfills the need for communication of two
different inputs through a single channel by frequency division multiplexing method.
Techbook has the provision for onboard modulating signal as well as voice input.
Here for reducing the complexity same carriers are used for demodulation also. In
actual FDM communication method carrier is obtained through the modulated output
only. But the basic concept remains the same. DSB-SC modulation technique is used
for modulation and demodulation.

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Features
• Self contained and easy to operate
• Two variable modulating (sinusoidal) input channels with provision of
voice inputs
• Two DSBSC modulators for frequency band translation of two test signals
• Two Carrier Generators
• Two Sets of Audio input amplifier
• One adder/transmission amplifier
• Two Demodulators
• Two low pass filters for smooth output
• Two Sets of audio output amplifier
• Functional Blocks displayed on mimic board

The board is supplied with complete set of plug-in cables of suitable length and colors
and training manual.

RoHS Compliance

Scientech Products are RoHS Complied.

RoHS Directive concerns with the restrictive use of Hazardous substances (Pb, Cd, Cr,
Hg, Br compounds) in electric and electronic equipments.

Scientech products are “Lead Free” and “Environment Friendly”.

It is mandatory that service engineers use lead free solder wire and use the soldering
irons upto (25 W) that reach a temperature of 450°C at the tip as the melting
temperature of the unleaded solder is higher than the leaded solder.

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Technical Specifications

Carrier Generator : Sine wave 100 KHz and 200 KHz.

Modulating Input Frequencies : Sine wave 200Hz - 10 KHz (variable)
Audio Input Amplifier : Audio Amplifier with a gain of 100
(approximately)
Modulator/ Demodulator : DSBSC Modulator/ Demodulator.
Low Pass Filters : Second Order Butterworth Filters with a
cut off frequency of 10 KHz
Audio Output Amplifier : Output Amplifier with a gain of 20.
Test points : 30.in numbers
Interconnection : 2 mm banana socket.
Power Requirements : 230V +/-10%, 50Hz
Weight : 3.5Kg (Approximately).
Dimension : W420 x H100 x D255

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Theory
Frequency Division Multiplexing:
The deriving of two or more simultaneous, continuous channels from a transmission
medium by assigning a separate portion of the available frequency spectrum to each
of the individual channels is known as FDM.
It is possible by simultaneous transmission of multiple separate signals through a
shared medium (such as a wire, optical fiber, or light beam) by modulating, at the
transmitter. These separate signals have separable frequency bands and by adding
those results linearly either before transmission or within the medium. While thus
combined, all the signals may be amplified, conducted, translated in frequency and
routed toward a destination as a single signal.
This technique is cost effective, which are the motivation for multiplexing. Apparatus
at the receiver separates the multiplexed signals by means of frequency passing or
rejecting filters, and demodulates the results individually, each in the manner
appropriate for the modulation scheme used for that band or group. Neither the
transmitters nor the receivers need be close to each other; ordinary radio, television,
and cable service are examples of FDM. It was once the mainstay of the long distance
telephone system. The more recently developed time division multiplexing in its
several forms lends itself to the handling of digital data, but the low cost and high
quality of available FDM equipment, especially that intended for television signals,
make it a reasonable choice for many purposes.
Frequency division multiplexing is the process of combining several information
channels by shifting their signals to different frequency groups within the frequency
spectrum so that they can all be transmitted over a common transmission channel.
The information signals are shifted in different frequency groups by making them
modulate carrier signals at different frequencies e.g. Let us suppose two information
signals occupy a frequency range of 300 - 3400Hz speech signal. Only lower side
band is transmitted. The first signal modulates a 64 kHz carrier; the modulated signal
occupies a frequencies band of 60.6 kHz to 63.7 kHz. The second signal modulates a
68 kHz carrier; the modulated signal occupies a frequency band of 64.6 kHz to 67.7
kHz. As it can be seen from above example, the modulated signals occupy different
frequency ranges in the frequency spectrum. Hence they can be transmitted over the
same channel. (See figure 1)

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Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Figure 1
At receiver, filters having different pass band frequency range are used to separate the
various information signals. The pass band is chosen so as to extract the information
from one channel. A separation between two modulated signals in frequency band
reduces call interference and also allows for the gradual roll-off gradient of the filters.
Introduction To modulation:
A large number of information sources are analog sources such as speech, images,
and videos. Today, they are transmitted as analog signal transmission, especially in
audio and video broadcast. The transmission of an analog signal is either by
modulation of the amplitude, the phase, or the frequency of a sinusoidal carrier.

Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency carrier for
Transmission (frequency translation). Modulation occurs at the transmitting end of the
system.

Block diagram of Modulation Process

Figure 2

At the transmitter, modulation process occurs when the transmission takes place at the
high frequency carrier, which has been modified to carry the lower frequency
information. At the receiver, demodulation takes place. Once this information is
received, the lower frequency information must be removed from the high-frequency
carrier.

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Block diagram of Modulation and Demodulation processes

Figure 3
Why to modulate the analog signals:
All audio signals occupy the same frequency band i.e. between 0 and 20 kHz. Before
being broadcast an audio signal (speech or music) must be moved, or frequency
translated to a specific frequency range in order to use the available frequency
spectrum. To do this the audio signal (or modulating signal) modulates a much
higher radio frequency (the carrier frequency). Each audio signal is assigned a carrier
- defining a channel - so that it is possible for the receiver to discriminate between all
the streams of signals coming in.

There are 3 main reasons to modulate a signal on to a high frequency carrier:

1. Audio is in the range approx. 30 - 20000 kHz. If an electromagnetic signal with

a frequency of 30 Hz is transmitted it will have a wavelength of (speed of light
/frequency) = 300,000/30 km = 10,000 km. To pick up this signal an aerial of
size approx. 2,500 km will be required - impractical. If this signal is used to
modulate a carrier of 1 MHz the wavelength will be 300,000/1,000,000 km =
300 m, and an aerial of 75 m will suffice. If the carrier is 100 MHz, the
wavelength is 3 m and a 750 cm aerial is sufficient.
2. A large number of radio transmitters are trying to transmit at the same time. It is
necessary for the receiver to pick up only the wanted signal and to reject the
rest. One way to do to this is to assign a carrier with a known frequency to each
transmitter, modulate this carrier with the signal, and then design the receiver to
pick up only that known carrier frequency and reject the rest, using appropriate
filtering methods. Then the original signal is removed from the received carrier.
The same concept is used in carrying a large number of telephone conversations
over a single pair of wires or optical fiber.
3. Using appropriate modulation techniques it is possible at the receiver to remove
a lot of the noise and other distortions which the transmission medium would
impose on the signal.

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Types of Modulation:
In analog communication systems, we use the sinusoidal signal as the frequency
carrier. And as the sinusoidal wave can be represented in three parameters; amplitude,
frequency and phase, these parameters may be varied for the purpose of transmitting
information giving respectively the modulation methods:
(a) Amplitude Modulation (AM):
The amplitude of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal
(b) Frequency Modulation (FM):
The frequency of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal
(c) Phase Modulation (PM):
The phase of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal.

Carrier Wave

Modulating Wave

Amplitude Modulated Wave

Frequency Modulated Wave

Figure 4

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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation or AM as it is often called is a form of modulation used for
radio transmissions for broadcasting and two way radio communication applications.
Although one of the earliest used forms of modulation it is still in widespread use
today.
The first amplitude modulated signal was transmitted in 1901 by a Canadian engineer
named Reginald Fessenden. He took a continuous spark transmission and placed a
carbon microphone in the antenna lead. The sound waves impacting on the
microphone varied its resistance and in turn this varied the intensity of the
transmission. Although very crude, signals were audible over a distance of a few
hundred meters, although there was a rasping sound caused by the spark.
With the introduction of continuous sine wave signals, transmissions improved
significantly, and AM soon became the standard for voice transmissions. Nowadays,
amplitude modulation, AM is used for audio broadcasting on the long medium and
short wave bands, and for two way radio communication at VHF for aircraft.
However as there now are more efficient and convenient methods of modulating a
signal, its use is declining, although it will still be very many years before it is no
longer used?
What is amplitude modulation?
In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for broadcasting or
for two way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some way.
Although there are a number of ways in which a radio signal may be modulated, one
of the easier, and one of the first methods to be used was to change its amplitude in
line with variations of the sound.
The basic concept surrounding what is amplitude modulation, AM, is quite
straightforward. The amplitude of the signal is changed in line with the instantaneous
intensity of the sound. In this way the radio frequency signal has a representation of
the sound wave superimposed in it. In view of the way the basic signal "carries" the
sound or modulation, the radio frequency signal is often termed the "carrier".
The method that we are going to use is called amplitude modulation. As the name
suggest, we are going to use the information signal to control the amplitude of the
carrier wave. As the information signal increases in amplitude, the carrier wave is also
made to increase in amplitude. Likewise, as the information signal decreases, then the
carrier amplitude decreases.
By looking at Figure 5 below, we can see that the modulated carrier wave does appear
to 'contain' in some way the information as well as the carrier.
We will see later how the receiver is able to extract the information from the
amplitude modulated carrier wave.

To generate AM, it is necessary to multiply two signals together:

1. A RF sine wave, of frequency fc and amplitude Vc, known as the carrier wave,
2. Audio signal (information) that is to be transmitted.

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Figure 5

Figure 6(a)

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Figure 6(b)
When a carrier is modulated in any way, further signals are created that carry the
actual modulation information. It is found that when a carrier is amplitude modulated,
further signals are generated above and below the main carrier. To see how this
happens, take the example of a carrier on a frequency of 1 MHz which is modulated
by a steady tone of 1 kHz.
The process of modulating a carrier is exactly the same as mixing two signals
together, and as a result both sum and difference frequencies are produced. Therefore
when a tone of 1 kHz is mixed with a carrier of 1 MHz, a "sum" frequency is
produced at 1 MHz + 1 kHz, and a difference frequency is produced at 1 MHz - 1
kHz, i.e. 1 kHz above and below the carrier.
If the steady state tones are replaced with audio like that encountered with speech of
music, these comprise many different frequencies and an audio spectrum with
frequencies over a band of frequencies is seen. When modulated onto the carrier,
these spectra are seen above and below the carrier.
It can be seen that if the top frequency that is modulated onto the carrier is 6 kHz,
then the top spectra will extend to 6 kHz above and below the signal. In other words
the bandwidth occupied by the AM signal is twice the maximum frequency of the
signal that is used to modulate the carrier, i.e. it is twice the bandwidth of the audio
signal to be carried.

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Depth of Modulation:
The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases and decreases
depends on the amplitude of the information signal and is called the 'depth of
modulation'.
The depth of modulation can be quoted as a fraction or as a percentage.
V max − V min
Percentage modulation = x 100%
V max + V min
Here is an example,

Figure 7
In above Figure 7 we can see that the modulated carrier wave varies from a
maximum peak-to-peak value of 10 volts, down to a minimum value of 6 volts.
Inserting this figure 7 in the above formula, we get:
10 − 6
Percentage modulation = x 100%
10 + 6
4
= x 100 %
16
= 25% or 0.25
.

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The Frequency Spectrum:
Assume a carrier frequency (fc) of 1 MHz and amplitude of, say 5 volts peak-to-peak
The carrier could be shown as,

Figure 8
If we also have a 1 KHz information signal, or modulating frequency (fm), with
amplitude of 2V peak-to-peak it would look like this,

Figure 9
When both signals have passed through the amplitude modulator they are combined to
produce an amplitude modulated wave.
The resultant AM signal has a new frequency spectrum as shown in Figure 10
inserting changes that occurs as a result of the modulation process:
1. The original 1 KHz information frequency has disappeared.
2. The 1 MHz carrier is still present and is unaltered.
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Figure 10
There are two new components:
1. Carrier frequency (fc) plus the information frequency, called the upper side
frequency (fc + fm).
2. Carrier frequency (fc) minus the information frequency, called the lower side
frequency (fc - fm).
The resulting signal in this example has a maximum frequency of 1001 KHz and a
minimum frequency of 999 KHz and so it occupies a range of 2 KHz. This is called
the bandwidth of the signal. Notice how the bandwidth is twice the highest frequency
contained in the information signal.
Modulation index can determine the behavior of modulation index:
(a) Under modulation
(b) Ideal modulation
(c) Over modulation

Under Modulation :
When m<1 , we call this as under modulation By ensuring the amplitude of s m(t) to
be less than the carrier amplitude, message signal can comfortably be retrieved from
the envelope waveform of s(t).

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Figure 11
Ideal Modulation:
When 1 = m, this is the best modulation where to ensure successful retrieval of the
original transmitted information at the receiver end. The ideal condition for amplitude
modulation (AM) is when 1 = m also means A c =A m; this will give rise to the
generation of the maximum message signal outputs at the receiver without distortion.

Figure 12
Over Modulation:
When m>1 we call this as over modulation. If the amplitude of the modulating signal
is higher than the carrier amplitude, this will cause severe distortion to the modulated
signal.

2 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 5

- 0 . 5

- 1

- 1 . 5

- 2

- 2 . 5
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5

Figure 13

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Modulation:
Modulation plays a key role in any communication system. The type of modulation
used depends on the type of the communication channel. Modulation consists in
superimposing the user or subscriber signal on a carrier signal which is more adequate
to the transmission medium. In the process of modulation one at least of the three
basic parameters of the carrier (amplitude, frequency or phase) is changed according
to the user modulating signal. The carrier may be a sinusoid or a train of pulses.

Example of Carriers
Figure 14

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Amplitude Modulation:
The simplest form of modulation is the well known amplitude modulation (AM) used
in radio broadcast. The basic idea behind this procedure is the time-product of the
signal to be transmitted (Base band signal) with a sine wave of suitable frequency.
In order to illustrate this procedure, let’s assume that we intend to transmit a signal
with a modulating voltage v(t).
v(t) = Vm sin ωmt
In the frequency domain the spectrum of this signal is given by the fourier transform
of v(t) which will be denoted by V(w), knowing that a sinusoidal signal has the
following Fourier transform (Dirac delta function):
δ(t) = 0 t ≠ 0
+∞
∫−∞
δ (t ).dt = 1

The spectrum of a sinusoidal wave is therefore mathematically described by a Dirac

function. The carrier voltage is represented by:
vc(t) = Vc sin ωct
The resulting amplitude of the modulated signal is given by:
A = vc + vm = Vc + Vm sin ωmt = Vc(1 + m sin ωmt)
Whereas the instantaneous value of the amplitude modulated signal is given by:
v = A sin ωct = Vc (1 + m sin ωmt) sin ωct
In this equation m refers to the modulation index:
Vm
m=
Vc
The modulation index varies between 0 and 1. If m > 1, then severe distortion effects
occur. This equation can be put in another form using simple trigonometric relations:
mVc mVc
v = Vc sin ω c t + cos(ω c − ω m )t − cos(ω c + ω m )t
2 2
This means that the amplitude modulated wave contains three terms. The first one
represents the un-modulated carrier and two additional terms which are a consequence
of modulation. These two terms are the lower side band with frequency (fc - fm), and
the upper side band with frequency (fc + fm). So the bandwidth required by AM is
twice the frequency of the modulating signal.
If the modulating signal were not a sinusoid, after modulation, there are two replicas
of the base band signal and the bandwidth required is twice the highest frequency if
the modulating signals.

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Representation in frequency and time of an AM wave

Figure 15
The modulated signal includes the carrier, which remains unchanged in the process
and the two sidebands. The total power in the modulated signal is given by
P = PC + PLSB + PUSB
Since the two sidebands are equal PLSB = PUSB.
m 2 VC2
PLSB = PUSB =
4 2R
And so the total power is given by:
m2
P = PC (1 + )
2
After modulation, there are two replicas of the base band signal which are called the
upper and lower sidebands. Most of the power of the modulated signal is contained in
the carrier while the information is in fact carried in the sidebands. This fact makes
AM a very inefficient form of modulation.
To remedy this effect a balanced modulator can be used to eliminate the carrier. This
form of AM is known as DSBSC modulation (Double Side-band Suppressed Carrier).
A better power relation can be obtained by suppressing one of the side-bands which
also allows a reduced bandwidth. This process is known as SSBSC (Single Side Band
Suppressed Carrier).SSB techniques require only half the bandwidth of an AM signal.
Furthermore there are significant savings in power consumption as well.
SSB is used mainly in mobile applications, point-to point communications, television,
and telemetry.

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AM and its variants DSBSC and SSBSC

Figure 16
AM and its variants are used in mobile communications, broadcasting and HF links.
The main advantage of AM is the simplicity of generating and recovering this type of
modulated signals.
Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC):
As noted earlier, where there are two sidebands in the frequency spectrum, USB and
LSB, and it is called as Double-sided band (DSB).
But the carrier component in full AM or DSB-LC does not convey any information, it
may be removed or suppressed during the modulation process to attain a higher power
efficiency, hence Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation.
Consider the carrier:

The modulating signal (information signal):

Then, the amplitude-modulated can be expressed as

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The frequency description of the AM signal (i.e. frequency spectrum of AM) – DSB-
SC:

Figure 17
Note: Notice that there is no carrier frequency (band).
From the above analysis, we found that the frequency spectrum of AM waveform –
DSB-SC:
• No component of carrier frequency, fc
• An upper sideband (USB), whose highest frequency component is at fc+fm
• A lower sideband (LSB), whose highest frequency component is at fc-fm
• The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth
• Because of the two sidebands in the frequency spectrum without carrier
frequency, thus it is often called Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC)

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Generation of DSB SC:

The transmitter circuits produce the amplitude modulated signals which are used to
carry information over the transmission to the receiver. The main parts of the
transmitter are shown in Figure 18.
In Figure 18 & 19, we can see that the peak-to-peak voltage in the AM waveform
increase and decrease in sympathy with the audio signal.

AM Transmitter System
Figure 18
To emphasize the connection between the information and the final waveform, a line
is sometimes drawn to follow the peaks of the carrier wave as shown in Figure 18.
This shape, enclosed by a dashed line in out diagram, is referred to as an 'envelope', or
a 'modulation envelope'

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Figure 19
It is important to appreciate that it is only a guide to emphasize of the AM waveform.
Information Signal:
We have a choice of information signals on Scientech 2211. We can use the signal
provided in the audio oscillator or audio signal by connecting microphone to external
audio input and keeping the audio input select switch in ext. position. In test situations
it is more satisfactory to use a simple sinusoidal information signal since its attributes
are known and of constant value. We can then measure various characteristics of the
resultant. AM waveform, such as the modulation depth for example. Such
measurements would be very difficult if we were using a varying signal from an
external source such as a broadcast station.
Carrier Wave:
The carrier wave must meet two main criteria. It should be of a convenient frequency
to transmit over the communication path in use. In a radio link transmissions are
difficult to achieve at frequencies less than 15 KHz and few radio links employ
frequencies above 10GHz. Outside of this range the cost of the equipment increases
rapidly with very few advantages.
Remember that although 15 KHz is within the audio range, we cannot hear the radio
signal because it is an electromagnetic wave and our ears can only detect waves which
are due to changes of pressure.
The second criteria is that the carrier wave should also be a sinusoidal waveform
because a sinusoidal signal contains only a single frequency and when modulated by a
signal frequency, will give rise to just two side frequencies, the upper and the lower
side frequencies. However, if the sinewave were to be a complex wave containing
many different frequencies, each separate frequency component would generate its

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own side frequencies. The result is that the overall bandwidth occupied by the
transmission would be very wide and on the radio, would cause interference with the
adjacent stations. In Figure 20, a simple case is illustrated in which the carrier only
contains three frequency components modulated by a single frequency component.
Even so we can see that the over all bandwidth has been considerably increased.

If the carrier contained several frequencies, each would produce its own side
frequencies
Figure 20

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DSB is Wasteful of Power:

The first problem is to do with the power distribution in a DSB amplitude modulated
wave.

The total power being transmitted is 1000+320+320 = 1640W

Figure 21
How much of the DSB AM wave is really needed?
The whole purpose of the modulation system is to transfer information from one place
to another. How efficiently does it to achieve this?
We are transmitting two sidebands and a carrier. The carrier contains no useful
information at all and yet contains over half the total power. This is clearly a waste.
Even the sidebands can be improved. We can remember that combining the
information signal and the carrier gave rise to an upper and a lower sideband, each of
which contains a copy of the information being transmitted.
There is no necessity to send two copies of the same information so this is a waste of
power and bandwidth.
If we avoid using the carrier frequency shown in Figure 22 we would save ourselves
1KW of the transmitted power.

The total power being transmitted is now reduced to 640W

Figure 22

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Well, the carrier has done its job-in the modulator. That is where we needed it to
move or translate the audio signals up to radio frequency values which can be radiated
by the antenna. This shifting, or translating of frequencies is the main function of a
modulator.
At the transmitter, the carrier can easily be removed by a band stop filter designed to
eliminate the carrier frequency whilst allowing the two sidebands to be transmitted.
At the receiver, the carrier must be re-inserted to produce the modulation envelope to
enable the detector to extract the information signal.
And here lies the problem.
The carrier has to be re-inserted at exactly the correct frequency to reproduce the
original AM waveform (within a few hertz). If it is not, there are serious problems
with reception.
Take a situation in which the upper and lower side frequencies are spaced 4 KHz
either side of the carrier at:
600 – 4 = 596 KHz & 600 + 4 = 604 KHz.
Now, let’s assume that the receiver carrier were to be re-inserted at an incorrect value
of 601 KHz. This would result in a spacing of only 3 KHz between the carrier and the
upper side frequency and 5 KHz between the carrier and the lower side frequency.
What effect would this have?
Remembering our previous exercise in which we created an AM envelop by plotting a
graph, we can see that these incorrect side frequency spacing will give rise to a badly
deformed modulation envelop and hence a distorted output sound which makes
speech sound like ‘Donald Duck’.
With this type of transmission, the receiver would be carefully tuned in to the correct
frequency and the station would be received. A few moments later, the reinserted
carrier frequency would drift slowly off tune and ‘Donald Duck’ would re-appear. We
would have to reach over and retune the radio and settle back to enjoy the next few
seconds of broadcast until the drift starts again.
The frequency control necessary to ensure that the re-inserted carrier stays at exactly
the correct value regardless of changes of temperature; vibration etc. would make the
receiver too complex and expensive for domestic use.
For this reason, DSBSC is very seldom used. Overall, the waste of transmitted power
to send the carrier is less expensive than the additional cost of perhaps several million
high quality receivers.
Such receivers are used for professional (and amateur) communications but are
expensive, between ten and a hundred times the cost of a standard radio receiver.

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Functional Description of Blocks

Figure 23

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Modulating signal generator:

This block generates the modulating signal with a variable frequency of 1 KHz to
10KHz. The frequency of the signal can be adjusted through the potentiometer given
on the board.

Figure 24
Microphone Input:
This block consists of an audio amplifier section, which takes microphone output as
an input and amplifies it with a gain factor of 100 and gives the output. This output
can be used as an input to the modulator as a modulating signal.
Carrier Generator:
Carrier generator block generates two sine waves of frequency 100KHz and 200KHz
frequencies. This frequency is used as carrier input to the modulator/ demodulator
block.
DSBSC modulator/Demodulator:
Modulator unit takes modulating wave as an input, it multiplies modulating signal to
the Carrier signal and generates the modulated output. Demodulator unit takes the
modulated wave as an input and multiplies it with carrier and generates the
demodulated output. The DSBSC modulator/ demodulator is based on the LM 1496
balanced modulator IC. It has provision to set the signal symmetry and carrier nulling,
respectively. In the ideal case, if the carrier frequency is fc and the signal frequency is
fm, then the output has two components at fc – fm and fc + fm. However; some part
of the message and carrier can feed through to the output. These controls are used to
eliminate this effect.
Carrier nulling removes any fc component. The operational amplifier forms a
difference amplifier, which finds the difference between the differential outputs of the
1496 IC. Thus, any common mode signal (such as message signal feed through) will
be completely eliminated.

DSBSC Modulated output wave form

Figure 25

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Adder:
This unit takes the modulated outputs as inputs and gives the composite base band
signal. The output of adder is feed to the demodulator input.
Low Pass Filter:
Low Pass filter consist of an second order active filter with a cutoff frequency of
10KHz. The filter takes the demodulator output as an input and extract the message
signal.

Figure 26
Head Phone Amplifier:
The unit takes demodulated output as an input and amplifies it. The output of
amplifier is given to Headphone/speaker module.

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Operating Instructions and Panel Control Descriptions

The Scientech 2211 Frequency division multiplexer/ de-multiplexer techbook is
equipped with built in DC-Power supply, simply attach the three pin mains cord,
supplied within the techbook to the three pin socket and connect the other end to a
stable 230V AC supply. A fuse (350mA/250V) rating is connected in series with
mains supply. When ‘On/Off’ switch of the techbook is turned ‘On’ the power LED
indication will lit, indicating that the techbook is ‘On’.
Frequency adjustment :
The frequency for each modulating signal generator can be adjusted by a variable
potentiometer in the range 200Hz to 10KHz.
Microphone input socket :
The microphone jack can be plugged in for audio transmission. This input is fed to
audio amplifier.
Headphone input socket :
The headphone jack can be plugged in for audio reception. The demodulated output
followed by LPF is given to the headphone amplifier. Test points are given on output
of every block of the system for observation.

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Experiment 1
Objective: Study of the Frequency Division Multiplexing/ de-multiplexing with
sinusoidal wave
Equipments Required:
1. Scientech 2211 techbook with Power Supply cord
2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe
3. Patch cords
Connecting Diagram:

Figure 1.1

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Procedure:
1. Set the modulating frequency of ch 1 with the help of potentiometer to 2 KHz
and ch 2 to 4 KHz.
2. Observe the carrier frequency 100 KHz and 200 KHz on the oscilloscope.
3. Connect the ch 1 output to left input of modulator ch 1.
4. Repeat step 3 for ch 2 also.
5. Connect carrier generator outputs (100 KHz and 200KHZ) to CH 1 and CH 2
respectively.
6. Observe the modulator output on oscilloscope.
7. Connect the modulator output of ch 1 and ch 2 to adder circuit.
8. Connect the adder output to demodulator inputs in both the sections.
9. Connect the respective carrier frequency to demodulator second input.
10. Connect the output of demodulator of ch 1 and ch 2 to LPF 1 and LPF 2.
11. Observe the output of low pass filter on the scope and compare it with the
modulating signal.

Conclusion: During the process of frequency division multiplexing and de

multiplexing of signals both the signals are as same as applied at input.
Questions:
1. What do you mean by FDM?
2. What do you mean by Modulation?
3. Why to modulate the analog signals?
4. Give the types of modulation?
5. What is amplitude modulation?

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Experiment 2
Objective: Study of the Frequency Division Multiplexing/De-multiplexing with audio
input
Equipments Required:
1. Scientech 2211 techbook with Power Supply cord
2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe
3. Patch cords
Connecting Diagram:

Figure 2.1

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Procedure:
1. Connect the microphone input instead of modulating signal.
2. Repeat the step 2 to 10 of experiment 1.
3. Connect output of LPFs to headphone inputs for ch 1 and ch 2.
4. Connect the headphone plug and listen the audio.
5. Observe the audio through Headphone, it should be same as feed to the input.
Conclusion: Applied audio inputs to the channels and their related outputs are as
same as applied at the inputs.
Questions:
1. What is depth of modulation?
2. How modulation index is classified?
3. What are double side bands?
4. What is band width required for AM signal?
5. What are the various signals present in AM spectrum?

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Experiment 3
Objective: Study of the Fourier Spectrum of FDM
Equipments Required:
1. Scientech 2211 techbook with Power Supply cord
2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe
3. Patch cords
Connecting Diagram:

Figure 3.1

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Procedure:
1. Repeat the all the steps of experiment 1.
2. Connect the Spectrum analyzer at the adder output.
3. Observe the frequency spectrum fc1 + fm1, fc1 – fm1, fc2 + fm2, fc2 - fm2.
4. Spectrum shows the frequency division of two different channels propagated
through single channel.
5. Vary the modulating signal channel 1 and observe the difference of frequency
band.
Conclusion: Fourier spectrum of applied input signal is related to the upper and lower
side bands as observed on oscilloscope.
Questions:
1. What is amplitude modulation?
2. What is depth of modulation?
3. What is % depth of modulation?
4. How modulation index is classified?
5. What is band width required for FM signal?

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Experiment 4
Objective: Study of DSBSC modulation/demodulation
Equipments Required:
1. Scientech 2211 techbook with Power Supply cord
2. Oscilloscope with connecting probe
3. Patch cords
Connecting Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per figure 4.1
2. Observe the DSBSC output wave on scope and frequency spectrum
3. Change the modulating frequency from minimum to maximum and observe the
response for fc + fm and fc - fm.
4. Feed the output to the demodulator input with the same carrier frequency.
5. Observe the low pass filter output. It will be similar to modulating signal.

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6. Verify the filter output by varying modulating signal.

7. Repeat the experiment for channel 2 also.
Conclusion: When the input signal is applied to the DSBSC modulator the spectrum
of signal have double side bands with suppressed carrier.
Questions:
1. What is amplitude modulation?
2. What is depth of modulation?
3. What is band width required for AM signal?
4. What are the various signals present in AM spectrum?
5. What is Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)?

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Glossary of Terminology
FDM : FDM is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for transmission
on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different
frequency (sub channel) within the main channel.
Signal : Detectable transmitted energy that can be used to carry information
Modulation : The process, or result of the process, of varying a characteristic of a
carrier, in accordance with an information-bearing signal.
Multiplexing : Multiplexing is a technique of combining multiple channels of
information over a single circuit or transmission path. In telecommunications,
multiplexing (MUXing) is the combining of two or more information channels onto a
common transmission medium using hardware called a multiplexer or (MUX). The
reverse of this is known as inverse multiplexing.
Carrier signal : A frequency in a communications channel modulated to carry analog
or digital signal information. For example, an FM radio transmitter modulates the
frequency of a carrier signal and the receiver processes the carrier signal to extract the
analog information. An AM radio transmitter modulates the amplitude of a carrier
signal.
De-multiplexer : Performs opposite function to a multiplexer in which a multiplexed
channel is broken out into its constituent individual channels.
Demodulation : The opposite of modulation in which the original base band signal is
recovered from the modulated carrier.
DSBSC : The power consumed in an AM carrier transmits no information and is
effectively wasted. It would make sense, therefore, to transmit only the side-
frequencies, which do contain the information. When both sidebands of an AM
modulated carrier are transmitted without the carrier, the transmission is called
double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC) or, more commonly, DSB.

Assignment
1. Observe the output response when the two carrier frequencies pass through the
adder.
2. Observe the output response when the two modulating frequencies pass through
the adder.
3. Observe the output response of adder when the one of the adder input is DSBSC
modulated wave while another input of adder is the carrier frequency itself.
4. Observe the output response of adder when the one of the adder input is DSBSC
modulated wave while another input of adder is the modulating frequency itself.

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What do you mean by FDM?
Ans: Frequency division multiplexing is the process of combining several
information channels by shifting their signals to different frequency groups
within the frequency spectrum so that they can all be transmitted over a common
transmission channel.
2. What do you mean by Modulation?
Ans: Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency
carrier for Transmission.
3. Why to modulate the analog signals?
Ans: There are 3 main reasons to modulate a signal on to a high frequency
carrier:
1. Audio is in the range approx. 30 - 20000 kHz. If an electromagnetic signal
with a frequency of 30 Hz is transmitted it will have a wavelength of (speed
of light /frequency) = 300,000/30 km = 10,000 km. To pick up this signal an
aerial of size approx. 2,500 km will be required - impractical. If this signal is
used to modulate a carrier of 1 MHz the wavelength will be
300,000/1,000,000 km = 300 m, and an aerial of 75 m will suffice. If the
carrier is 100 MHz, the wavelength is 3 m and a 750 cm aerial is sufficient.
2. A large number of radio transmitters are trying to transmit at the same time.
It is necessary for the receiver to pick up only the wanted signal and to reject
the rest. One way to do to this is to assign a carrier with a known frequency
to each transmitter, modulate this carrier with the signal, and then design the
receiver to pick up only that known carrier frequency and reject the rest,
using appropriate filtering methods. Then the original signal is removed
from the received carrier. The same concept is used in carrying a large
number of telephone conversations over a single pair of wires or optical
fiber.
3. Using appropriate modulation techniques it is possible at the receiver to
remove a lot of the noise and other distortions which the transmission
medium would impose on the signal.
4. Give the types of modulation?
Ans: There are three types of modulation which are as follows:
(a) Amplitude Modulation (AM):
The amplitude of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal
(b) Frequency Modulation (FM):
The frequency of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal
(c) Phase Modulation (PM):
The phase of the carrier waveform varies with the information signal.

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5. What is amplitude modulation?

Ans: In amplitude modulation carrier amplitude is varied with respect to the
applied information signal.
6. What is depth of modulation?
Ans: The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases and
decreases depends on the amplitude of the information signal and is called the
'depth of modulation'.
7. What is % depth of modulation?
Ans: The depth of modulation can be quoted as a fraction or as a percentage.
V max − V min
Percentage modulation = x 100%
V max + V min
8. How modulation index is classified?
Ans: Modulation index can determine the behavior of modulation index:
(a) Under modulation
(b) Ideal modulation
(c) Over modulation
9. What are double side bands?
Ans: there are two sidebands in the frequency spectrum, USB and LSB, and it is
called as Double-sided band (DSB).
10. What is band width required for AM signal?
Ans: The bandwidth required for AM signal is twice of information signal.
11. What are the various signals present in AM spectrum?
Ans: the frequency spectrum of AM waveform – DSB-SC:
• No component of carrier frequency, fc
• An upper sideband (USB), whose highest frequency component is at
fc+fm
• A lower sideband (LSB), whose highest frequency component is at fc-fm
• The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth
• Because of the two sidebands in the frequency spectrum without carrier
frequency, thus it is often called Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC)
12. What is Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)?
Ans: Because of the two sidebands in the frequency spectrum without carrier
frequency, thus it is often called Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

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Warranty
1) We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are
not covered under warranty.
2) The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3) The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4) The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

List of Accessories

1. Patch Cord 16 "....................................................................................... 15 Nos.

2. Head Phone............................................................................................. 2 Nos.
3. Microphone ............................................................................................ 2 No.
4. Mains Cord ............................................................................................. 1 No.
5. Learning Material (CD) .......................................................................... 1 No.

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